{"id":3112,"date":"2026-07-31T07:25:16","date_gmt":"2026-07-31T00:25:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/?page_id=3112"},"modified":"2026-11-02T18:28:04","modified_gmt":"2026-11-02T11:28:04","slug":"construction-law-in-thailand","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/construction-law-in-thailand\/","title":{"rendered":"Droit de la construction en Tha\u00eflande : Contrats et litiges"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A client called us from Phuket last year. His villa was 70% built. The contractor had stopped work. He was demanding an extra THB 4 million for &#8220;variations&#8221; nobody had signed off. He also held the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/building-permit\/\">building permit<\/a> in his own company name. Our client had paid 80% of the contract price. He had no retention, no performance bond, and a two-page contract in Thai he had never had translated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He is not unusual. Construction law in Thailand is not hostile to foreign developers. It is just unforgiving of people who assume it works like home. Thailand has no construction-specific statute, no adjudication regime, and no specialist construction court. Your project sits on general contract rules written in 1925 plus a public safety statute from 1979.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This guide walks through what actually governs your build: the hire of work provisions of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/thai-civil-and-commercial-code\/\">Civil and Commercial Code<\/a>, the Building Control Act B.E. 2522, the ownership limits under the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/foreign-business-act\/\">Foreign Business Act<\/a>, and the three routes a dispute can take. We cite the sections. We cite real <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/supreme-court-dika\/\">Supreme Court<\/a> decisions. And we tell you where the traps are.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What this guide covers<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How Thai law classifies your construction contract<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Civil and Commercial Code sections that decide your case<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Defect liability, delay, and termination<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Building permits and the Building Control Act<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Foreign ownership limits for construction businesses<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Courts, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/arbitration\/\">arbitration<\/a>, and mediation compared<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The draft payment adjudication bill<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"2248\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/construction-law-thailand-infographic-thailawonline.webp\" alt=\"construction law in  thailand\" class=\"wp-image-11429\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/construction-law-thailand-infographic-thailawonline.webp 1200w, https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/construction-law-thailand-infographic-thailawonline-160x300.webp 160w, https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/construction-law-thailand-infographic-thailawonline-547x1024.webp 547w, https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/construction-law-thailand-infographic-thailawonline-768x1439.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/construction-law-thailand-infographic-thailawonline-820x1536.webp 820w, https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/construction-law-thailand-infographic-thailawonline-1093x2048.webp 1093w, https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/construction-law-thailand-infographic-thailawonline-6x12.webp 6w, https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/construction-law-thailand-infographic-thailawonline-600x1124.webp 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">construction law in  thailand<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#how-thai-law-classifies-a-construction-contract\">How Thai law classifies a construction contract<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#a-signed-piece-of-paper-is-not-always-a-contract\">A signed piece of paper is not always a contract<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#key-civil-and-commercial-code-sections-for-construction-contracts\">Key Civil and Commercial Code sections for construction contracts<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#defect-liability-in-thailand-one-year-or-five\">Defect liability in Thailand: one year or five<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#delay-and-termination-your-exits-under-thai-law\">Delay and termination: your exits under Thai law<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#building-permits-and-the-building-control-act-b-e-2522\">Building permits and the Building Control Act B.E. 2522<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#can-a-foreigner-own-a-construction-company-in-thailand\">Can a foreigner own a construction company in Thailand?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#resolving-construction-disputes-in-thailand\">Resolving construction disputes in Thailand<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#understanding-construction-law-in-thailand\">Understanding Construction Law in Thailand<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#contract-security-bonds-retention-and-what-to-insist-on\">Contract security: bonds, retention, and what to insist on<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#the-draft-construction-payment-law-what-is-coming\">The draft construction payment law: what is coming<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#protecting-a-construction-project-in-thailand-a-practical-sequence\">Protecting a construction project in Thailand: a practical sequence<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#key-takeaways\">Key takeaways<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"how-thai-law-classifies-a-construction-contract\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Thai law classifies a construction contract<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is no Construction Act in Thailand. Your building contract is a &#8220;hire of work&#8221; contract, governed by Sections 587 to 607 of the Civil and Commercial Code. That is the same chapter that covers a tailor making a suit. The Code does not care that your project is a 37-storey condominium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This matters more than it sounds. Common law developers expect construction-specific doctrines: extensions of time, prevention principle, global claims, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/penalty-clause\/\">liquidated damages<\/a> jurisprudence. Thai law gives you none of that by default. What you get is a short set of default rules, and whatever you wrote into the contract.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"what-hire-of-work-actually-means\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">What &#8220;hire of work&#8221; actually means<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 587 defines it. The contractor agrees to accomplish a definite work. The employer agrees to pay remuneration for the result. The key word is result. This is an obligation of result, not of effort. Your contractor does not discharge his duty by trying hard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The contract does not need to be in writing to be enforceable. Oral construction contracts are valid in Thailand. That is a trap, not a convenience. Without a written scope, programme, and price mechanism, you are litigating over what two people remember.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"materials-tools-and-the-duty-to-warn\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Materials, tools, and the duty to warn<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 588 puts the tools and equipment on the contractor. Section 589 says that if the contractor supplies the materials, they must be of good quality. Section 590 covers the reverse case. If you supply the materials, the contractor must use them carefully and return the surplus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 591 is the one foreign developers should read twice. The contractor is not liable for defects or delay caused by the nature of materials you supplied, or by your own instructions. But that protection falls away if the contractor knew the materials were unfit or the instruction was improper and said nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Practice point.<\/strong>&nbsp;Section 591 is a duty to warn. Put it in the contract explicitly, with a written notification mechanism and a deadline. In our experience, contractors go quiet about a bad design detail and then blame the architect. They are far easier to pin down when the contract spells out when they had to speak up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"your-right-to-inspect-during-the-works\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Your right to inspect during the works<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 592 gives you a statutory right to inspect the works at any time during execution. You can exercise it through your engineer or project manager. Use it. Weekly documented site inspections are the cheapest evidence you will ever buy.<\/p>\n\n\n<style data-noptimize=\"1\">.tlo-lb{border:2px solid #1E3455;background:#fff;margin:28px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;color:#1b1b1b}.tlo-lb h2.tlo-lb-h{background:#1E3455;color:#fff;font-size:19px;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:12px 16px}.tlo-lb-tabs{position:relative;padding-top:44px;background:#fff}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:absolute;top:0;width:33.334%;height:44px;line-height:44px;text-align:center;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;list-style:none;background:#eef0f4;color:#1E3455;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:3px solid #1E3455}.tlo-lb-tab>summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(1)>summary{left:0}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(2)>summary{left:33.333%}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(3)>summary{left:66.666%}.tlo-lb-tab[open]>summary{background:#fff;border-bottom-color:#FECB01}.tlo-lb summary:focus-visible,.tlo-lb a:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #FECB01;outline-offset:-3px}.tlo-lb-sec{padding:14px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-sec h3{font-size:17px;line-height:1.35;margin:0 0 4px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-sec h3 small{font-weight:400;color:#555;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-sec p{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-text{white-space:pre-line;border-left:3px solid #FECB01;padding-left:12px;margin:0 0 6px}.tlo-lb-note{font-size:13px;color:#555;font-style:italic}.tlo-lb-badge{display:inline-block;background:#FECB01;color:#1E3455;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;padding:1px 7px;margin-left:6px}.tlo-lb-fold{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-fold>summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:6px}.tlo-lb-links a{margin-right:14px;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-cases,.tlo-lb-src{padding:14px 16px;background:#f6f7f9;border-top:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-cases h3,.tlo-lb-src h3{font-size:15px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-cases ul,.tlo-lb-src ul{margin:0;padding:0 0 0 18px;font-size:14px}.tlo-al{font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:#444;margin:0 0 18px}.tlo-al details{margin-top:4px}.tlo-al summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455}.tlo-al ul{margin:6px 0 0 18px;padding:0}@media print{.tlo-lb{border:1px solid #000}.tlo-lb-tabs{padding-top:0}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:static;width:auto;height:auto;line-height:1.4;text-align:left;background:none;border:0}.tlo-lb details::details-content{content-visibility:visible;display:block}.tlo-lb-links a{color:#000}}<\/style><script data-noptimize=\"1\" data-no-optimize=\"1\">document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){(function(){var b=document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb-tabs\");b.forEach(function(g){var t=g.querySelectorAll(\":scope>details\");t.forEach(function(d){d.firstElementChild.addEventListener(\"click\",function(e){if(d.open){e.preventDefault()}})})});var s=[];addEventListener(\"beforeprint\",function(){s=[];document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb details\").forEach(function(d){s.push([d,d.open,d.getAttribute(\"name\")]);d.removeAttribute(\"name\");d.open=true})});addEventListener(\"afterprint\",function(){s.forEach(function(x){x[0].open=x[1];if(x[2]){x[0].setAttribute(\"name\",x[2])}})})})();});<\/script><section class=\"tlo-lb notranslate\" data-no-translation data-no-dynamic-translation translate=\"no\" aria-label=\"Le droit applicable \u00e0 cette page\"><h2 class=\"tlo-lb-h\">Le droit applicable \u00e0 cette page<\/h2><div class=\"tlo-lb-tabs\"><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"en\" data-no-translation><summary>English<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 587<\/h3><p>Hire of work is a contract by which the contractor agrees to accomplish a definite piece of work for the employer, who agrees to pay remuneration for the result of that work. What is bargained for is the finished result, which is what distinguishes it from a hire of services under Section 575, where the employee works under the employer&#039;s direction for the duration of the hire.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">The hire of work is a contract whereby a person, called the contractor, agrees to accomplish a definite work for another person, called the employer, who agrees to pay him a remuneration for the result of the work.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-587\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 600<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Unless otherwise provided in the contract, the contractor is only liable for defects appearing within one year after delivery of the work, or within five years if the work is for a structure on land other than a wooden building. This limitation shall not apply if the contractor has concealed the defect.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-600\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 601<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">No action against the contractor can be entered later than one year after the defect appeared.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-601\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 598<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">If the employer has accepted a defective work without reservation, either expressly or impliedly, the contractor is not liable unless the defect was such as could not be discovered when the work was accepted, or it had been concealed by the contractor.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-598\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 593<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">If the contractor does not begin the work in a proper time or delays in proceeding with it contrary to the terms of the contract, or if, without fault of the employer, the contractor delays to proceed with it in such a manner that it can be foreseen that the work will not be finished within the agreed period, the employer is entitled to cancel the contract without waiting for the time agreed upon for delivery.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-593\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 605<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">As long as the work is not finished, the employer may terminate the contract on making compensation to the contractor for any damage resulting from the termination of the contract.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-605\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 21 <small>Building Control Act B.E. 2522<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Any person who intends to construct, modify or move a building must obtain a licence from the local official, or give notice to the local official and proceed in accordance with section 39 bis.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/RUpyUDJ5dGd1VUZ3S2dmeFNHMFZOQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 4 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">In this Act: &quot;alien&quot; means: (1) a natural person who does not have Thai nationality; (2) a juristic person not registered in Thailand; (3) a juristic person registered in Thailand and having the following characteristics: (a) a juristic person in which shares representing half or more of its capital are held by persons under (1) or (2), or a juristic person in which persons under (1) or (2) have invested a value of half or more of its total capital; (b) a limited partnership or registered ordinary partnership whose managing partner or manager is a person under (1); (4) a juristic person registered in Thailand in which shares representing half or more of its capital are held by persons under (1), (2) or (3), or in which persons under (1), (2) or (3) have invested a value of half or more of its total capital. For the purposes of this definition, shares of a limited company for which bearer share certificates are issued are deemed to be shares of an alien, unless otherwise prescribed in a Ministerial Regulation. &quot;capital&quot; means the registered capital of a limited company, the paid-up capital of a public limited company, or the money contributed as shares by partners or members to a partnership or juristic person; &quot;minimum capital&quot; means the capital of an alien where the alien is a juristic person registered in Thailand, and, where the alien is a juristic person not registered in Thailand or a natural person, the foreign currency the alien brings in for use on commencing business in Thailand; &quot;business&quot; means engaging in agriculture, industry, handicraft, commerce, services or other activities, for trade; &quot;licence&quot; means a licence to operate a business; &quot;licensee&quot; means an alien who has received a licence; &quot;certificate&quot; means a certificate to operate a business; &quot;certificate holder&quot; means an alien who has received a certificate; &quot;Committee&quot; means the Foreign Business Committee; &quot;competent official&quot; means a person appointed by the Minister to act under this Act; &quot;Registrar&quot; means a person appointed by the Minister as Registrar of Foreign Business Operations; &quot;Director General&quot; means the Director General of the Department of Business Development; &quot;Minister&quot; means the Minister in charge of this Act.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"th\" data-no-translation><summary>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 587<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e17\u0e33\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e04\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e04\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07 \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e08\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e08\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e40\u0e23\u0e47\u0e08\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e04\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07 \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e08\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e40\u0e23\u0e47\u0e08\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e17\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e42\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e14\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 (Thai text from our annotated code. Check it against the official text.)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-587\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 600<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e44\u0e0b\u0e23\u0e49 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e08\u0e30\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e17\u0e33\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e38\u0e14\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e0f\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e1a \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e0f\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e17\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e17\u0e33\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e40\u0e04\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e49\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e0f\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e34\u0e14\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e38\u0e14\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-600\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 601<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1e\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e38\u0e14\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e0f\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-601\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 598<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e17\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e38\u0e14\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e14\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e34\u0e22\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e47\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e38\u0e14\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e19\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e1e\u0e36\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e02\u0e13\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e1a \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e34\u0e14\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-598\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 593<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e23\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e01\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e01\u0e47\u0e14\u0e35 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e01\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e32\u0e28\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e08\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e04\u0e32\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e25\u0e48\u0e27\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e40\u0e23\u0e47\u0e08\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e01\u0e47\u0e14\u0e35 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e21\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e01\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e25\u0e22<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-593\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 605<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e17\u0e33\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e47\u0e08\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e17\u0e14\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e46 \u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e14\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-605\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 21 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e04\u0e27\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e38\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2522<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e08\u0e30\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e14\u0e31\u0e14\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e04\u0e25\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e22\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e16\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e08\u0e49\u0e07\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e16\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e14\u0e33\u0e40\u0e19\u0e34\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e53\u0e59 \u0e17\u0e27\u0e34<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/RUpyUDJ5dGd1VUZ3S2dmeFNHMFZOQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 4 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\u201c\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\n(\u0e51) \u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e14\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\n(\u0e52) \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\n(\u0e53) \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e21\u0e35\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n(\u0e01) \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e52) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e52) \u0e25\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e21\u0e35\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e14\u0e43\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\n(\u0e02) \u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19 \u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51)\n(\u0e54) \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 \u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) (\u0e52) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e53) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) (\u0e52) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e53) \u0e25\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19 \u0e21\u0e35\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e14\u0e43\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\n\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e04\u0e33\u0e19\u0e34\u0e22\u0e32\u0e21\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e23\u0e27\u0e07\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\n\u201c\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e30\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e01\u0e19\u0e33\u0e21\u0e32\u0e25\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\n\u201c\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e02\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e33\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e14\u0e32\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e19\u0e33\u0e21\u0e32\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e23\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e15\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\n\u201c\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e2d\u0e38\u0e15\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e2b\u0e31\u0e15\u0e16\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\n\u201c\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\n\u201c\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\n\u201c\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\n\u201c\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\n\u201c\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\n\u201c\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\u201c\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\n\u201c\u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e12\u0e19\u0e32\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32*\n\u201c\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"fr\" data-no-translation open><summary>Fran\u00e7ais<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 587<\/h3><p>Le louage d&#039;ouvrage est le contrat par lequel l&#039;entrepreneur s&#039;engage \u00e0 achever un travail pour le ma\u00eetre de l&#039;ouvrage, qui s&#039;engage \u00e0 payer une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration pour ce r\u00e9sultat.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-587\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 600<\/h3><p>Sauf stipulation contraire, l&#039;entrepreneur ne r\u00e9pond que des d\u00e9fauts apparus dans l&#039;ann\u00e9e de la livraison, ou dans les cinq ans pour une construction sur le sol autre qu&#039;un b\u00e2timent en bois; cette limite ne s&#039;applique pas si l&#039;entrepreneur a dissimul\u00e9 le d\u00e9faut.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-600\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 601<\/h3><p>Aucune action contre l&#039;entrepreneur n&#039;est recevable apr\u00e8s un an \u00e0 compter de l&#039;apparition du d\u00e9faut.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-601\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 598<\/h3><p>Si le ma\u00eetre accepte sans r\u00e9serve, expresse ou tacite, un ouvrage d\u00e9fectueux, l&#039;entrepreneur n&#039;est pas responsable, sauf si le d\u00e9faut ne pouvait \u00eatre d\u00e9couvert lors de la r\u00e9ception ou si l&#039;entrepreneur l&#039;a dissimul\u00e9.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-598\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 593<\/h3><p>Si l&#039;entrepreneur ne commence pas les travaux en temps utile ou les retarde contrairement au contrat, ou les retarde sans faute du ma\u00eetre au point qu&#039;on peut pr\u00e9voir qu&#039;ils ne seront pas achev\u00e9s dans le d\u00e9lai convenu, le ma\u00eetre peut r\u00e9soudre le contrat sans attendre la date de livraison.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-593\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 605<\/h3><p>Tant que l&#039;ouvrage n&#039;est pas achev\u00e9, le ma\u00eetre peut r\u00e9silier le contrat en indemnisant l&#039;entrepreneur de tout pr\u00e9judice r\u00e9sultant de cette r\u00e9siliation.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-605\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 21 <small>Building Control Act B.E. 2522<\/small><\/h3><p>Toute personne qui entend construire, modifier ou d\u00e9placer un b\u00e2timent doit obtenir un permis du fonctionnaire local, ou en faire la d\u00e9claration \u00e0 ce fonctionnaire et proc\u00e9der conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l&#039;article 39 bis.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/RUpyUDJ5dGd1VUZ3S2dmeFNHMFZOQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 4 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><p>Est \u00e9trang\u00e8re la personne physique sans nationalit\u00e9 tha\u00eflandaise, la personne morale non enregistr\u00e9e en Tha\u00eflande, ou celle enregistr\u00e9e dont des \u00e9trangers d\u00e9tiennent au moins la moiti\u00e9 du capital ou, pour une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de personnes, dont le g\u00e9rant est une personne physique \u00e9trang\u00e8re. L&#039;article d\u00e9finit notamment capital et activit\u00e9 commerciale.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-cases\"><h3>Arr\u00eats de la Cour supr\u00eame<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/supreme-court-decisions\/2345-2565-brand-ambassador-breach\/\">2345\/2565<\/a> (2022): Brand Ambassador Contract Breach: Restoration Required<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/supreme-court-decisions\/464-2567-tort-damages-foreseeable-business-loss\/\">464\/2567<\/a> (2024): Loss of Use After a Building Stop-Use Order Is Ordinary Damage, Not Special Damage Under Section 222<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-src\"><h3>Sources<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Code civil et commercial, Office of the Council of State<\/a>, consult\u00e9 le 31 octobre 2026<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/RUpyUDJ5dGd1VUZ3S2dmeFNHMFZOQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Building Control Act B.E. 2522<\/a>, consult\u00e9 le 2 novembre 2026<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/a>, consult\u00e9 le 31 octobre 2026<\/li><li>deka.supremecourt.or.th, Supreme Court of Thailand decisions database (copy held in our library), consult\u00e9 le 19 f\u00e9vrier 2026<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<h2 id=\"a-signed-piece-of-paper-is-not-always-a-contract\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">A signed piece of paper is not always a contract<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thai contract formation rules bite in procurement. If you counter-offer on price, you have rejected the original offer and made a new one. Section 359 paragraph two says so. And between parties at a distance, the contract only forms when the acceptance actually reaches the offeror, under Section 361 paragraph one and Section 169.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Supreme Court Decision No. 670\/2566.<\/strong>&nbsp;An employer sent a letter negotiating the price down on a steel pipe laying contract. The contractor never responded. The Court held there was no contract at all. The employer&#8217;s letter was a rejection plus a fresh offer, and without an acceptance reaching the employer, nothing formed. The employer was free to withdraw.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So you have issued a letter of intent. Or revised a tender price by email. Or &#8220;agreed in principle&#8221; at a site meeting. Do not assume you are bound. And do not assume your contractor is bound either. Close the loop in writing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"key-civil-and-commercial-code-sections-for-construction-contracts\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Civil and Commercial Code sections for construction contracts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Section<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">What it does<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Why it matters to you<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">587<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Defines hire of work<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Your build is judged on result, not effort<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">588 to 590<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Tools, material quality, care of your materials<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Sets the baseline if the contract is silent<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">591<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Contractor excused for your materials or instructions<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Unless he knew and failed to warn you<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">592<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Employer&#8217;s right to inspect the works<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Statutory access for your engineer<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">593<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Terminate for late start or hopeless delay<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">You need not wait for the completion date<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">594<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Notice to rectify, then engage a third party<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Remedial works at the contractor&#8217;s cost<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">596<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Price reduction for late delivery<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Rescission if time was of the essence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">597<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Acceptance without reservation<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Releases the contractor from delay liability<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">598<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Acceptance of defective work<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Latent or concealed defects still survive<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">599<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Withhold remuneration for delay or defects<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Unless the contractor gives proper security<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">600<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Defect liability: one year, or five for structures on land<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Applies only if the contract says nothing else<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">601<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">One year to sue from when the defect appeared<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">The single most missed deadline in Thai construction<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">602<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Payment on taking delivery, or per accepted part<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Anchor for your milestone schedule<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">603 and 604<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Risk of loss before proper delivery<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Follows whoever supplied the materials<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">605<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Employer may terminate at will, with compensation<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">A powerful and expensive exit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">606<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Contract ends if the contractor&#8217;s personal skill was essential and he dies or becomes unable to continue through no fault of his own<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Pay for the useful part completed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">607<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Subcontracting permitted unless the contractor&#8217;s personal skill is essential<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Your contractor stays responsible for the subbies<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"defect-liability-in-thailand-one-year-or-five\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Defect liability in Thailand: one year or five<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 600 sets the default. If the contract says nothing else, the contractor answers for defects that appear within one year of delivery. That stretches to five years where the work is a structure built on the land, other than a wooden building. So your concrete villa, your masonry commercial block, and your condominium tower all get five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two things about that. First, it is a default. Your contract can shorten or lengthen it, and most well-drafted contracts do. Second, the limitation does not apply at all where the contractor concealed the defect. Concealment reopens everything.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"the-section-601-trap\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Section 601 trap<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here is where foreign developers lose good claims. Section 601 bars an action against the contractor one year after the day the defect appeared. Not one year after the warranty ends. One year after the defect showed up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Read that against Section 600. You may have a five-year defect period. But if a crack appears in year two and you spend eighteen months negotiating, your claim is dead. We have seen it happen to clients who thought they were being reasonable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Supreme Court Decision No. 3612\/2560.<\/strong>&nbsp;The Court drew a line that is worth money to you. The one-year bar in Section 601 applies only to the Section 600 situation. That means a defect emerging after the contractor delivered correct, complete work at handover. It does not apply where the contractor built badly in the first place. Wrong materials, or work below the standard of the trade, sits outside Section 601. That is a straight breach of contract claim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Supreme Court Decision No. 22850\/2555.<\/strong>&nbsp;Same principle, different facts. A shore power installation failed to perform. The Court held the claim was for defective performance of the contract, not for defects in the thing under Section 601. So the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/prescription\/\">ten-year general limitation<\/a> in Section 193\/30 applied, and a claim brought nine years after handover survived.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The practical consequence: how you plead matters enormously. Frame the claim as workmanship that never complied with the contract, and you are arguing for ten years. Frame it as a defect that emerged post-handover, and you are inside a one-year window. Get advice before you send the demand letter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Claim type<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Period<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Runs from<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Defects, general works<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1 year liability<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Delivery<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">CCC s.600<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Defects, structure on land (not wooden)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">5 years liability<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Delivery<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">CCC s.600<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Action for defects<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1 year<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">The day the defect appeared<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">CCC s.601<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Breach of contract, no special period<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">10 years<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">When the right could be enforced<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">CCC s.193\/30<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Contractor, engineer or architect suing for fees<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">2 years (5 years for a contractor whose work was done for the employer&#8217;s own business)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">When the fee fell due<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">CCC s.193\/34, s.193\/33(5)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Concealed defect<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">No Section 600 limit<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Not applicable<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">CCC s.600, final clause<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"acceptance-is-a-legal-event-not-a-formality\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Acceptance is a legal event, not a formality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 597 says that if you accept the work without reservation, the contractor is released from liability for late delivery. Section 598 says that if you accept defective work without objection, the contractor is off the hook. Express acceptance counts. So does implied acceptance, including moving in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 598 keeps two things alive: defects that could not reasonably have been found at handover, and defects the contractor actively concealed. Everything else, you waived.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Practice point.<\/strong>&nbsp;Never sign a clean handover certificate. Attach a snag list. Write &#8220;accepted subject to the attached list of defects and without waiver of any claim for delay&#8221; and have both parties sign the list. Take photographs the same day. That single paragraph has saved our clients seven-figure claims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"risk-of-loss-before-handover\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Risk of loss before handover<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sections 603 and 604 allocate loss if the works are destroyed or damaged before proper delivery. If the contractor supplied the materials, the loss is his and no payment is due, unless your acts caused it. If you supplied the materials, the loss is yours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Flood, fire, and storm are real risks in Thailand. Do not rely on the Code here. Specify a contractors all risks policy, name both parties as insured, and state who carries the deductible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"delay-and-termination-your-exits-under-thai-law\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Delay and termination: your exits under Thai law<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"terminating-for-delay\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Terminating for delay<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 593 gives you three triggers. The contractor fails to start in reasonable time. Or he delays in breach of the contract. Or he delays so badly that it is already obvious he cannot finish on time, through no fault of yours. In any of those cases you can cancel immediately. You do not have to sit and wait for the completion date to pass.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 594 gives you the middle option. Say it becomes clear during the works that the result will be defective through the contractor&#8217;s fault. You can serve notice to rectify within a reasonable stated period. If he does not comply, you can bring in a third party to repair or complete, at his risk and expense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 596 adds price relief. Late delivery entitles you to a reduction in the price. If time was of the essence in your contract, you can rescind outright.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"terminating-at-will-under-section-605\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Terminating at will under Section 605<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the clause most foreign developers do not know exists. As long as the work is unfinished, you can terminate for any reason or none. The price is compensation to the contractor for the loss your termination causes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Supreme Court Decision No. 857\/2567.<\/strong>&nbsp;A turnkey house building contract. The employers told the contractor to stop during instalment seven and paid that instalment in full. The Court held that this was an exercise of the Section 605 right to terminate at will, so compensation was owed. The parties then negotiated a post-termination settlement of THB 250,000, payable in five instalments. The Court held that this was an agreed measure of compensation, not a contractual penalty. So it was enforceable in full, with no judicial reduction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two lessons. First, telling a contractor to stop is a legal act with a price tag, even if you never used the word &#8220;terminate&#8221;. Second, a clean post-termination settlement agreement is worth having. Once framed as agreed compensation rather than a contractual penalty, the courts will enforce it as written.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"what-value-of-work-done-means-on-termination\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">What &#8220;value of work done&#8221; means on termination<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When a contract is rescinded, Section 391 paragraph one puts the parties back in their original positions. Work already performed cannot be unwound, so paragraph three requires payment of the value of that work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Supreme Court Decision No. 2835\/2566.<\/strong>&nbsp;The Court awarded nothing for the contractor&#8217;s preparatory work because the employer could not use any of it. Formulations had been developed but kept secret, so the employer could not take them to another supplier. Work that delivers no transferable benefit to the employer is not &#8220;work done&#8221; you have to pay for.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Translate that to a building site. If your contractor walks at 40%, the value you owe is what you can actually use. Verified installed works, transferred materials, transferable drawings and approvals. Not his mobilisation cost, not his overhead, not his lost profit on the part he never built.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"building-permits-and-the-building-control-act-b-e-2522\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Building permits and the Building Control Act B.E. 2522<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Building Control Act B.E. 2522 is the public law layer over your private contract. It is enforced by local authorities, and it is enforced hard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"the-permit-requirement\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">The permit requirement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 21 prohibits construction, alteration or relocation of a building in a designated controlled area without a building permit, or a notification to the local official under Section 39 bis; demolishing a building over 15 metres high that stands closer to another building or public land than its own height, or any building closer than 2 metres to another building or public land, needs a permit or a notification under Section 22. The application carries the plans, specifications and structural calculations, and for controlled building types the design must be prepared and certified by licensed Thai engineers and architects. The local official must grant or refuse the permit within 45 days, and may extend that twice, by up to 45 days each time, with written reasons (Section 25).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Your permit covers the approved scope only. Change the height, add a floor, move the footprint, and you are building without a permit for that element. A permit is valid only for the period stated in it, and a renewal must be applied for before it expires (Section 35), so do not sit on one while you arrange finance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"zoning-setbacks-and-elevation-limits\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zoning, setbacks, and elevation limits<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ministerial regulations under the Act restrict what you can build by location. In coastal zones, the restrictions are severe. Koh Samui zoning bands limit building height and floor area by distance from the beach, with an absolute no-build strip closest to the water. On Phuket, construction is prohibited above a set elevation on the hillsides, whatever your title deed says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That last point deserves emphasis. Holding a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/title-deeds-in-thailand\/\">chanote title deed<\/a>&nbsp;tells you who owns the land. It tells you nothing about whether you can build on it. Buyers conflate the two constantly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"enforcement\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Enforcement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Local officials can issue stop-work orders and require rectification within a set period. Where a building cannot be brought into compliance, they can order partial or total demolition. Building without a permit is itself an offence: up to three months&#8217; imprisonment, a fine of up to THB 60,000, or both, plus up to THB 10,000 for each day the breach continues (Section 65). In Bangkok and other urban centres, inspectors act without needing a court order first.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Practice point.<\/strong>&nbsp;Never let the permit sit in the contractor&#8217;s name. A permit cannot be transferred without the local official&#8217;s written permission (Section 36), so the name on it matters. It should be held by the landowner, or by the party with the registered right to build. That means a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/lease-agreement-in-thailand\/\">registered lease<\/a>&nbsp;or a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/superficies-right\/\">superficies<\/a>. Get this wrong and a contractor dispute becomes a hostage situation. Our&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/due-diligence-in-thailand\/\">property due diligence<\/a>&nbsp;checks catch this before money moves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"can-a-foreigner-own-a-construction-company-in-thailand\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Can a foreigner own a construction company in Thailand?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mostly not, without a licence. Construction appears at List 3(10) of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/foreign-business-act\/\">Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/a>, in the schedule of businesses Thai nationals &#8220;are not yet ready to compete&#8221; in. A company with 50% or more foreign shareholding is treated as foreign and needs a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/foreign-business-licence\/\">foreign business licence<\/a> from the Department of Business Development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">List 3(10) carves out two exceptions. The first covers construction providing basic public services in public utilities or transport. It must require special tools, machinery, technology, or construction expertise. And the foreigner&#8217;s minimum capital must be THB 500 million or more. The second is any other category of construction prescribed by ministerial regulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Note what the exception does not cover. A foreign-majority company building villas, condominiums, hotels, or commercial premises falls squarely inside the restriction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"architecture-and-engineering-are-separately-restricted\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Architecture and engineering are separately restricted<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">List 3(8) covers architecture services. List 3(9) covers engineering services. These are separate line items from construction, and each business line needs its own approval. A licence to provide architectural services does not let you carry out engineering work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On top of that, engineering and architecture are licensed professions. Design documents submitted for a building permit must be certified by a professional licensed in Thailand. Ordinary membership of the Council of Engineers requires Thai nationality (Engineer Act section 12), but the Act also lets an extraordinary member hold a licence (section 49), so a foreign engineer can be licensed only on the Council&#8217;s own conditions. In practice, a firm in these fields needs licensed Thai professionals in place. Foreign staff on site need <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/work-permit\/\">work permits<\/a> before they do anything.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"how-projects-are-usually-structured\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">How projects are usually structured<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Thai majority company.<\/strong>&nbsp;The common route. Watch the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/nominee\/\">nominee<\/a> shareholding rules carefully, and document genuine Thai investment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>BOI promotion.<\/strong>&nbsp;Board of Investment promotion can relieve foreign shareholding limits for qualifying activities. A promoted company still obtains a foreign business certificate from the Department of Business Development, and the design work still has to be certified by engineers and architects licensed in Thailand.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Split contracts.<\/strong>&nbsp;Standard on EPC projects. Offshore supply and engineering sit in one contract, onshore construction in another, with a wrap-around agreement. The onshore entity must hold the right licences, or engage a licensed Thai subcontractor to certify the engineering.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Getting the vehicle right is a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/business-law-in-thailand\/\">corporate structuring<\/a>&nbsp;exercise, not a construction one. Do it before you sign anything.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"resolving-construction-disputes-in-thailand\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resolving construction disputes in Thailand<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is no specialist construction court in Thailand and no statutory adjudication. Your dispute goes to the general civil courts, to arbitration, or to mediation. Choose in the contract, before anything goes wrong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"thai-courts\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Thai courts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Construction claims are filed in the general civil court with territorial jurisdiction over the defendant or over the place where the cause of action arose. Proceedings are conducted in Thai. Every foreign-language document needs a certified translation, and your foreign witnesses give evidence through an interpreter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A first instance judgment typically takes six months to two years. There are three tiers: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/court-of-first-instance\/\">Court of First Instance<\/a>, Court of Appeal, and Supreme Court. Either party can appeal to the Court of Appeal, whose judgment is final unless the Supreme Court grants permission for a further appeal (Civil Procedure Code sections 244\/1 and 247), so budget for at least two tiers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The burden of proving defects, causation, and quantum sits with the employer. That almost always means independent expert reports. Thai courts accept expert evidence and it is standard in technical cases. Start building that record on site, not after the writ.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"arbitration-tai-and-thac\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Arbitration: TAI and THAC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arbitration runs under the Arbitration Act B.E. 2545, which follows the UNCITRAL Model Law. Thailand has been a party to the New York Convention since 1959, and made no reservations on accession. Foreign awards are enforceable here unless they offend Thai public policy or fall within the narrow statutory grounds. A Thai court may refuse to enforce an award that has been set aside at its seat (Arbitration Act section 43(6)).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you are holding an award and need to collect against a Thai counterparty, our guide to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/enforcing-foreign-judgments-awards-thailand\/\">enforcing a foreign judgment or arbitral award in Thailand<\/a> covers the petition, the three-year window and the grounds on which a Thai court can still refuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>TAI<\/strong>, the Thai Arbitration Institute, was established in 1989 under the Office of the Judiciary. It is government funded and charges no administrative fee. You pay only the actual costs of the proceedings, principally the arbitrators. Its practice is well understood by the Thai courts. Proceedings run in Thai or English.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>THAC<\/strong>, the Thailand Arbitration Center, has operated under the Ministry of Justice since 2015. It is built for cross-border users, charges administrative fees, supports bilingual proceedings, and runs a small claims track for disputes under THB 35 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two limits worth knowing. You cannot contract out of the statutory rights to challenge or appeal an award. Such clauses are void on public policy grounds. And third-party litigation funding is not accepted in Thailand, so do not build a claim strategy around it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"understanding-construction-law-in-thailand\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Understanding Construction Law in Thailand<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"mediation\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mediation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Court-annexed mediation is available before or during proceedings. Pre-action mediation carries no court fee. A settlement is signed as a compromise agreement, and the court can enter judgment on it if the parties ask and show it is necessary. If the limitation period expired after the request was filed, or would expire within 60 days of the mediation ending, it is extended by 60 days (CPC section 20 ter).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Out-of-court mediation runs under the Dispute Mediation Act and is limited in scope. Thailand has not adopted the Singapore Convention on Mediation. A settlement agreement made under that Act can be enforced by petition to the court, filed within three years (section 32). Any other settlement has to be turned into a consent award or a consent judgment before it can be enforced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Thai courts<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">TAI arbitration<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">THAC arbitration<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Court mediation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Language<\/th><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Thai only<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Thai or English<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Thai or English<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Thai<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Typical duration<\/th><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">6 months to 2 years at first instance, plus appeals<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Faster, single tier<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Faster, single tier<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Weeks<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Institutional fee<\/th><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Court filing fees<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">None, actual costs only<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Administrative fee plus costs<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">None for pre-action<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Appeal layers<\/th><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Three tiers<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Limited challenge only<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Limited challenge only<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Not applicable<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Cross-border enforcement<\/th><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Depends on treaty and reciprocity<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">New York Convention<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">New York Convention<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Needs conversion to judgment or award<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Best for<\/th><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Domestic parties, urgent injunctive relief<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Thai-law projects wanting court-familiar procedure<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Cross-border projects, international counsel<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Preserving the commercial relationship<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our view, from the files we have handled since 2006: for a foreign-funded project of any size, arbitrate. Put a multi-tiered clause in the contract. Senior executive negotiation, then mediation, then arbitration seated in Bangkok under THAC or TAI rules, in English. If you want to understand the litigation alternative first, read our note on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/what-to-know-before-you-go-to-court-in-thailand\/\">what to expect before going to court in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"contract-security-bonds-retention-and-what-to-insist-on\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contract security: bonds, retention, and what to insist on<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thailand has no compulsory standard form for private work. Public projects must use the standard agreement issued under the Public Procurement and Supplies Administration Act B.E. 2560, and contractors generally cannot alter significant terms without approval from the Office of the Attorney General. Private developments are a free market. You draft what you can negotiate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">FIDIC forms do get used on larger and internationally financed projects. But the Dispute Adjudication Board mechanism at the heart of FIDIC is not a functioning interim route in Thailand. If amicable discussion fails, you go straight to court or arbitration. Treat the DAB clauses as something to be adapted, not imported.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Security instruments in normal use:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Bid bond.<\/strong>&nbsp;Protects you during tender if the winning bidder refuses to sign.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Performance bond.<\/strong>&nbsp;Bank guarantee during the contract term, typically 5% to 10% of contract value. On-demand wording is worth fighting for.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Retention.<\/strong>&nbsp;Standard practice, usually 5% to 10% of each payment, released in stages after handover and at the end of the defects period. Section 599 gives you a statutory right to withhold remuneration for delay or defective delivery, unless the contractor provides proper security. Retention is how you make that right practical.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Advance payment guarantee.<\/strong>&nbsp;If you are funding mobilisation, get a bank guarantee for the full advance, reducing as the advance is recovered.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Parent company guarantee.<\/strong>&nbsp;Useful where the contracting entity is thinly capitalised. Common in Thailand, and often the only meaningful covenant.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Practice point.<\/strong>&nbsp;Check who the contracting entity actually is. Thai construction groups often contract through small subsidiaries. Run a company search, look at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/registered-capital\/\">registered capital<\/a> and filed financials, and price the risk accordingly. Supreme Court Decision No. 1471\/2564 involved a contractor who signed a construction contract while personally bankrupt and concealed it. Verification is cheap. Recovery is not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"the-draft-construction-payment-law-what-is-coming\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">The draft construction payment law: what is coming<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As at September 2026 there is no statutory security of payment regime in Thailand. Pay-when-paid clauses in subcontracts are enforceable under freedom of contract. The result is familiar: cash stops at the top of the chain and the pain lands on subcontractors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A draft bill on the settlement of disputes relating to payment under construction contracts exists, but it has stalled. The Thailand Arbitration Center drafted it and put it to the responsible agencies in December 2023. The Ministry of Justice did not take it forward. Its reasons, reported in the Nitisarn Journal (Vol. 2 No. 1, 2025) from the Ministry&#8217;s letter of 24 January 2024, were that construction work is hire of work under Title VII of the Civil and Commercial Code and is therefore already governed, that parties wanting a faster route already have the Arbitration Act B.E. 2545 and the Dispute Mediation Act B.E. 2562, and that the impact assessment lacked the substance needed to justify a separate Act. The bill has not been enacted and has never gone to public consultation: checked in September 2026, the government&#8217;s central legal system at law.go.th carries no hearing on it. If it is revived in its present shape, the effects would be significant:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It applies to written construction contracts, including consultancy agreements, where works are performed wholly or partly in Thailand. Choice of foreign governing law will not switch it off.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clauses attempting to contract out of it are void.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pay-when-paid clauses are prohibited, along with terms making payment contingent on the owner&#8217;s funding.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A statutory right to refer payment disputes to adjudication, with an award targeted at around 40 days.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Payment within 15 days of the award, with no appeal against the payment obligation. The award binds but is not final, so court or arbitration can still follow.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An unpaid creditor may suspend works in proportion to the unpaid amount for up to 30 days.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you are drafting a long-programme contract, build in a review mechanism. A payment regime that voids your subcontract terms mid-project is not something you want to discover late.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"protecting-a-construction-project-in-thailand-a-practical-sequence\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Protecting a construction project in Thailand: a practical sequence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Confirm you can build before you buy.<\/strong>&nbsp;Zoning, setbacks, elevation limits, environmental assessment triggers. Title is not permission.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fix the ownership vehicle.<\/strong>&nbsp;Land, structure, and the right to build may sit in different hands. Superficies or a registered lease gives the foreign party a real right in the building.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hold the permit yourself.<\/strong>&nbsp;Landowner or holder of the registered right to build. Never the contractor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Contract in writing, bilingually.<\/strong>&nbsp;Name the controlling language. If Thai controls, get your own translation before signing, not after.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Define acceptance.<\/strong>&nbsp;Say what completion means, what documents accompany it, and that occupation does not amount to acceptance. Section 598 makes this critical.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Price the programme.<\/strong>&nbsp;Milestones tied to verified physical progress, liquidated damages for delay, and a written variation procedure with no verbal instructions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Take security.<\/strong>&nbsp;Performance bond, retention, advance payment guarantee, parent guarantee where the covenant is weak.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Insure properly.<\/strong>&nbsp;Contractors all risks, third-party liability, both parties named. Sections 603 and 604 will not rescue you.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Document everything.<\/strong>&nbsp;Site diaries, dated photographs, written instructions, minuted meetings. You will be proving causation later.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Act inside the clock.<\/strong>&nbsp;The moment a defect appears, diarise the Section 601 date and take advice. Negotiation does not stop time running.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Last reviewed: 26 September 2026.<\/strong> Read in Thai: Civil and Commercial Code sections 193\/34, 359, 361, 391 and 587 to 607; Building Control Act B.E. 2522 sections 21, 23 (repealed), 25, 35, 36, 39 bis and 65; Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542, List 3 items (8) to (10). Supreme Court decisions 670\/2566, 3612\/2560, 22850\/2555, 857\/2567, 2835\/2566, 1471\/2564 and 4269\/2565 were checked against their headnotes, and 857\/2567 in full. Thailand\u2019s New York Convention status was checked on the UNCITRAL status table. On 6 October 2026 Civil Procedure Code sections 244\/1 and 247 were read in Thai: a further appeal to the Supreme Court needs its permission. Not checked: the descriptions of TAI and THAC and the draft payment bill.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"frequently-asked-questions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1785458385284\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Does a construction contract in Thailand have to be in writing?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>No. A hire of work contract is valid even if it is oral. But you will struggle to prove scope, price, and programme without a written document. Always put it in writing.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1785458387414\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How long is a contractor liable for defects in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Section 600 gives one year from delivery for general work. It gives five years for a structure built on land, unless the structure is a wooden building. Your contract can set a different period.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1785458408614\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How long do I have to sue my contractor after a defect appears?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Section 601 bars an action one year after the defect appeared. That clock starts when the defect shows up, not when the warranty ends. Miss it and the five-year period in Section 600 will not save you.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1785458420747\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can I cancel a construction contract in Thailand if I change my mind?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. Section 605 lets you terminate at any time before the work is finished. You must compensate the contractor for the loss your termination causes.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1785458423031\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can a foreigner own a construction company in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Construction is restricted under List 3(10) of the Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542. A foreign-majority company needs a foreign business licence, or minimum capital of THB 500 million for qualifying public infrastructure work.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1785458453314\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Is arbitration better than court for a Thai construction dispute?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Usually yes for cross-border projects. Arbitration can run in English and awards travel under the New York Convention. Thai court proceedings run in Thai and pass through three tiers.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1785458467881\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Are pay-when-paid clauses enforceable in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>For now, yes. There is no statutory security of payment regime in force. A draft construction payment bill would void those clauses, but it has not been enacted.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1785458482181\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Who applies for the building permit, me or my contractor?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The permit should sit with the landowner or the party holding the registered right to build. Do not let the contractor hold it. If the relationship breaks down, your permit walks out the door.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1785458494648\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What if my neighbour&#8217;s construction damages my building?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>That is a tort claim under Section 420, not a contract claim. In Supreme Court Decision No. 4269\/2565 a school recovered against a condominium developer whose piling and demolition works damaged its buildings.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1785458531548\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can I withhold payment if the work is defective?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. Section 599 lets you withhold remuneration for late or defective delivery. The contractor can unlock it by providing proper security instead.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 id=\"are-pay-when-paid-clauses-enforceable-in-thailand\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">How ThaiLawOnline can help<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We have worked in Thai law since 2006, and construction files are among the most document-heavy we handle. What decides them is rarely a clever legal argument. It is whether the paperwork was right before the trouble started.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We draft and review bilingual construction and design contracts. We run&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/due-diligence-in-thailand\/\">pre-purchase and pre-construction due diligence<\/a>. We structure ownership so the foreign investor holds a real right in the building. And we act in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/what-to-know-before-you-go-to-court-in-thailand\/\">civil litigation<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/business-law-in-thailand\/\">business litigation<\/a>&nbsp;when a project goes wrong. Our&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/condo-lawyer-in-thailand\/\">property law team<\/a>&nbsp;handles the land side, from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/title-deeds-in-thailand\/\">title deed verification<\/a>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/buying-a-house-in-thailand\/\">buying or building a house in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If a defect has already appeared, do not wait.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/book-consultation\/\">Book a consultation<\/a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/contact-us\/\">contact us<\/a>&nbsp;and we will tell you where you stand on the clock.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"key-takeaways\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key takeaways<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Thailand has no construction statute. Your build runs on hire of work rules at Sections 587 to 607 of the Civil and Commercial Code.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Section 600 gives five years of defect liability for structures on land, one year for everything else, unless your contract says otherwise.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Section 601 bars your claim one year after the defect appeared. It is the deadline foreign developers miss most.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How you characterise the claim changes the limitation period. Defective workmanship pleaded as breach of contract can carry ten years under Section 193\/30.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accepting work without a reservation waives delay claims and patent defects under Sections 597 and 598; the law does not require the reservation to be written, but writing it down is how you prove it.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Section 605 lets you walk away at any time, but you pay for it.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Building Control Act B.E. 2522 requires a permit for the exact approved scope, with locally specific zoning, setback, and elevation limits.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Construction is restricted under List 3(10) of the Foreign Business Act, and engineering and architecture are separately restricted and separately licensed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There is no adjudication regime yet. A draft payment bill would change that and would void pay-when-paid clauses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For cross-border projects, arbitrate. Awards travel under the New York Convention. Thai court proceedings do not run in English.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ocs.go.th\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Better regulation for better life<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A client called us from Phuket last year. His villa was 70% built. The contractor had stopped work. He was [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11429,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"","tlo_reviewed_on":"","tlo_reviewed_by":"","tlo_edited_by":"","tlo_changelog":"[{\"date\":\"2026-11-02\",\"note\":\"Added the statute box with Thai, English and French text and checked the page against the official text\"}]","tlo_authority_on":"1","tlo_box_sections":"","tlo_box_cases":"","rank_math_focus_keyword":"Construction Law in Thailand","rank_math_title":"Construction Law in Thailand : Contracts and Disputes","rank_math_description":"A client in Phuket faced issues as his villa was 70% built when the contractor halted work. 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