{"id":6585,"date":"2026-09-05T19:09:13","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T12:09:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/tort\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T18:40:35","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T11:40:35","slug":"tort","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/glossary\/tort\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9lit civil (Lamoet) : Actes fautifs en vertu de l'article 420"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><p>A <strong>d\u00e9lit<\/strong> (\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14, <em>lamoet<\/em>, also spelt <em>lamerd<\/em>), called a wrongful act in the English translation of the Code, is defined in Section 420 of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/glossary\/thai-civil-and-commercial-code\/\">Code civil et commercial<\/a>: a person who wilfully or negligently and unlawfully injures the life, body, health, liberty, property or any right of another is bound to compensate for the damage. It is the basis of every claim that does not rest on a contract: the road accident, the collapsing wall, the defamatory post, the assault outside a bar. For a foreigner it is usually the first civil claim they meet, and the one with the shortest deadline.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table des mati\u00e8res<\/h2><nav><ul><li><a href=\"#what-section-420-requires-and-who-is-liable\">Ce que l'article 420 exige et qui est responsable<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#practical-points-for-a-foreigner-who-is-injured\">Points pratiques pour un \u00e9tranger bless\u00e9<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#tort-breach-of-contract-and-crime-compared\">Comparaison entre la responsabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9lictuelle, la rupture de contrat et l'infraction p\u00e9nale<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\">Foire aux questions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-section-420-requires-and-who-is-liable\">Ce que l'article 420 exige et qui est responsable<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><p><strong>Four elements<\/strong> must be proved: an act or omission, fault (intention or negligence), damage to a protected interest, and a causal link between the two. The claimant bears the burden on all four, with two helpful presumptions: the keeper of a motor vehicle or other dangerous thing is liable unless he proves the damage was unavoidable or caused by the victim (Section 437), and a statement that injures reputation is actionable even without proof of financial loss (Section 423). Contributory fault reduces the award (Section 223).<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><p><strong>Others may answer for the wrongdoer.<\/strong> An employer is jointly liable for a tort committed by an employee in the course of employment (Section 425), which is why the bus company or the hotel, not the driver or the guard, is the real defendant. Parents are liable for a minor&#8217;s torts unless they prove proper care (Section 429). Compensation is fixed by the court according to the circumstances and the gravity of the act (Section 438), and the claim must be brought within one year of the victim learning of the wrong and the wrongdoer, and never more than ten years after the act (Section 448).<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"practical-points-for-a-foreigner-who-is-injured\">Points pratiques pour un \u00e9tranger bless\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><p><strong>Report it.<\/strong> A police report is the foundation of a tort claim, and where the act is also a crime (careless driving causing injury, assault, defamation) the victim can join a civil claim to the criminal prosecution, saving a separate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/glossary\/court-fees\/\">frais de justice<\/a> and benefiting from the longer criminal limitation period. Keep every receipt: medical bills, repair invoices, proof of lost income. Thai courts award what is documented and are conservative with unprovable figures.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><p><strong>L'erreur courante<\/strong> is to negotiate with an insurer or the wrongdoer&#8217;s family for months and then discover that the year under Section 448 has passed. Compulsory motor insurance pays fixed sums quickly, but the balance against the driver or employer requires a filed claim. The guide on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/legal-advice-after-an-accident-in-thailand\/\">conseils juridiques apr\u00e8s un accident en Tha\u00eflande<\/a> sets out the sequence.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"tort-breach-of-contract-and-crime-compared\">Comparaison entre la responsabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9lictuelle, la rupture de contrat et l'infraction p\u00e9nale<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><p>The same event can be all three. A driver who hits a pedestrian faces prosecution and a civil claim; a builder who leaves a dangerous site has broken his contract with the client and committed a tort against the passer-by. Contract claims carry a ten year limitation and are confined to losses the parties could foresee (Section 222); tort claims have the one year limit but reach any damage caused. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/glossary\/fine\/\">criminal fine<\/a> goes to the state and compensates nobody, so a victim who wants money must claim it separately or within the prosecution.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/glossary\/damages\/\">D\u00e9g\u00e2ts<\/a> in tort are compensatory. Thai courts do not award punitive damages under the Code; the limited exceptions are statutory, in the consumer case, product liability, personal data protection and trade secrets legislation.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\">Foire aux questions<\/h2>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Qu'est-ce qu'un d\u00e9lit civil (tort) en droit thailandais ?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>A wrongful act under Section 420 of the Civil and Commercial Code: wilfully or negligently and unlawfully injuring another person&#8217;s life, body, health, liberty, property or rights. The wrongdoer must compensate the damage, and an employer is jointly liable for an employee&#8217;s tort committed in the course of the work.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Quel est le d\u00e9lai de prescription pour intenter une action en responsabilit\u00e9 civile en Tha\u00eflande ?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Un an \u00e0 compter du jour o\u00f9 la personne l\u00e9s\u00e9e a eu connaissance du dommage et de l'identit\u00e9 de la personne responsable, et en tout \u00e9tat de cause au plus tard dix ans \u00e0 compter de l'acte dommageable (article 448). Lorsque l'acte constitue \u00e9galement une infraction p\u00e9nale, l'action civile peut \u00eatre intent\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9lai de prescription p\u00e9nale si celui-ci est plus long.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Puis-je demander une indemnisation pour un accident de la route en Tha\u00eflande ?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Oui. Le conducteur est responsable en vertu de l'article 420, et selon l'article 437, le propri\u00e9taire du v\u00e9hicule doit prouver que l'accident \u00e9tait in\u00e9vitable pour \u00e9chapper \u00e0 sa responsabilit\u00e9. L'assurance automobile obligatoire verse des montants fixes, le solde est r\u00e9clam\u00e9 au conducteur, au propri\u00e9taire ou \u00e0 l'employeur, et la demande en indemnisation peut \u00eatre jointe \u00e0 toute poursuite p\u00e9nale.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><p>Voir aussi\u00a0: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/glossary\/damages\/\">D\u00e9g\u00e2ts<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/glossary\/prescription\/\">Prescription<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/glossary\/defamation\/\">Diffamation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/glossary\/good-faith\/\">Good faith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/civil-liability-in-thailand\/\">Responsabilit\u00e9 civile en Tha\u00eflande<\/a> ET <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/fr\/legal-advice-after-an-accident-in-thailand\/\">Legal advice after an accident in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A tort (\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14, lamoet, also spelt lamerd), called a wrongful act in the English translation of the Code, is defined [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":214,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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ThaiLawOnline","rank_math_description":"Tort in Thailand (lamoet): the Section 420 rule that whoever wilfully or negligently injures another must compensate, who else is liable and the 1 year 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