{"id":162,"date":"2025-07-02T04:24:53","date_gmt":"2025-07-01T21:24:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/building-permits-as-proof-of-ownership-for-foreign-property-owners-in-thailand\/"},"modified":"2026-11-02T23:10:40","modified_gmt":"2026-11-02T16:10:40","slug":"building-permits-as-proof-of-ownership-for-foreign-property-owners-in-thailand","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/building-permits-as-proof-of-ownership-for-foreign-property-owners-in-thailand\/","title":{"rendered":"Les permis de construire comme preuve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 pour les propri\u00e9taires \u00e9trangers en Tha\u00eflande"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/building-permit\/\">Building permits<\/a> in Thailand are the usual evidence that a foreigner owns a house built on land he cannot own. The ownership itself comes from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/thai-civil-and-commercial-code\/\">Civil and Commercial Code<\/a>, not from the permit. Section 146 provides that a building which a person with a right over another person&#8217;s land builds in the exercise of that right is not a component part of the land. Without such a right, the building becomes part of the land and belongs to the landowner, whatever name is on the permit (sections 144 and 1310); the builder in good faith is paid only the increase in the land&#8217;s value, and a builder in bad faith can be made to remove it at their own cost (section 1311). The permit is evidence of who built; the right over the land, ideally a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/leasehold\/\">registered lease<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/superficies-right\/\">superficies<\/a>, is what makes the building his.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The legal foundation for this separation is Thailand&#8217;s distinction between land ownership and building ownership, which lets a foreigner lawfully own a house while the land stays in Thai hands. It is not a way around the land restrictions: the foreigner owns the building, never the land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#legal-foundation-and-statutory-framework\">Legal Foundation and Statutory Framework<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#building-permit-process-and-documentation-requirements\">Building Permit Process and Documentation Requirements<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#authority-recognition-and-legal-standing\">Authority Recognition and Legal Standing<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#land-department-and-court-recognition\">Land Department and Court Recognition<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#practical-challenges-and-implementation-issues\">Practical Challenges and Implementation Issues<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#risk-mitigation-and-best-practices\">Risk Mitigation and Best Practices<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"legal-foundation-and-statutory-framework\"><strong>Legal Foundation and Statutory Framework<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"civil-and-commercial-code-provisions\"><strong>Civil and Commercial Code Provisions<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Civil and Commercial Code does not mention building permits. What it provides is the separation of building from land. Section 146 of the Civil and Commercial Code says that a building or other structure put up on another person\u2019s land by someone with a right over that land, in the exercise of that right, is not a component part of the land. That is what lets a foreigner own a house through a lease or superficies while the landowner keeps the land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A house has no title deed of its own, and the building permit names the person who applied to build. For the person who built the house, the permit is therefore usually the first document showing that the house is theirs. It is evidence, not title: a court weighs it together with the right over the land and the rest of the evidence (see below).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"distinction-from-other-ownership-methods\"><strong>Distinction from Other Ownership Methods<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A permit is evidence, not an ownership structure in itself, so it is best compared with the rights it can back. <strong>Superficies registration provides stronger legal protection<\/strong> through formal Land Department registration: it is a real right that is not extinguished if the building is destroyed (section 1415) and, unless the grant says otherwise, can be transferred and inherited (section 1411).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The comparison shows that a building permit on its own sits between a registered superficies, which is the strongest route because it is a registered real right that can be transferred and inherited (sections 1410 to 1416), and a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/nominee\/\">nominee company structure<\/a>, which is unlawful. A permit costs less to obtain, but it proves only who built the house, so it should back a registered right rather than replace one.<\/p>\n\n\n<style data-noptimize=\"1\">.tlo-lb{border:2px solid #1E3455;background:#fff;margin:28px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;color:#1b1b1b}.tlo-lb h2.tlo-lb-h{background:#1E3455;color:#fff;font-size:19px;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:12px 16px}.tlo-lb-tabs{position:relative;padding-top:44px;background:#fff}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:absolute;top:0;width:33.334%;height:44px;line-height:44px;text-align:center;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;list-style:none;background:#eef0f4;color:#1E3455;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:3px solid #1E3455}.tlo-lb-tab>summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(1)>summary{left:0}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(2)>summary{left:33.333%}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(3)>summary{left:66.666%}.tlo-lb-tab[open]>summary{background:#fff;border-bottom-color:#FECB01}.tlo-lb summary:focus-visible,.tlo-lb a:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #FECB01;outline-offset:-3px}.tlo-lb-sec{padding:14px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-sec h3{font-size:17px;line-height:1.35;margin:0 0 4px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-sec h3 small{font-weight:400;color:#555;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-sec p{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-text{white-space:pre-line;border-left:3px solid #FECB01;padding-left:12px;margin:0 0 6px}.tlo-lb-note{font-size:13px;color:#555;font-style:italic}.tlo-lb-badge{display:inline-block;background:#FECB01;color:#1E3455;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;padding:1px 7px;margin-left:6px}.tlo-lb-fold{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-fold>summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:6px}.tlo-lb-links a{margin-right:14px;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-cases,.tlo-lb-src{padding:14px 16px;background:#f6f7f9;border-top:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-cases h3,.tlo-lb-src h3{font-size:15px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-cases ul,.tlo-lb-src ul{margin:0;padding:0 0 0 18px;font-size:14px}.tlo-al{font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:#444;margin:0 0 18px}.tlo-al details{margin-top:4px}.tlo-al summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455}.tlo-al ul{margin:6px 0 0 18px;padding:0}@media print{.tlo-lb{border:1px solid #000}.tlo-lb-tabs{padding-top:0}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:static;width:auto;height:auto;line-height:1.4;text-align:left;background:none;border:0}.tlo-lb details::details-content{content-visibility:visible;display:block}.tlo-lb-links a{color:#000}}<\/style><script data-noptimize=\"1\" data-no-optimize=\"1\">document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){(function(){var b=document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb-tabs\");b.forEach(function(g){var t=g.querySelectorAll(\":scope>details\");t.forEach(function(d){d.firstElementChild.addEventListener(\"click\",function(e){if(d.open){e.preventDefault()}})})});var s=[];addEventListener(\"beforeprint\",function(){s=[];document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb details\").forEach(function(d){s.push([d,d.open,d.getAttribute(\"name\")]);d.removeAttribute(\"name\");d.open=true})});addEventListener(\"afterprint\",function(){s.forEach(function(x){x[0].open=x[1];if(x[2]){x[0].setAttribute(\"name\",x[2])}})})})();});<\/script><section class=\"tlo-lb notranslate\" data-no-translation data-no-dynamic-translation translate=\"no\" aria-label=\"Le droit applicable \u00e0 cette page\"><h2 class=\"tlo-lb-h\">Le droit applicable \u00e0 cette page<\/h2><div class=\"tlo-lb-tabs\"><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"en\" data-no-translation><summary>English<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 146<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Things temporarily fixed to land or to a building do not become component parts of the land or building. The same rule applies to a building or other structure which, in the exercise of a right over another person&#039;s land, has been fixed to the land by the person who has such right.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-146\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1310<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Where a person builds a structure on another person&#039;s land in good faith, the owner of the land becomes the owner of the structure, but must pay the builder the amount by which the value of the land has increased by reason of the structure.\n However, if the owner of the land can show that he was not negligent, he may refuse to accept the structure and require the builder to remove it and to restore the land to its former condition. Where this cannot be done at reasonable expense, the owner of the land may require the builder to buy the land, in whole or in part, at the market price.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1310\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 144<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">A component part of a thing is that which, according to its nature or local custom, is essential to its existence and cannot be separated without destroying, damaging or altering its form or nature. The owner of a thing has ownership in all its component parts.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-144\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1311<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">If a person has, in bad faith, constructed a building upon another person&#039;s land, he must return the land after having put it in its former condition, unless the owner of the land chooses to have it returned in its present condition, in which case the owner of the land must pay at his option the price of the building or a sum representing the increased value of the land.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1311\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1410<\/h3><p>Superficies is the registered right to own buildings, structures, or plantations on another&#039;s land, separately from the land itself.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">The owner of a piece of land may create a right of superficies in favour of another person by giving him the right to own, upon or under the land, buildings, structures or plantations.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1410\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1411<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Unless otherwise provided in the act creating it, the right of superficies is transferable and transmissible by way of inheritance.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1411\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 21 <small>Building Control Act B.E. 2522<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Any person who intends to construct, modify or move a building must obtain a licence from the local official, or give notice to the local official and proceed in accordance with section 39 bis.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/RUpyUDJ5dGd1VUZ3S2dmeFNHMFZOQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 8 <small>Building Control Act B.E. 2522<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">For the purposes of structural strength, safety, fire prevention, public health, preservation of environmental quality, town planning, architecture and facilitation of traffic, as well as other matters necessary for compliance with this Act, the Minister, on the advice of the Building Control Committee, shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations prescribing: (1) the type, character, design, shape, proportions, size, area and location of buildings; (2) load bearing, resistance and durability, as well as the character and properties of the materials used; (3) load bearing, resistance and durability of buildings and of the ground supporting buildings; (4) designs and methods for the installation of water supply, gas, electrical and mechanical systems, safety in respect of fire or other disasters, and protection against danger in the event of turmoil; (5) the design and number of bathrooms and toilets; (6) systems for managing the environment of buildings, such as lighting, ventilation, air conditioning, air purification, drainage, wastewater treatment, and disposal of solid waste and sewage; (7) the character, level, height and area of open space outside buildings, or building lines; (8) distances or levels between a building and another building or the boundary of another person&#039;s land, or between a building and a road, lane, soi, footpath, way or public place; (9) areas or structures for use as car parks, turning spaces and vehicle entrances and exits for certain kinds or types of buildings, as well as the character and size of such areas or structures; (10) zones in which the construction, alteration, demolition, removal, and use or change of use of any kind or type of building is prohibited; (11) rules, procedures and conditions for the construction, alteration, demolition, removal, use or change of use of buildings; (12) rules, procedures and conditions for applying for permission, granting permission, renewal of permits, transfer of permits, issuance of certificates and issuance of substitute documents under this Act; (13) the duties and responsibilities of designers, work supervisors, operators, building occupiers and building owners; (14) the specific qualifications and prohibited characteristics of inspectors, as well as rules, procedures and conditions for applying for registration and for revocation of registration as an inspector; (15) rules, procedures and conditions for building inspection and for the installation and inspection of building equipment; (16) the kinds or types of buildings whose owner, occupier or operator must take out insurance against legal liability for the life, body and property of third parties. A Ministerial Regulation under paragraph one may provide that matters of technical detail concerning the construction, alteration, demolition or removal of buildings which change rapidly shall be in accordance with rules prescribed by the Minister, on the advice of the Building Control Committee, by notification in the Government Gazette.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/RUpyUDJ5dGd1VUZ3S2dmeFNHMFZOQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"th\" data-no-translation><summary>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 146<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e04\u0e23\u0e32\u0e27\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-146\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1310<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e43\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15\u0e44\u0e0b\u0e23\u0e49 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e46 \u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e17\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e19\u0e40\u0e25\u0e48\u0e2d \u0e08\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e1b\u0e31\u0e14\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e23\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e44\u0e1b \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e14\u0e34\u0e21\u0e01\u0e47\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e08\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23\u0e44\u0e0b\u0e23\u0e49 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e0b\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e15\u0e25\u0e32\u0e14\u0e01\u0e47\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1310\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 144<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e1a\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e08\u0e32\u0e23\u0e35\u0e15\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e13\u0e35\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e16\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e04\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e41\u0e22\u0e01\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e08\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e17\u0e33\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e33\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e19\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07\u0e23\u0e39\u0e1b\u0e17\u0e23\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e1a\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-144\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1311<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e43\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15\u0e44\u0e0b\u0e23\u0e49 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e33\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e14\u0e34\u0e21\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e07\u0e04\u0e37\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e25\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e07\u0e04\u0e37\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48 \u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e19\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e25\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1311\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1410<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e04\u0e38\u0e13\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19 \u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e30\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01 \u0e1a\u0e19\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e15\u0e49\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1410\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1411<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e44\u0e0b\u0e23\u0e49 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e14\u0e01\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1411\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 21 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e04\u0e27\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e38\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2522<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e08\u0e30\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e14\u0e31\u0e14\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e04\u0e25\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e22\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e16\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e08\u0e49\u0e07\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e16\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e14\u0e33\u0e40\u0e19\u0e34\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e53\u0e59 \u0e17\u0e27\u0e34<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/RUpyUDJ5dGd1VUZ3S2dmeFNHMFZOQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 8 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e04\u0e27\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e38\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2522<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e31\u0e48\u0e19\u0e04\u0e07\u0e41\u0e02\u0e47\u0e07\u0e41\u0e23\u0e07 \u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e20\u0e31\u0e22 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e04\u0e04\u0e35\u0e20\u0e31\u0e22 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e18\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e02 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e04\u0e38\u0e13\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e27\u0e14\u0e25\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1c\u0e31\u0e07\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e16\u0e32\u0e1b\u0e31\u0e15\u0e22\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e27\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e30\u0e14\u0e27\u0e01\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e23\u0e32\u0e08\u0e23 \u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e08\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e33\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e33\u0e41\u0e19\u0e30\u0e19\u0e33\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e27\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e38\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e23\u0e27\u0e07\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\n(\u0e51) \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e20\u0e17 \u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30 \u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a \u0e23\u0e39\u0e1b\u0e17\u0e23\u0e07 \u0e2a\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19 \u0e02\u0e19\u0e32\u0e14 \u0e40\u0e19\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\n(\u0e52) \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01 \u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e15\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e19 \u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e07\u0e17\u0e19 \u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e08\u0e19\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e04\u0e38\u0e13\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e27\u0e31\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e38\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\n(\u0e53) \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01 \u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e15\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e19 \u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e07\u0e17\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\n(\u0e54) \u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1b\u0e32 \u0e01\u0e4a\u0e32\u0e0b \u0e44\u0e1f\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e32 \u0e40\u0e04\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e25 \u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e20\u0e31\u0e22\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e04\u0e04\u0e35\u0e20\u0e31\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e20\u0e31\u0e22\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e35\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e0a\u0e38\u0e25\u0e21\u0e38\u0e19\u0e27\u0e38\u0e48\u0e19\u0e27\u0e32\u0e22\n(\u0e55) \u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e27\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e49\u0e27\u0e21\n(\u0e56) \u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e41\u0e27\u0e14\u0e25\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e28 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e28 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1f\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e28 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e33\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e14\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e33\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e02\u0e22\u0e30\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e1d\u0e2d\u0e22 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e01\u0e39\u0e25\n(\u0e57) \u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30 \u0e23\u0e30\u0e14\u0e31\u0e1a \u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e07 \u0e40\u0e19\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e19\u0e27\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\n(\u0e58) \u0e23\u0e30\u0e22\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e30\u0e14\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e02\u0e15\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e16\u0e19\u0e19 \u0e15\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e01 \u0e0b\u0e2d\u0e22 \u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e17\u0e49\u0e32 \u0e17\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e18\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e30\n(\u0e59) \u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e23\u0e16 \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e16 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e16\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e34\u0e14 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e20\u0e17 \u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e08\u0e19\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e02\u0e19\u0e32\u0e14\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e27\n(\u0e51\u0e50) \u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e40\u0e27\u0e13\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e14\u0e31\u0e14\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07 \u0e23\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19 \u0e40\u0e04\u0e25\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e22\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e34\u0e14\u0e43\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e20\u0e17\u0e43\u0e14\n(\u0e51\u0e51) \u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e40\u0e01\u0e13\u0e11\u0e4c \u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e07\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e44\u0e02\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e14\u0e31\u0e14\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07 \u0e23\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19 \u0e40\u0e04\u0e25\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e22\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\n(\u0e51\u0e52) \u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e40\u0e01\u0e13\u0e11\u0e4c \u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e07\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e44\u0e02\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e22\u0e38\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n(\u0e51\u0e53) \u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e38\u0e21\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e14\u0e33\u0e40\u0e19\u0e34\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\n(\u0e51\u0e54) \u0e04\u0e38\u0e13\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e40\u0e09\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e30\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a \u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e08\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e40\u0e01\u0e13\u0e11\u0e4c \u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e07\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e44\u0e02\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e01\u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\n(\u0e51\u0e55) \u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e40\u0e01\u0e13\u0e11\u0e4c \u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e07\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e44\u0e02\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e38\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\n(\u0e51\u0e56) \u0e0a\u0e19\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e20\u0e17\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e14\u0e33\u0e40\u0e19\u0e34\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e20\u0e31\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e27\u0e34\u0e15 \u0e23\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\n\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e23\u0e27\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e04\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e08\u0e30\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e22\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e35\u0e22\u0e14\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e17\u0e04\u0e19\u0e34\u0e04\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e14\u0e31\u0e14\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07 \u0e23\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e04\u0e25\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e22\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e19\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07\u0e23\u0e27\u0e14\u0e40\u0e23\u0e47\u0e27\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e40\u0e01\u0e13\u0e11\u0e4c\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e33\u0e41\u0e19\u0e30\u0e19\u0e33\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e27\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e38\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e28\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e01\u0e47\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/RUpyUDJ5dGd1VUZ3S2dmeFNHMFZOQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"fr\" data-no-translation open><summary>Fran\u00e7ais<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 146<\/h3><p>Les biens fix\u00e9s temporairement au terrain ou \u00e0 un b\u00e2timent n&#039;en sont pas des parties composantes; il en va de m\u00eame des b\u00e2timents ou constructions \u00e9lev\u00e9s sur le terrain d&#039;autrui par celui qui exerce un droit sur ce terrain.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-146\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1310<\/h3><p>Le propri\u00e9taire d&#039;un terrain o\u00f9 autrui b\u00e2tit de bonne foi acquiert le b\u00e2timent et paie la plus-value au constructeur. S&#039;il prouve sa diligence, il peut le refuser et exiger d\u00e9molition et remise en \u00e9tat ou, \u00e0 co\u00fbt excessif, l&#039;achat du terrain (tout ou partie) au prix du march\u00e9.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1310\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 144<\/h3><p>La partie int\u00e9grante d&#039;une chose est celle qui, par sa nature ou selon l&#039;usage local, est essentielle \u00e0 son existence et ne peut en \u00eatre s\u00e9par\u00e9e sans la d\u00e9truire, l&#039;endommager ou en changer la forme ou l&#039;\u00e9tat. Le propri\u00e9taire de la chose est propri\u00e9taire de ses parties int\u00e9grantes.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-144\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1311<\/h3><p>Celui qui construit de mauvaise foi sur le terrain d&#039;autrui doit remettre le terrain en \u00e9tat et le restituer, sauf si le propri\u00e9taire choisit de le reprendre en l&#039;\u00e9tat; celui-ci doit alors payer, \u00e0 son choix, la valeur du b\u00e2timent ou la plus-value apport\u00e9e au terrain.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1311\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1410<\/h3><p>Le propri\u00e9taire d&#039;un terrain peut cr\u00e9er au profit d&#039;autrui un droit de superficie, donnant \u00e0 cette personne la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 de b\u00e2timents, constructions ou plantations sur ou sous le sol.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1410\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1411<\/h3><p>Sauf stipulation contraire de l&#039;acte constitutif, le droit de superficie est cessible et transmissible par succession.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1411\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 21 <small>Building Control Act B.E. 2522<\/small><\/h3><p>Toute personne qui entend construire, modifier ou d\u00e9placer un b\u00e2timent doit obtenir un permis du fonctionnaire local, ou en faire la d\u00e9claration \u00e0 ce fonctionnaire et proc\u00e9der conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l&#039;article 39 bis.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/RUpyUDJ5dGd1VUZ3S2dmeFNHMFZOQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 8 <small>Building Control Act B.E. 2522<\/small><\/h3><p>Sur avis du Comit\u00e9 de contr\u00f4le des b\u00e2timents, le Ministre peut fixer par r\u00e8glement les normes des b\u00e2timents (conception, structure, mat\u00e9riaux, r\u00e9seaux, incendie, sanitaires, environnement, reculs, parkings, zones interdites), autorisations, devoirs des intervenants, inspecteurs, inspections et assurance responsabilit\u00e9 civile, et renvoyer les d\u00e9tails techniques \u00e9volutifs au Journal officiel.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/RUpyUDJ5dGd1VUZ3S2dmeFNHMFZOQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-cases\"><h3>Arr\u00eats de la Cour supr\u00eame<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/supreme-court-decisions\/8015-2551-right-of-habitation-binds-parties-without-registration\/\">8015\/2551<\/a> (2008): An Unregistered Superficies Still Binds the Parties Who Signed It: Just Not Third Parties<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/supreme-court-decisions\/2756-2565-shared-wall-not-superficies\/\">2756\/2565<\/a> (2022): A Shared Wall Between Adjoining Townhouses is Co-Owned Property: Not a Superficies Under Section 1410<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/supreme-court-decisions\/4655-2566-lease-term-limit\/\">4655\/2566<\/a> (2023): A 30+30+30 Lease Paid Up Front: the Renewal Promise Is Void, the First 30 Years Stand<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-src\"><h3>Sources<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Code civil et commercial, Office of the Council of State<\/a>, consult\u00e9 le 31 octobre 2026<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/RUpyUDJ5dGd1VUZ3S2dmeFNHMFZOQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Building Control Act B.E. 2522<\/a>, consult\u00e9 le 2 novembre 2026<\/li><li>deka.supremecourt.or.th, Supreme Court of Thailand decisions database (copy held in our library), consult\u00e9 le 19 f\u00e9vrier 2026<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"building-permit-process-and-documentation-requirements\"><strong>Building Permit Process and Documentation Requirements<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"issuance-procedures-and-authority-involvement\"><strong>Issuance Procedures and Authority Involvement<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The building permit process begins with securing land use rights through lease agreements, followed by comprehensive documentation preparation involving licensed Thai professionals . The local authority, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/tesaban\/\">municipality<\/a> or the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/aor-bor-tor\/\">Subdistrict Administrative Organisation<\/a> (Or.Bor.Tor), issues building permits, requiring <strong>landowner written consent<\/strong> before designating foreign applicants as building owners . The process typically involves multiple stages including plan preparation, permit application, issuance, construction oversight, and completion documentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Foreign investors can obtain building permits in their own names when they hold a right over the land, with the landowner&#8217;s written consent, although some local offices are unfamiliar with foreign applicants. Where a permit has been issued in a contractor&#8217;s or the landowner&#8217;s name, it can be transferred to the owner of the house under the procedure the Building Control Act leaves to ministerial regulation (section 8(12)), but it is better to have it issued in the owner&#8217;s name from the start, because the name on the permit is the evidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"documentation-and-transfer-procedures\"><strong>Documentation and Transfer Procedures<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The transfer of a building permit is handled by the local authority that issued it, the municipality or the Subdistrict Administrative Organisation (Or.Bor.Tor). Expect to provide the land title copy, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/tabien-baan\/\">house registration book<\/a> where one exists, identification documents and the written agreement between the parties. Timing depends on the office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Expect to show your passport and, where relevant, your marriage certificate, together with the documents for the right over the land. A permit, transferred or not, is evidence of who built the house and is only as secure as the right over the land behind it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"authority-recognition-and-legal-standing\"><strong>Authority Recognition and Legal Standing<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"government-agency-acceptance\"><strong>Government Agency Acceptance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How far a permit is accepted as proof of ownership depends on the office or institution you are dealing with, and there is no single rule. Utility connections and the house registration usually follow the house itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"banking-and-financial-institution-recognition\"><strong>Banking and Financial Institution Recognition<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A bank lending against a house on land the borrower does not own will look for a registered lease or superficies behind the permit, because the permit alone is not a security it can register.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Building permit holders seeking construction loans will generally be asked to show that the applicant for the permit holds the land title or a registered right over the land. That alignment between the right over the land and the building is what gives a lender a security it can register.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"land-department-and-court-recognition\"><strong>Land Department and Court Recognition<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Land Department registers rights over land, so it records a building owner&#8217;s position through a registered lease or superficies rather than through the permit, which it does not register. Courts decide ownership of a building on section 146 and the evidence as a whole: a permit in the claimant&#8217;s name is strong evidence, but it is not conclusive on its own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The courts have also narrowed the alternatives. In decision 4655\/2566 the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/supreme-court-dika\/\">Supreme Court<\/a> held a lease renewal agreed at the outset to carry a lease beyond 30 years void as an evasion of section 540, so a long lease cannot be pre-arranged. That makes a registered superficies over the building, backed by the permit, more important rather than less.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"practical-challenges-and-implementation-issues\"><strong>Practical Challenges and Implementation Issues<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"administrative-resistance-and-bureaucratic-barriers\"><strong>Administrative Resistance and Bureaucratic Barriers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Foreign investors sometimes meet resistance at the local office when seeking a building permit in their own name, with local officials sometimes unfamiliar with legal requirements for foreign building ownership. Some <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/land-office\/\">Land Offices<\/a> resist registering building ownership for foreigners despite legal authority to do so, requiring persistence and experienced legal representation. <strong>Processing delays<\/strong> at various government offices can extend transaction timelines and increase costs beyond initial estimates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Building Control Act leaves much of the procedure to ministerial regulations and to the local authority, so practice differs between offices. A permit issued in the owner\u2019s own name, covering everything that is built, avoids most of the later arguments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"market-and-regulatory-developments\"><strong>Market and Regulatory Developments<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">High-profile cases, including the Ashton Asoke condominium, whose construction permit was revoked by the administrative courts after the building was finished, show that a permit issued in breach of the rules can be withdrawn. A permit is only as good as the application behind it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"risk-mitigation-and-best-practices\"><strong>Risk Mitigation and Best Practices<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Foreign investors can minimize building permit ownership risks through comprehensive <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/due-diligence\/\">due diligence<\/a> and professional legal representation. <strong>Verification of building permit authenticity<\/strong> and compliance with all construction requirements prevents future regulatory challenges. Working with qualified attorneys experienced in building permit registration helps navigate local administrative preferences and procedural requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Proper documentation maintenance<\/strong> makes later transactions easier, and <strong>insurance coverage<\/strong> protects against loss. Check that the permit covers everything actually built: a part built without a permit is not covered by it, as evidence or otherwise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-162-1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Does a building permit prove that I own the house?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>It is evidence of who built the house, not a title. Ownership comes from section 146 of the Civil and Commercial Code and your right over the land. A court weighs the permit together with that right and the rest of the evidence.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-162-2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What happens to a house built on someone else&#8217;s land without a right over it?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>It becomes part of the land and belongs to the landowner, whatever name is on the permit (sections 144 and 1310). A builder in good faith is paid only the increase in the land&#8217;s value. A builder in bad faith can be made to remove it at their own cost (section 1311).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-162-3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Who issues a building permit?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The local authority: the municipality or the Subdistrict Administrative Organisation (Or.Bor.Tor). The Land Department does not issue or register permits. It records a building owner&#8217;s position through a registered lease or superficies.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-162-4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can a permit issued in a contractor&#8217;s or landowner&#8217;s name be transferred to me?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes, under the procedure the Building Control Act leaves to ministerial regulation (section 8(12)). It is better to have the permit issued in your own name from the start, because the name on the permit is the evidence.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conclusion\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Building permits give foreign property owners in Thailand practical, recognised evidence of who owns a house built on land they cannot own. The ownership itself rests on section 146 and on the right over the land, so a permit works best alongside a registered superficies or lease rather than instead of one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, successful building permit ownership requires careful navigation of administrative challenges, proper documentation, and ongoing compliance with evolving regulations. Foreign investors must understand that building permits receive varying recognition across different Thai institutions, with some agencies requiring additional supporting documentation. Recent market developments and high-profile legal cases emphasize the importance of professional legal guidance and comprehensive due diligence throughout the acquisition and ownership process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Used on its own, a permit is weak. Used to back a registered superficies or lease, it is the ordinary way a foreigner shows that the house is his.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Last reviewed: 27 September 2026.<\/strong> Civil and Commercial Code sections 144, 146, 540, 1310, 1311, 1410 to 1412, 1415 and 1416, Building Control Act B.E. 2522 section 8(12) and Supreme Court decision 4655\/2566 were read in Thai. Re-checked on 6 October 2026: sections 146, 1310, 1311 and 1415 re-read in Thai; the opening paragraph now states the section 1310 compensation and the section 1311 removal option; the Ashton Asoke account and the office practice described were not re-verified.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Building permits in Thailand are the usual evidence that a foreigner owns a house built on land he cannot own. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"","tlo_reviewed_on":"","tlo_reviewed_by":"","tlo_edited_by":"","tlo_changelog":"[{\"date\":\"2026-11-02\",\"note\":\"Added the statute box with Thai, English and French text and checked the page against the official text\"}]","tlo_authority_on":"1","tlo_box_sections":"","tlo_box_cases":"","rank_math_focus_keyword":"thai building construction permit","rank_math_title":"Building Permits as Proof of Ownership in Thailand","rank_math_description":"Building permits and foreign house ownership in Thailand: the Civil and Commercial Code basis, how agencies and banks treat them, and the obstacles.","rank_math_breadcrumb_title":"Thai Building Construction Permit","rank_math_canonical_url":""},"class_list":["post-162","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/162","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=162"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/162\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11933,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/162\/revisions\/11933"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=162"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}