{"id":3909,"date":"2026-08-08T04:26:13","date_gmt":"2026-08-07T21:26:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/?page_id=3909"},"modified":"2026-11-04T04:54:48","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T21:54:48","slug":"thai-divorce-recognition","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-divorce-recognition\/","title":{"rendered":"Votre divorce tha\u00eflandais est-il valable \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger ? Amphur ou tribunal, et pourquoi cela compte"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"tlo-answer-box\" style=\"border-left:5px solid #1a7f4b;background:#f4faf6;padding:20px 22px;margin:0 0 26px;border-radius:6px;\">\n<p style=\"margin-top:0;\"><strong>Short answer:<\/strong> Thailand offers two completely different divorces, and only one of them travels well. A <strong>court divorce<\/strong> is a judgment, and other countries generally recognise judgments. An <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/amphoe-or-amphur-district-office\/\">amphur<\/a> divorce<\/strong>, registered by mutual consent at a district office, involves no judge, no hearing and no proceedings at all, and that is precisely what creates the problem abroad. Several countries apply a much stricter recognition test to a divorce obtained <em>otherwise than by proceedings<\/em>.<\/p>\n<!-- tlo-template-promo:divorce-settlement -->\n<div style=\"border:2px solid #C9A25C;border-radius:12px;padding:22px 24px;margin:28px 0;background:#fbf8f1\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 6px;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1px;color:#9a772a;font-weight:700\">LAWYER-DRAFTED TEMPLATE \u00b7 \u0e3f990<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"margin:0 0 8px\">Divorce Settlement Agreement (Bilingual English &amp; Thai): Same-Day Amphur Divorce, Made Safe<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\">Property division with transfer deadlines, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/child-custody\/\">custody<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/child-support\/\">child support<\/a>, debts and the full-and-final clause, prepared before you reach the registrar&#8217;s counter. Includes the land rule for foreign spouses, three ready-to-fill schedules and recognition-abroad guidance. Word + PDF, updated August 2026. \u0e1a\u0e31\u0e19\u0e17\u0e36\u0e01\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e17\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0\"><a class=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/product\/divorce-settlement-agreement-thailand-english\/\" style=\"background:#16202E;color:#fff;padding:10px 18px;border-radius:8px;text-decoration:none;font-weight:600\">Get the template<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/tlo-template-promo -->\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:0;\"><strong>Why this matters more than it sounds.<\/strong> If your Thai divorce is not recognised where you are from, you are still married there. Remarry, and the second marriage may be void. Die, and your <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/estate\/\">estate<\/a> may pass to a spouse you divorced years ago. <a href=\"#the-distinction\">Start with the distinction<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"tlo-hublink wp-block-paragraph\">If you are still deciding how to divorce, read this <em>before<\/em> you choose. See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/divorce-in-thailand\/\">divorce in Thailand<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/divorce-in-thailand-with-a-foreign-marriage\/\">divorce with a foreign marriage certificate<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#the-distinction\">Thailand&#8217;s Two Divorces Are Not Interchangeable<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#why-proceedings\">Why &#8220;Proceedings&#8221; Is the Word That Decides It<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#can-a-thai-court-grant-it\">Before Any of This: Can a Thai Court Grant Your Divorce at All?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#by-country\">By Country, in Outline<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#consequences\">What Goes Wrong When a Divorce Is Not Recognised<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#what-to-do\">What to Do, Depending on Where You Are<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#prenup\">Prenuptial Agreements Have the Same Problem, Only Worse<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#faq\">Common Questions<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#help\">How We Help<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-distinction\">Thailand&#8217;s Two Divorces Are Not Interchangeable<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-1514\/\">Section 1514<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/thai-civil-and-commercial-code\/\">Civil and Commercial Code<\/a> allows divorce in only two ways: <strong>by mutual consent of both parties, or by judgment of the court<\/strong>. A consent divorce must be in writing and certified by the signatures of at least two witnesses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-1515\/\">Section 1515<\/a> then adds the step everyone remembers: where the marriage was registered under the Code, a consent divorce is valid only once the spouses have <strong>registered the divorce<\/strong>. And <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-1531\/\">section 1531<\/a> fixes when each takes effect: a consent divorce from the moment of registration, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/contested-divorce\/\">court divorce<\/a> from the moment the judgment becomes final.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th><\/th><th>Amphur divorce (by consent)<\/th><th>Court divorce (by judgment)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>What happens<\/td><td>Both parties attend the district office, sign, and it is registered<\/td><td>A petition, a hearing, and a judgment<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Time<\/td><td>Usually one visit<\/td><td>Months<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Cost<\/td><td>Minimal<\/td><td>Substantially more<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Requires both to agree<\/td><td><strong>Yes, always<\/strong><\/td><td>No<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Produces a judgment<\/td><td><strong>No<\/strong><\/td><td>Yes<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Involves &#8220;proceedings&#8221;<\/td><td><strong>This is the whole question<\/strong><\/td><td>Plainly yes<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Travels abroad<\/td><td><strong>Sometimes, and on stricter conditions<\/strong><\/td><td>Generally, on the ordinary tests<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The amphur route is faster, cheaper and easier, which is exactly why almost every foreign couple uses it. Nobody mentions the trade-off at the counter, because the counter is not thinking about English, Australian or French law. This page is about that trade-off.<\/p>\n\n\n<style data-noptimize=\"1\">.tlo-lb{border:2px solid #1E3455;background:#fff;margin:28px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;color:#1b1b1b}.tlo-lb h2.tlo-lb-h{background:#1E3455;color:#fff;font-size:19px;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:12px 16px}.tlo-lb-tabs{position:relative;padding-top:44px;background:#fff}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:absolute;top:0;width:33.334%;height:44px;line-height:44px;text-align:center;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;list-style:none;background:#eef0f4;color:#1E3455;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:3px solid #1E3455}.tlo-lb-tab>summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(1)>summary{left:0}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(2)>summary{left:33.333%}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(3)>summary{left:66.666%}.tlo-lb-tab[open]>summary{background:#fff;border-bottom-color:#FECB01}.tlo-lb summary:focus-visible,.tlo-lb a:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #FECB01;outline-offset:-3px}.tlo-lb-sec{padding:14px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-sec h3{font-size:17px;line-height:1.35;margin:0 0 4px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-sec h3 small{font-weight:400;color:#555;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-sec p{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-text{white-space:pre-line;border-left:3px solid #FECB01;padding-left:12px;margin:0 0 6px}.tlo-lb-note{font-size:13px;color:#555;font-style:italic}.tlo-lb-badge{display:inline-block;background:#FECB01;color:#1E3455;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;padding:1px 7px;margin-left:6px}.tlo-lb-fold{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-fold>summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:6px}.tlo-lb-links a{margin-right:14px;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-cases,.tlo-lb-src{padding:14px 16px;background:#f6f7f9;border-top:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-cases h3,.tlo-lb-src h3{font-size:15px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-cases ul,.tlo-lb-src ul{margin:0;padding:0 0 0 18px;font-size:14px}.tlo-al{font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:#444;margin:0 0 18px}.tlo-al details{margin-top:4px}.tlo-al summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455}.tlo-al ul{margin:6px 0 0 18px;padding:0}@media print{.tlo-lb{border:1px solid #000}.tlo-lb-tabs{padding-top:0}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:static;width:auto;height:auto;line-height:1.4;text-align:left;background:none;border:0}.tlo-lb details::details-content{content-visibility:visible;display:block}.tlo-lb-links a{color:#000}}<\/style><script data-noptimize=\"1\" data-no-optimize=\"1\">document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){(function(){var b=document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb-tabs\");b.forEach(function(g){var t=g.querySelectorAll(\":scope>details\");t.forEach(function(d){d.firstElementChild.addEventListener(\"click\",function(e){if(d.open){e.preventDefault()}})})});var s=[];addEventListener(\"beforeprint\",function(){s=[];document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb details\").forEach(function(d){s.push([d,d.open,d.getAttribute(\"name\")]);d.removeAttribute(\"name\");d.open=true})});addEventListener(\"afterprint\",function(){s.forEach(function(x){x[0].open=x[1];if(x[2]){x[0].setAttribute(\"name\",x[2])}})})})();});<\/script><section class=\"tlo-lb notranslate\" data-no-translation data-no-dynamic-translation translate=\"no\" aria-label=\"Le droit applicable \u00e0 cette page\"><h2 class=\"tlo-lb-h\">Le droit applicable \u00e0 cette page<\/h2><div class=\"tlo-lb-tabs\"><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"en\" data-no-translation><summary>English<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1514<\/h3><p>Divorce is possible only by mutual consent or by court judgment. A divorce by mutual consent must be in writing and signed by at least two witnesses; where the marriage was registered, it takes effect only once the divorce is registered (Section 1515).<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">A divorce may be effected only by the consent of both parties or by a judgment of the court. A divorce by consent must be made in writing and signed by at least two witnesses.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1514\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1515<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">Amended on 23 January 2025<\/span><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Where a marriage has been registered under this Code, a divorce by mutual consent is complete only when the spouses have registered the divorce.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1515\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1531<\/h3><p>For a marriage registered under the law, a divorce by mutual consent takes effect from the time the divorce is registered, not from the date the parties signed their agreement. A divorce by judgment takes effect when the judgment becomes final. But a judgment of divorce cannot be set up against third persons who acted in good faith unless the divorce has been registered, so registration remains important even after a court decision.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">In the case of a marriage registered according to law, a divorce by mutual consent of both spouses takes effect from the time the divorce is registered.\n A divorce by judgment takes effect from the time the judgment becomes final, but it may not be relied on to impair the rights of a third person acting in good faith unless the divorce has been registered.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1531\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 27 <small>Act on Conflict of Laws B.E. 2481<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">A Thai court shall not grant a divorce unless the law of the nationality of both husband and wife permits divorce. The grounds for divorce are governed by the law of the place where the divorce action is filed.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/ODY2YVdSdnF3bk81MHdZVk5KSjg0Zz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 26 <small>Act on Conflict of Laws B.E. 2481<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">A divorce by consent is valid if the law of the nationality of both husband and wife permits it.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/ODY2YVdSdnF3bk81MHdZVk5KSjg0Zz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1516<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">Amended on 23 January 2025<\/span><\/h3><p>Section 1516 sets out twelve grounds for a divorce action; most turn on the other spouse&#039;s conduct, but some, such as separation, disappearance, unsoundness of mind, disease and physical incapacity, do not: (1) keeping or honouring another person as a spouse, adultery, or habitual sexual acts with another; (2) misconduct, whether or not a criminal offence, that causes the other spouse serious shame, contempt or hatred, or excessive injury or trouble; (3) serious physical or mental harm, torture, or grave insult to the spouse or the spouse&#039;s ascendants; (4) wilful desertion for more than one year; (4\/1) final imprisonment served for more than one year for an offence in which the other spouse had no part, where continuing the marriage would cause the other spouse excessive injury or trouble; (4\/2) voluntary separation for more than three years, or separation by court order for more than three years; (5) being declared a missing person, or absence for more than three years with no news; (6) failure to give proper support and maintenance, or acting seriously adversely to the marriage, to the point that the other spouse suffers excessive trouble; (7) insanity continuing more than three years and unlikely to be cured; (8) breach of a written bond as to conduct; (9) a serious, chronic and incurable communicable disease dangerous to the other spouse; (10) a physical condition making sexual intercourse permanently impossible. Spouses of any gender rely on the same grounds under the Marriage Equality Act B.E. 2567.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">The grounds for a divorce action are as follows:\n (1) one spouse has maintained or honoured another person as a spouse, has committed adultery or has a lover, has habitually had sexual intercourse with another person, or has habitually done an act with another person, or accepted an act of another person, to gratify the sexual desire of that spouse or of another person; the other spouse may bring a divorce action;\n (2) one spouse is guilty of misconduct, whether or not that misconduct is a criminal offence, if it causes the other spouse:\n (a) to suffer serious shame and humiliation;\n (b) to be held in contempt and hatred on account of remaining the spouse of the spouse guilty of the misconduct; or\n (c) to suffer excessive injury or trouble, regard being had to their condition, status and life together as spouses;\n that other spouse may bring a divorce action;\n (3) one spouse has physically or mentally harmed or tortured, or has defamed or insulted, the other spouse or an ascendant of the other spouse; provided that it is serious, that other spouse may bring a divorce action;\n (4) one spouse has wilfully deserted the other spouse for more than one year; that other spouse may bring a divorce action;\n (4\/1) one spouse has been sentenced by a final judgment to imprisonment and has been imprisoned for more than one year for an offence which the other spouse did not contribute to causing, did not consent to and was not privy to, and continuing to be spouses would cause that other spouse excessive injury or trouble; that other spouse may bring a divorce action;\n (4\/2) the spouses have voluntarily lived apart, because they could not live together as spouses in normal happiness, continuously for more than three years, or have lived apart by order of the court for more than three years; either spouse may bring a divorce action;\n (5) one spouse has been declared by the court to be a disappeared person, or has left that spouse&#039;s domicile or residence for more than three years with no one knowing for certain whether that spouse is alive or dead; the other spouse may bring a divorce action;\n (6) one spouse has failed to give the other proper assistance and maintenance, or has acted in serious hostility to the state of being spouses, to such an extent that the other spouse suffers excessive trouble, regard being had to their condition, status and life together as spouses; that other spouse may bring a divorce action;\n (7) one spouse has been of unsound mind continuously for more than three years, the unsoundness of mind being unlikely to be cured and so severe that living together as spouses can no longer be endured; the other spouse may bring a divorce action;\n (8) one spouse has broken a bond of good behaviour given in writing; the other spouse may bring a divorce action;\n (9) one spouse is suffering from a serious communicable disease which may be dangerous to the other spouse and which is chronic and incurable; that other spouse may bring a divorce action;\n (10) one spouse has a physical condition making that spouse permanently unable to have sexual intercourse, or permanently unable to do or to accept an act to gratify the sexual desire of the other spouse; the other spouse may bring a divorce action.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1516\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1459<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">A marriage abroad between Thai nationals, or where either party is a Thai national, may be made in the form prescribed by Thai law or by the law of that country.\n Where the spouses wish to register the marriage under Thai law, a Thai diplomatic or consular official shall register it.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1459\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"th\" data-no-translation><summary>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1514<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e08\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e22\u0e34\u0e19\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\n\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e22\u0e34\u0e19\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e33\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e32\u0e19\u0e25\u0e07\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e0a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e19\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1514\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1515<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">\u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e44\u0e02\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 23 \u0e21\u0e01\u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2568<\/span><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e22\u0e34\u0e19\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e08\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e1a\u0e39\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1515\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1531<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e22\u0e34\u0e19\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e15\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e1b \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e14 \u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e2d\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1531\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 27 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e02\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e1e\u0e38\u0e17\u0e18\u0e28\u0e31\u0e01\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a 2481<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e20\u0e23\u0e34\u0e22\u0e32\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e16\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/ODY2YVdSdnF3bk81MHdZVk5KSjg0Zz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 26 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e02\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e1e\u0e38\u0e17\u0e18\u0e28\u0e31\u0e01\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a 2481<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e22\u0e34\u0e19\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e1a\u0e39\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e20\u0e23\u0e34\u0e22\u0e32\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/ODY2YVdSdnF3bk81MHdZVk5KSjg0Zz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1516<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">\u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e44\u0e02\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 23 \u0e21\u0e01\u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2568<\/span><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\n(\u0e51) \u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e38\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e25\u0e35\u0e49\u0e22\u0e07\u0e14\u0e39\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e01\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e35\u0e0a\u0e39\u0e49 \u0e23\u0e48\u0e27\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e27\u0e13\u0e35\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e34\u0e13 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e04\u0e23\u0e48\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e15\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e34\u0e13 \u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\n(\u0e52) \u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e24\u0e15\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27 \u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e24\u0e15\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\n\n(\u0e01) \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e22\u0e02\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e23\u0e07\n\n(\u0e02) \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e14\u0e39\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e40\u0e01\u0e25\u0e35\u0e22\u0e14\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e30\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e24\u0e15\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e1b \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\n\n(\u0e04) \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e14\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23 \u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e \u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e30 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e23\u0e48\u0e27\u0e21\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e32\u0e04\u0e33\u0e19\u0e36\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\n\n\u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\n(\u0e53) \u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e33\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e23\u0e21\u0e32\u0e19\u0e23\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e08\u0e34\u0e15\u0e43\u0e08 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e17\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e35\u0e22\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e1e\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e35\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07 \u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e23\u0e07 \u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\n(\u0e54) \u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e08\u0e07\u0e43\u0e08\u0e25\u0e30\u0e17\u0e34\u0e49\u0e07\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\n(\u0e54\/\u0e51) \u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e34\u0e19\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e43\u0e08\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e14\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23 \u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\n(\u0e54\/\u0e52) \u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e31\u0e04\u0e23\u0e43\u0e08\u0e41\u0e22\u0e01\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e30\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e23\u0e48\u0e27\u0e21\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e15\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e02\u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e21\u0e32\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e22\u0e01\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e33\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\n(\u0e55) \u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e04\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e0d \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e20\u0e39\u0e21\u0e34\u0e25\u0e33\u0e40\u0e19\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e16\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e43\u0e04\u0e23\u0e17\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e19\u0e48\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e22\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e14\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e23 \u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\n(\u0e56) \u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e38\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e25\u0e35\u0e49\u0e22\u0e07\u0e14\u0e39\u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1b\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e4c\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e23\u0e07 \u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e02\u0e19\u0e32\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e14\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23\u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e \u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e30 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e23\u0e48\u0e27\u0e21\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e32\u0e04\u0e33\u0e19\u0e36\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a \u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\n(\u0e57) \u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e27\u0e34\u0e01\u0e25\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15\u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e21\u0e32\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e34\u0e01\u0e25\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e21\u0e35\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30\u0e22\u0e32\u0e01\u0e08\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e22\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e34\u0e01\u0e25\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e02\u0e19\u0e32\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e17\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e23\u0e48\u0e27\u0e21\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\n(\u0e58) \u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e17\u0e31\u0e13\u0e11\u0e4c\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e17\u0e33\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e24\u0e15\u0e34 \u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\n(\u0e59) \u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e42\u0e23\u0e04\u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e23\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e20\u0e31\u0e22\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e42\u0e23\u0e04\u0e21\u0e35\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e22\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\n(\u0e51\u0e50) \u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e33\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e23\u0e48\u0e27\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e27\u0e13\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e04\u0e23\u0e48\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e25 \u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1516\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1459<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e43\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 \u0e08\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e01\u0e47\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c\u0e08\u0e30\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e39\u0e15\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e25\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1459\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"fr\" data-no-translation open><summary>Fran\u00e7ais<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1514<\/h3><p>Le divorce ne peut avoir lieu que par le consentement des deux parties ou par un jugement du tribunal.\nLe divorce par consentement doit \u00eatre fait par \u00e9crit et sign\u00e9 par au moins deux t\u00e9moins.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1514\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1515<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">Modifi\u00e9 le 23 janvier 2025<\/span><\/h3><p>Lorsque le mariage a \u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9 conform\u00e9ment au pr\u00e9sent Code, le divorce par consentement mutuel n&#039;est parfait qu&#039;une fois que les \u00e9poux ont fait enregistrer ce divorce.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1515\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1531<\/h3><p>Pour un mariage enregistr\u00e9, le divorce par consentement mutuel prend effet d\u00e8s son enregistrement. Le divorce judiciaire prend effet d\u00e8s que le jugement est d\u00e9finitif, mais n&#039;est opposable aux tiers de bonne foi qu&#039;une fois enregistr\u00e9.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1531\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 27 <small>Act on Conflict of Laws B.E. 2481<\/small><\/h3><p>Le tribunal tha\u00eflandais ne prononce le divorce que si la loi nationale des deux \u00e9poux l&#039;admet. Les causes de divorce rel\u00e8vent de la loi du lieu o\u00f9 l&#039;action est introduite.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/ODY2YVdSdnF3bk81MHdZVk5KSjg0Zz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 26 <small>Act on Conflict of Laws B.E. 2481<\/small><\/h3><p>Le divorce par consentement est valable si la loi nationale des deux \u00e9poux le permet.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/ODY2YVdSdnF3bk81MHdZVk5KSjg0Zz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1516<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">Modifi\u00e9 le 23 janvier 2025<\/span><\/h3><p>Les causes de l&#039;action en divorce sont les suivantes :\n\n(1) l&#039;un des \u00e9poux a entretenu ou honor\u00e9 une autre personne comme son conjoint, a commis l&#039;adult\u00e8re ou a un amant, a eu habituellement des relations sexuelles avec une autre personne, ou a habituellement accompli avec une autre personne, ou accept\u00e9 d&#039;une autre personne, un acte destin\u00e9 \u00e0 satisfaire son d\u00e9sir sexuel ou celui d&#039;autrui ; l&#039;autre \u00e9poux peut demander le divorce ;\n\n(2) l&#039;un des \u00e9poux s&#039;est mal conduit, que cette inconduite constitue ou non une infraction p\u00e9nale, si elle a pour effet que l&#039;autre \u00e9poux :\n\n(a) subit une honte et une humiliation graves ;\n\n(b) est l&#039;objet de m\u00e9pris et de haine du fait qu&#039;il demeure le conjoint de l&#039;\u00e9poux fautif ; ou\n\n(c) subit un pr\u00e9judice ou des difficult\u00e9s excessifs, compte tenu de la condition, de la situation et de la vie commune des \u00e9poux ;\n\ncet autre \u00e9poux peut demander le divorce ;\n\n(3) l&#039;un des \u00e9poux a port\u00e9 atteinte au corps ou \u00e0 l&#039;esprit de l&#039;autre \u00e9poux ou d&#039;un ascendant de celui ci, l&#039;a tortur\u00e9, diffam\u00e9 ou injuri\u00e9 ; si ces faits sont graves, l&#039;autre \u00e9poux peut demander le divorce ;\n\n(4) l&#039;un des \u00e9poux a volontairement abandonn\u00e9 l&#039;autre pendant plus d&#039;un an ; l&#039;autre \u00e9poux peut demander le divorce ;\n\n(4\/1) l&#039;un des \u00e9poux a \u00e9t\u00e9 condamn\u00e9 par un jugement d\u00e9finitif \u00e0 une peine d&#039;emprisonnement et a \u00e9t\u00e9 emprisonn\u00e9 pendant plus d&#039;un an pour une infraction \u00e0 la commission de laquelle l&#039;autre \u00e9poux n&#039;a pas contribu\u00e9, \u00e0 laquelle il n&#039;a pas consenti et dont il n&#039;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 complice par connivence, et le maintien du mariage causerait \u00e0 l&#039;autre \u00e9poux un pr\u00e9judice ou des difficult\u00e9s excessifs ; l&#039;autre \u00e9poux peut demander le divorce ;\n\n(4\/2) les \u00e9poux ont volontairement v\u00e9cu s\u00e9par\u00e9s, faute de pouvoir vivre ensemble normalement et heureusement comme \u00e9poux, de mani\u00e8re continue pendant plus de trois ans, ou ont v\u00e9cu s\u00e9par\u00e9s en vertu d&#039;une d\u00e9cision de justice pendant plus de trois ans ; chacun des \u00e9poux peut demander le divorce ;\n\n(5) l&#039;un des \u00e9poux a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9clar\u00e9 absent par le tribunal, ou a quitt\u00e9 son domicile ou sa r\u00e9sidence depuis plus de trois ans sans que personne ne sache avec certitude s&#039;il est vivant ou mort ; l&#039;autre \u00e9poux peut demander le divorce ;\n\n(6) l&#039;un des \u00e9poux n&#039;a pas fourni \u00e0 l&#039;autre l&#039;assistance et l&#039;entretien convenables, ou a agi de mani\u00e8re gravement hostile \u00e0 l&#039;\u00e9tat d&#039;\u00e9poux, au point que l&#039;autre \u00e9poux en subit des difficult\u00e9s excessives, compte tenu de la condition, de la situation et de la vie commune des \u00e9poux ; l&#039;autre \u00e9poux peut demander le divorce ;\n\n(7) l&#039;un des \u00e9poux est atteint d&#039;ali\u00e9nation mentale de mani\u00e8re continue depuis plus de trois ans, cette ali\u00e9nation \u00e9tant difficilement curable et d&#039;une gravit\u00e9 telle que la vie commune ne peut plus \u00eatre support\u00e9e ; l&#039;autre \u00e9poux peut demander le divorce ;\n\n(8) l&#039;un des \u00e9poux a manqu\u00e9 \u00e0 un engagement de bonne conduite souscrit par \u00e9crit ; l&#039;autre \u00e9poux peut demander le divorce ;\n\n(9) l&#039;un des \u00e9poux est atteint d&#039;une maladie contagieuse grave pouvant mettre l&#039;autre \u00e9poux en danger, cette maladie \u00e9tant chronique et incurable ; l&#039;autre \u00e9poux peut demander le divorce ;\n\n(10) l&#039;un des \u00e9poux pr\u00e9sente un \u00e9tat physique le rendant d\u00e9finitivement incapable d&#039;avoir des relations sexuelles, ou d&#039;accomplir ou d&#039;accepter un acte destin\u00e9 \u00e0 satisfaire le d\u00e9sir sexuel de l&#039;autre ; l&#039;autre \u00e9poux peut demander le divorce.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1516\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1459<\/h3><p>Le mariage c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#039;\u00e9tranger entre ressortissants tha\u00eflandais, ou lorsque l&#039;un des \u00e9poux est de nationalit\u00e9 tha\u00eflandaise, peut suivre la forme pr\u00e9vue par la loi tha\u00eflandaise ou par la loi du pays concern\u00e9. Si les \u00e9poux souhaitent l&#039;enregistrer selon la loi tha\u00eflandaise, l&#039;enregistrement est effectu\u00e9 par l&#039;agent diplomatique ou consulaire tha\u00eflandais.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/thai-civil-code\/section-1459\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-cases\"><h3>Arr\u00eats de la Cour supr\u00eame<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/supreme-court-decisions\/1869-2566-foreign-spouse-national-law-must-be-proved-to-allow-divorce\/\">1869\/2566<\/a> (2023): No Thai Divorce From a Foreign Spouse Unless Their National Law Is Proved to Allow Divorce<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-src\"><h3>Sources<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Code civil et commercial, Office of the Council of State<\/a>, consult\u00e9 le 31 octobre 2026<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/ODY2YVdSdnF3bk81MHdZVk5KSjg0Zz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Act on Conflict of Laws B.E. 2481<\/a>, consult\u00e9 le 31 octobre 2026<\/li><li>deka.supremecourt.or.th, Supreme Court of Thailand decisions database (copy held in our library), consult\u00e9 le 19 f\u00e9vrier 2026<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-proceedings\">Why &#8220;Proceedings&#8221; Is the Word That Decides It<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Take England and Wales as the worked example, because its statute states the test in black and white and the gap between the two limbs is startling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under <strong>section 46 of the Family Law Act 1986<\/strong>, an overseas divorce obtained <strong>by means of proceedings<\/strong> is recognised if it is effective under the law of the country where it was obtained and, at the relevant date, <em>either<\/em> party was habitually resident there, <em>or<\/em> domiciled there, <em>or<\/em> <strong>a national of that country<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That is a generous test. A British husband divorcing a Thai wife in Thailand satisfies it easily, because she is a Thai national and only one party needs to qualify.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now the other limb. A divorce obtained <strong>otherwise than by means of proceedings<\/strong> is recognised only if it is effective where obtained <strong>and<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>at the relevant date <strong>each<\/strong> party was domiciled in that country, or one was domiciled there and the other domiciled in a country whose law recognises the divorce; <strong>and<\/strong><\/li>\n\n<li><strong>neither<\/strong> party was habitually resident in the United Kingdom throughout the year immediately before that date.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compare the two. Under the first limb, the Thai spouse&#8217;s nationality alone carries it. Under the second, you need <strong>domicile<\/strong>, which is a far harder thing for a British expat to establish than residence, and you need it for both parties, and you additionally need neither party to have been habitually resident in the UK for the preceding year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So the entire outcome turns on which limb an amphur divorce falls into. <strong>We are not going to tell you that question is settled, because it is not.<\/strong> An amphur registration involves a registrar rather than a judge, and no hearing, which is what invites the argument that it was obtained otherwise than by proceedings. Whether that argument succeeds is fact-sensitive and is the sort of point on which advice, not a web page, is required. What we can tell you plainly is that <strong>a court divorce does not raise the question at all.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other countries frame it differently, but the same structural issue recurs: an administrative act performed by a registrar is treated with more suspicion than a judgment of a court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"can-a-thai-court-grant-it\">Before Any of This: Can a Thai Court Grant Your Divorce at All?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Everything above asks whether a Thai divorce travels. There is a prior question, it is decided first, and it defeats real cases: whether a Thai court may grant the divorce in the first place. It is governed by a different statute from the Civil and Commercial Code, and almost nobody writing in English on Thai divorce mentions it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Section 27 of the Act on Conflict of Laws B.E. 2481 (1938)<\/strong> has two paragraphs and they do different jobs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Paragraph one is a threshold.<\/strong> A Thai court <strong>shall not grant a divorce unless the national law of each spouse permits divorce<\/strong>. Both, not either.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Paragraph two is a choice of law.<\/strong> The <strong>grounds<\/strong> for divorce follow the law of the place where the action is filed. So once the threshold is passed, a Thai court applies <strong>Thai<\/strong> grounds, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-1516\/\">section 1516 of the Civil and Commercial Code<\/a>, whatever the foreign spouse&#8217;s own law would have required.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Section 26<\/strong> does the same job for the consent route: a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/uncontested-divorce\/\">divorce by mutual consent<\/a> is valid if the national laws of both spouses permit divorce. That matters on this page in particular, because the amphur divorce is the consent route.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-permits-divorce-means\">What &#8220;permits divorce&#8221; actually means<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The threshold is lower than it sounds. In <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/supreme-court-dika\/\">Supreme Court<\/a> Decision 6625\/2549<\/strong> the Court held that it is enough that the law of each spouse&#8217;s nationality <strong>contains provisions laying down conditions or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/ground\/\">grounds for divorce<\/a><\/strong>, and expressly rejected the idea that the foreign law must allow divorce by mutual consent. The plaintiff was American, the law of the State of Georgia set out conditions for divorce, Thai law sets out grounds, so the threshold was met and the Thai court had power to hear the case. It then applied Thai grounds under paragraph two and dismissed the claim on the merits, because the conduct proved did not meet section 1516(6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-trap-in-1869-2566\">The trap: foreign law is a fact, and somebody has to prove it<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the part that costs clients cases, and it is recent. In <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/supreme-court-decisions\/1869-2566-foreign-spouse-national-law-must-be-proved-to-allow-divorce\/\">Supreme Court Decision 1869\/2566<\/a><\/strong> a Thai wife sued her English husband for divorce in Thailand. The trial court granted the divorce. It was reversed, and the Supreme Court affirmed the reversal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court&#8217;s reasoning is worth stating in full because every step of it is portable:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Whether English law permits divorce is <strong>an essential question the court must decide first<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Foreign law is a question of fact<\/strong>, and a Thai court does not know it of its own motion.<\/li>\n\n<li>Therefore <strong>the plaintiff carries the burden of proving it<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n<li>She led no evidence that English law permits divorce, so the Thai court <strong>could not grant the divorce<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n<li>The point goes to <strong>public order<\/strong>, so the appellate court was entitled to take it <strong>of its own motion<\/strong>, even though neither party had pleaded or argued it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Read that last point twice. <strong>The defendant never raised it. The court raised it against the plaintiff itself<\/strong>, and the divorce failed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">England plainly permits divorce. The case was not lost on the substance of English law; it was lost because <strong>nobody put English law into evidence<\/strong>. A foreign spouse&#8217;s national law is not something a Thai judge is allowed to assume, however obvious it looks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-this-means-in-practice\">What this means in practice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If either spouse is not Thai, <strong>put the foreign law in the file<\/strong>: the relevant provision, a certified translation, and where appropriate an expert or an embassy certification. Do it as part of the case, not as a reply to an objection, because there may be no objection and the point can still be taken.<\/li>\n\n<li>Expect to prove <strong>the existence of divorce in that law<\/strong>, not that your particular facts would satisfy it. Under paragraph two the grounds are Thai.<\/li>\n\n<li>The genuinely open case is a spouse whose national law <strong>provides no civil divorce at all<\/strong>. On the face of section 27 that would leave a Thai court unable to grant a divorce, however strong the Thai grounds. <strong>We have not found a Supreme Court decision deciding that situation<\/strong>, and we will not tell you the outcome we expect as though a court had settled it. Whether any particular country&#8217;s law qualifies is itself a question of fact to be proved, on the authority above. If this is your position, it needs advice before a petition is filed, not after.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"by-country\">By Country, in Outline<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Detailed pages for each of these follow. What matters at this level is the shape of the risk, not the detail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Where you are from<\/th><th>The shape of the question<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>United Kingdom<\/strong><\/td><td>Family Law Act 1986 s.46, set out above. Court divorce is straightforward. Amphur divorce turns on the proceedings question and on domicile.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>United States<\/strong><\/td><td>No federal rule. Recognition is a matter of state law and comity, so the answer depends on the state, and states differ on administrative divorces.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Australia<\/strong><\/td><td>Recognition provisions in the Family Law Act, again distinguishing the basis on which the divorce was obtained.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Canada and Quebec<\/strong><\/td><td>Federal recognition rules plus Quebec&#8217;s own civil law rules on foreign decisions. Sebastien writes this one himself.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>France<\/strong><\/td><td>Recognition and transcription onto the French civil status registers, which is a separate step from recognition itself and is where French nationals most often get stuck.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The country pages carry the detail. Every foreign-law statement in this series is reviewed personally by S\u00e9bastien Brousseau before publication.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"consequences\">What Goes Wrong When a Divorce Is Not Recognised<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The failure is rarely discovered at the time. It surfaces years later, at the worst moment, and usually through one of these four doors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Trigger<\/th><th>What goes wrong<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>You remarry<\/strong><\/td><td>If the first marriage still subsists where you are from, the second marriage may be void there, with consequences for property, immigration and legitimacy of children.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>You die<\/strong><\/td><td>Your estate is administered on the footing that you are still married. A spouse you divorced years ago may inherit ahead of the person you actually live with.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>A pension or a benefit<\/strong><\/td><td>Providers ask for marital status and check it. A mismatch between what you declared and what the register says is a problem in itself.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>An immigration application<\/strong><\/td><td>Sponsoring a new spouse requires proof the previous marriage ended in a way the home country accepts.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notice that three of the four are things you will not be present for, or not thinking about, when they happen. That is the argument for spending a little more at the outset.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-to-do\">What to Do, Depending on Where You Are<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Your position<\/th><th>The move<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Deciding how to divorce, both parties agree<\/td><td>Ask what recognition looks like in <em>your<\/em> country before choosing the amphur route. Where it is doubtful, the court route buys certainty, and that is usually worth the difference.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Already divorced at the amphur, nothing has gone wrong yet<\/td><td>Find out now whether it is recognised at home, while both parties are alive, contactable and cooperative. This is enormously easier now than later.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Amphur divorce, and you want to remarry<\/td><td>Resolve recognition <strong>before<\/strong> the second marriage, not after. Repairing a void marriage is much harder than confirming a divorce.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Amphur divorce and the other party is uncooperative or unreachable<\/td><td>Take advice quickly. Some routes to confirming or supplementing the divorce need the other party, and those close over time.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>You have a foreign divorce and want it recognised in Thailand<\/td><td>The mirror-image question, and it has its own answer. See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/divorce-in-thailand-with-a-foreign-marriage\/\">divorce with a foreign marriage certificate<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"prenup\">Prenuptial Agreements Have the Same Problem, Only Worse<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Thai <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/prenuptial\/\">prenuptial agreement<\/a> must be made before the marriage is registered and recorded in, or attached to, the marriage register. Get that wrong and it is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/void-and-voidable\/\">void in Thailand<\/a>, full stop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But even a perfectly valid Thai prenup faces a second question abroad, and it is a harder one than divorce recognition. Many jurisdictions treat marital agreements as persuasive rather than binding, and will look at whether both parties had independent advice, whether there was full financial disclosure, and whether the outcome is fair at the time of enforcement rather than at signature. A Thai prenup drafted only for Thai purposes frequently fails those tests, not because it is Thai, but because it was never built to meet them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If significant assets sit outside Thailand, the agreement needs to be designed for both systems from the start. See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/prenuptial-agreement-thailand\/\">prenuptial agreements in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"enforcing-a-thai-divorce-abroad\">Enforcing a Thai divorce abroad<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It\u2019s also vital to remember prenuptial agreements. While helpful, a prenup signed abroad needs careful review to see if it holds water under Thai law. To be enforceable in Thailand, especially for property division, it must meet Thai legal rules. This usually means it should be made before marriage and registered with the marriage registration in Thailand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Remember that getting a Thai divorce judgment recognized or enforced in your home country can require different legal steps. Get advice on this before the Thai judgment is issued, not after, because what your home country needs can affect how the Thai papers should be prepared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"fa-qs\">How to Enforce a Thai Divorce Decree Abroad<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Consult with a local lawyer where you need to enforce your decisio<\/strong>n. In short, each country has its own rules. You may need local legal advice to ensure your Thai divorce is fully enforceable abroad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Normally, you will need to translate and legalize your original divorce from Thailand. It must also be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/legalization-of-documents\/\">legalized (authenticated)<\/a> by the Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs. We explain the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/legalization-of-documents-in-thailand\/\">legalization process here<\/a>. Again, some countries might not recognize a divorce by mutual agreement and you need to verify with foreign attorneys.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">Common Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788700000000\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Is a Thai divorce valid in my country?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>It depends on which Thai divorce you obtained and on your country&#8217;s recognition rules. A Thai court divorce is a judgment and is generally recognised on the ordinary tests. An amphur divorce registered by mutual consent involves no judge and no hearing, and several countries apply a stricter test to divorces obtained otherwise than by proceedings. The country pages in this series take each jurisdiction in turn.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788700000001\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the difference between an amphur divorce and a court divorce in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Section 1514 of the Civil and Commercial Code allows divorce only by mutual consent or by court judgment. A consent divorce is signed, witnessed by at least two people and registered at the district office, and under section 1515 it is valid only once registered. A court divorce is a judgment, effective when it becomes final. The consent route is faster and cheaper; the court route produces a judgment, which is what other legal systems are used to recognising.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788700000002\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Will the UK recognise my Thai divorce?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Under section 46 of the Family Law Act 1986, a divorce obtained by means of proceedings is recognised if it is effective in Thailand and either party was habitually resident, domiciled, or a national of Thailand at the relevant date, which a Thai spouse&#8217;s nationality satisfies. A divorce obtained otherwise than by proceedings requires each party to have been domiciled in Thailand, or one domiciled there and the other in a country recognising it, and neither party habitually resident in the UK throughout the preceding year. Which limb an amphur divorce falls into is not a settled question, and it is the point on which advice is needed.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788700000003\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can I remarry if my Thai divorce might not be recognised?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Not safely. If the first marriage still subsists in your home country, a second marriage there may be void, which can affect property, inheritance, immigration status and the position of children. Resolve recognition before the second marriage rather than after.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788700000004\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can I fix an amphur divorce that is not recognised?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Often, and it is very much easier while both parties are alive, contactable and willing. The available routes depend on your home jurisdiction and on whether the other party will cooperate, which is why delay is the real enemy here.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788700000005\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Does it matter if we married abroad rather than in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes, it adds a layer. Where the marriage was celebrated abroad, whether Thailand treats it as a valid marriage in the first place is a prior question, and section 1459 allows a marriage abroad involving a Thai national to be in Thai form or in that country&#8217;s form. Getting the marriage question right is a precondition to getting the divorce question right.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788700000006\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Is my Thai prenuptial agreement enforceable abroad?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Not automatically, and often it is treated as persuasive rather than binding. Foreign courts commonly look for independent legal advice on both sides, full financial disclosure, and fairness at the time of enforcement. A Thai prenup drafted only for Thai purposes frequently fails those tests. Where significant assets sit outside Thailand, it should be designed for both systems from the outset.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788700000007\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">When does a Thai divorce actually take effect?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Under section 1531, a divorce by mutual consent takes effect from the time it is registered, and a divorce by court judgment from the time the judgment becomes final. The same section adds a sting that catches people who stop at the judgment: <strong>a court divorce cannot be set up against third persons acting in good faith unless the divorce has also been registered.<\/strong> So a final judgment ends the marriage between the two of you, but until it is registered a bank, a Land Office or a later spouse dealing in good faith is entitled to treat you as still married. If you are going to remarry, or deal with property, register it.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"tlo-trust-block\" style=\"margin:32px 0 0;\">\n<a class=\"tlo-trust-badge tlo-trust-badge--vortex\" href=\"\/supreme-court-decisions\/\"><span class=\"tlo-trust-badge__tick\" aria-hidden=\"true\">&#10003;<\/span> V\u00e9rifi\u00e9 sur plus de 77,000 arr\u00eats de la Cour supr\u00eame, base Vortex<\/a>\n<aside class=\"tlo-trust-author\" aria-label=\"\u00c0 propos des auteurs\">\n                            <div class=\"tlo-trust-author__person\">\n                    <div class=\"tlo-trust-author__photo\">\n                        <span class=\"tlo-trust-author__initials\" aria-hidden=\"true\">SB<\/span>                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"tlo-trust-author__body\">\n                        <p class=\"tlo-trust-author__name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/our-team\/\">S\u00e9bastien Brousseau<\/a><\/p>\n                        <p class=\"tlo-trust-author__cred\">LL.B., B.Sc.<\/p>\n                        <p class=\"tlo-trust-author__bio\">Editor of ThaiLawOnline, working in Thai law since 2006. Writes for foreign residents and investors on property, family, immigration, estate and business matters.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"tlo-trust-author__person\">\n                    <div class=\"tlo-trust-author__photo\">\n                        <span class=\"tlo-trust-author__initials\" aria-hidden=\"true\">WA<\/span>                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"tlo-trust-author__body\">\n                        <p class=\"tlo-trust-author__name\">Wichuda Atthamethakon<\/p>\n                        <p class=\"tlo-trust-author__cred\">LL.M. \u00b7 Thai Bar License 3149\/2556 \u00b7 Notarial Services Attorney<\/p>\n                        <p class=\"tlo-trust-author__bio\">Thai lawyer of record. Handles court work, Land Office and district-office registration, and notarial services.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            \n            <p class=\"tlo-trust-author__meta\">\n                                                    <span>Derni\u00e8re mise \u00e0 jour : novembre 4, 2026<\/span>\n                            <\/p>\n        <\/aside>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"help\">How We Help<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two situations, and they are very different jobs. Before a divorce, the useful work is choosing the route that will actually be recognised where you need it, which is usually a short conversation that saves years of trouble. After an amphur divorce, it is establishing whether recognition is a problem and, where it is, what can still be done about it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The firm is led by <strong>S\u00e9bastien Brousseau, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/ll-b\/\">LL.B<\/a>., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/b-sc\/\">B.Sc<\/a>.<\/strong>, working in Thailand since 2006, working alongside <strong>Khun Wichuda Atthamethakon<\/strong>, LL.M., Thai Bar Licence 3149\/2556. Cross-border divorce recognition is one of the few areas where knowing both the common-law and the civil-law systems genuinely changes the answer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A consultation is <strong>2,000 THB per hour<\/strong>. An uncontested divorce package is <strong>9,900 THB<\/strong>. See also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/divorce-cost-thailand\/\">what a divorce costs in Thailand<\/a> and our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-family-law\/\">family law hub<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/contact-us\/\">Contact us<\/a> in English, French or Thai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Email:<\/strong> <a href=\"mailto:info@thailawonline.com\">info@thailawonline.com<\/a> \u00a0|\u00a0 <strong>Phone:<\/strong> +66 87 225 1340 (English and French), +66 87 414 9288 (Thai and English).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:0.92em;color:#555;\"><em>This page states the position as at August 2026 and is general information, not advice on your situation. Thai statutory references are to the Civil and Commercial Code, quoted from the Thai originals. Section 46 of the Family Law Act 1986 is quoted from legislation.gov.uk. Foreign law is summarised for orientation only and is not advice on the law of any other country.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Last reviewed: 28 September 2026. Read in Thai: Civil and Commercial Code sections 1459, 1514, 1515 and 1531; Act on Conflict of Laws B.E. 2481 sections 26 and 27; Supreme Court Decisions 6625\/2549 and 1869\/2566 to their dispositions. The English, US, Australian, Canadian and French recognition rules are summaries of foreign law and were not re-verified in this review.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@graph\": [{\"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\", \"itemListElement\": [{\"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": 1, \"name\": \"Home\", \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/\"}, {\"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": 2, \"name\": \"Thai Family Law\", \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-family-law\/\"}, {\"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": 3, \"name\": \"Thai Divorce Recognition Abroad\", \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-divorce-recognition\/\"}]}]}<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Thailand has two divorces and only one travels well. A court divorce is a judgment. An amphur divorce involves no judge and no proceedings, which is exactly what triggers the stricter recognition test abroad.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"","tlo_reviewed_on":"","tlo_reviewed_by":"","tlo_edited_by":"","tlo_changelog":"[{\"date\":\"2026-11-04\",\"note\":\"Added the statute box with Thai, English and French text and checked the page against the official text\"}]","tlo_authority_on":"1","tlo_box_sections":"","tlo_box_cases":"","rank_math_focus_keyword":"thai divorce recognition","rank_math_title":"Is a Thai Divorce Valid Abroad? 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