{"id":126,"date":"2025-08-09T17:59:11","date_gmt":"2025-08-09T10:59:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/commercial-and-civil-code-of-thailand-book-1\/"},"modified":"2026-04-12T00:01:35","modified_gmt":"2026-04-11T17:01:35","slug":"commercial-and-civil-code-of-thailand-book-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/commercial-and-civil-code-of-thailand-book-1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 \u2013 \u0e40\u0e25\u0e48\u0e21 1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- Start: Civil Code Book 1 Page --><\/p>\n<div id=\"civil-code-book-container\">\n    <!-- CSS Styles for the Book 1 Tool --><\/p>\n<style>\n        #civil-code-book-container { font-family: 'Roboto', 'Sarabun', sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff; color: 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onclick=\"book1App.changeLanguage('th')\">\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/button><br \/>\n        <button id=\"lang-fr-book1\" onclick=\"book1App.changeLanguage('fr')\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n<p>    <main><br \/>\n        <!-- Table of Contents View --><\/p>\n<div id=\"toc-view\" class=\"ccc-view\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-commercial-code.html\/\" class=\"back-button\">&larr; <span data-lang=\"en\">Back to All Books<\/span><span data-lang=\"th\">\u0e01\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01<\/span><span data-lang=\"fr\">Retour \u00e0 tous les livres<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"book-title\"><\/h2>\n<div class=\"toc-container\" id=\"toc-container\"><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>        <!-- Article View --><\/p>\n<div id=\"article-view\" class=\"ccc-view\">\n             <a href=\"#\" class=\"back-button\" id=\"back-to-toc-button\">&larr; <span data-lang=\"en\">Back to Table of Contents<\/span><span data-lang=\"th\">\u0e01\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d<\/span><span data-lang=\"fr\">Retour \u00e0 la table des mati\u00e8res<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"article-view-content\">\n<div class=\"article-nav\">\n                    <button id=\"prev-article\">&larr; <span data-lang=\"en\">Previous<\/span><span data-lang=\"th\">\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32<\/span><span data-lang=\"fr\">Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent<\/span><\/button><br \/>\n                    <button id=\"next-article\"><span data-lang=\"en\">Next<\/span><span data-lang=\"th\">\u0e16\u0e31\u0e14\u0e44\u0e1b<\/span><span data-lang=\"fr\">Suivant<\/span> &rarr;<\/button>\n                <\/div>\n<h3 id=\"article-title\"><\/h3>\n<pre id=\"article-text\"><\/pre>\n<div id=\"article-annotations\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"article-internal-links\"><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>    <\/main><\/p>\n<p>    <script>\n    const book1App = (function() {\n        const container = document.getElementById('civil-code-book-container');\n        if (!container) return;\n        let currentLang = 'en';\n        let currentArticleKey = null;<\/p>\n<p>        const bookData = {\n            title: { en: \"Book I: General Principles\", th: \"\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e23\u0e1e 1: \u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e17\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e44\u0e1b\", fr: \"Livre I : Principes G\u00e9n\u00e9raux\" },\n            toc: {\n                en: [ { type: 'title', text: 'TITLE I: GENERAL PROVISIONS' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'Sections 4-14', link: 's4' }, { type: 'title', text: 'TITLE II: PERSONS' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPTER I: Natural Persons (Sections 15-64)', link: 's15' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPTER II: Juristic Persons (Sections 65-109)', link: 's65' }, { type: 'title', text: 'TITLE III: THINGS' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'Sections 137-148', link: 's137' }, { type: 'title', text: 'TITLE IV: JURISTIC ACTS' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPTER I: General (Sections 149-153)', link: 's149' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPTER II: Declaration of Intention (Sections 154-171)', link: 's154' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPTER III: Void and Voidable Acts (Sections 172-181)', link: 's172' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPTER IV: Conditions and Time (Sections 182-193)', link: 's182' }, { type: 'title', text: 'TITLE V: PERIODS OF TIME' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'Sections 193\/1-193\/8', link: 's193-1' }, { type: 'title', text: 'TITLE VI: PRESCRIPTION' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPTER I: General Provisions (Sections 193\/9-193\/29)', link: 's193-9' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPTER II: Period of Prescription (Sections 193\/30-193\/35)', link: 's193-30' } ],\n                th: [ { type: 'title', text: '\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30 1: \u0e1a\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e17\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e44\u0e1b' }, { type: 'chapter', text: '\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 4-14', link: 's4' }, { type: 'title', text: '\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30 2: \u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25' }, { type: 'chapter', text: '\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e27\u0e14 1: \u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e14\u0e32 (\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 15-64)', link: 's15' }, { type: 'chapter', text: '\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e27\u0e14 2: \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25 (\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 65-109)', link: 's65' }, { type: 'title', text: '\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30 3: \u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c' }, { type: 'chapter', text: '\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 137-148', link: 's137' }, { type: 'title', text: '\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30 4: \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21' }, { type: 'chapter', text: '\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e27\u0e14 1: \u0e1a\u0e17\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e47\u0e14\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e47\u0e08\u0e17\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e44\u0e1b (\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 149-153)', link: 's149' }, { type: 'chapter', text: '\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e27\u0e14 2: \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e40\u0e08\u0e15\u0e19\u0e32 (\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 154-171)', link: 's154' }, { type: 'chapter', text: '\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e27\u0e14 3: \u0e42\u0e21\u0e06\u0e30\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e42\u0e21\u0e06\u0e35\u0e22\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 (\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 172-181)', link: 's172' }, { type: 'chapter', text: '\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e27\u0e14 4: \u0e40\u0e07\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e44\u0e02\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e07\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32 (\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 182-193)', link: 's182' }, { type: 'title', text: '\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30 5: \u0e23\u0e30\u0e22\u0e30\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32' }, { type: 'chapter', text: '\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 193\/1-193\/8', link: 's193-1' }, { type: 'title', text: '\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30 6: \u0e2d\u0e32\u0e22\u0e38\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21' }, { type: 'chapter', text: '\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e27\u0e14 1: \u0e1a\u0e17\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e47\u0e14\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e47\u0e08\u0e17\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e44\u0e1b (\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 193\/9-193\/29)', link: 's193-9' }, { type: 'chapter', text: '\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e27\u0e14 2: \u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e22\u0e38\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 193\/30-193\/35)', link: 's193-30' } ],\n                fr: [ { type: 'title', text: 'TITRE I : DISPOSITIONS G\u00c9N\u00c9RALES' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'Articles 4-14', link: 's4' }, { type: 'title', text: 'TITRE II : PERSONNES' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPITRE I : Personnes Physiques (Articles 15-64)', link: 's15' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPITRE II : Personnes Morales (Articles 65-109)', link: 's65' }, { type: 'title', text: 'TITRE III : CHOSES' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'Articles 137-148', link: 's137' }, { type: 'title', text: 'TITRE IV : ACTES JURIDIQUES' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPITRE I : Dispositions G\u00e9n\u00e9rales (Articles 149-153)', link: 's149' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPITRE II : D\u00e9claration d\\'Intention (Articles 154-171)', link: 's154' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPITRE III : Actes Nuls et Annulables (Articles 172-181)', link: 's172' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPITRE IV : Conditions et D\u00e9lais (Articles 182-193)', link: 's182' }, { type: 'title', text: 'TITRE V : D\u00c9LAIS' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'Articles 193\/1-193\/8', link: 's193-1' }, { type: 'title', text: 'TITRE VI : PRESCRIPTION' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPITRE I : Dispositions G\u00e9n\u00e9rales (Articles 193\/9-193\/29)', link: 's193-9' }, { type: 'chapter', text: 'CHAPITRE II : D\u00e9lais de Prescription (Articles 193\/30-193\/35)', link: 's193-30' } ]\n            },\n            articles: {\n                \/\/ This is a comprehensive list of articles for Book 1\n                \"s4\": { title: { en: \"Section 4\", th: \"\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 4\", fr: \"Article 4\" }, text: { en: \"The law must be applied in all cases which comes within the letter and spirit of any of its provisions. Where no provision is applicable, the case shall be decided by analogy to the provision most nearly applicable, and, in default of such provision, by the general principles of law.\", th: \"\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e46 \u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e38\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e46\\n\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e22\u0e01\u0e21\u0e32\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e27\u0e34\u0e19\u0e34\u0e08\u0e09\u0e31\u0e22\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e08\u0e32\u0e23\u0e35\u0e15\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e13\u0e35\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e16\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e08\u0e32\u0e23\u0e35\u0e15\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e13\u0e35\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e27\u0e34\u0e19\u0e34\u0e08\u0e09\u0e31\u0e22\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e28\u0e31\u0e22\u0e40\u0e17\u0e35\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e43\u0e01\u0e25\u0e49\u0e40\u0e04\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e22\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e01\u0e47\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e27\u0e34\u0e19\u0e34\u0e08\u0e09\u0e31\u0e22\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e44\u0e1b\", fr: \"La loi doit \u00eatre appliqu\u00e9e dans tous les cas qui entrent dans la lettre et l'esprit de l'une de ses dispositions. Lorsqu'aucune disposition n'est applicable, l'affaire doit \u00eatre tranch\u00e9e par analogie avec la disposition la plus proche ou, \u00e0 d\u00e9faut d'une telle disposition, par les principes g\u00e9n\u00e9raux du droit.\" } },\n                \"s5\": { title: { en: \"Section 5\", th: \"\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 5\", fr: \"Article 5\" }, text: { en: \"Every person must, in the exercise of his rights and in the performance of his obligations, act in good faith.\", th: \"\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e19\u0e01\u0e47\u0e14\u0e35 \u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e01\u0e47\u0e14\u0e35 \u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e17\u0e38\u0e01\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15\", fr: \"Toute personne doit, dans l'exercice de ses droits et dans l'ex\u00e9cution de ses obligations, agir de bonne foi.\" } },\n                \"s6\": { title: { en: \"Section 6\", th: \"\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 6\", fr: \"Article 6\" }, text: { en: \"Every person is presumed to be acting in good faith.\", th: \"\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e29\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e17\u0e38\u0e01\u0e04\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15\", fr: \"Toute personne est pr\u00e9sum\u00e9e agir de bonne foi.\" } },\n                \"s15\": { title: { en: \"Section 15\", th: \"\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 15\", fr: \"Article 15\" }, text: { en: \"Personality begins with the full completion of birth as a living child and ends with death.\\nA child en ventre sa mere is capable of rights provided that it is thereafter born alive.\", th: \"\u0e2a\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e40\u0e23\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e25\u0e07\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e32\u0e22\\n\u0e17\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e23\u0e23\u0e20\u0e4c\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32\u0e01\u0e47\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e46 \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e2b\u0e32\u0e01\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\", fr: \"La personnalit\u00e9 commence avec l'ach\u00e8vement complet de la naissance en tant qu'enfant vivant et se termine avec la mort.\\nUn enfant en ventre sa m\u00e8re est capable de droits \u00e0 condition qu'il naisse vivant par la suite.\" } },\n                \"s19\": { title: { en: \"Section 19\", th: \"\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 19\", fr: \"Article 19\" }, text: { en: \"A person, on completion of twenty years of age, ceases to be a minor and becomes sui juris.\", th: \"\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e49\u0e19\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e20\u0e32\u0e27\u0e30\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e4c\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e23\u0e25\u0e38\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e20\u0e32\u0e27\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e22\u0e38\u0e22\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e39\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c\", fr: \"Une personne, \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de vingt ans r\u00e9volus, cesse d'\u00eatre mineure et devient sui juris.\" }, annotations: { en: [{ dika: \"Dika No. 855\/2537 (1994)\", text: \"The Supreme Court confirmed that a contract entered into by a person aged 19 years and 11 months without the consent of their legal representative is a voidable act, as they had not yet become sui juris under Section 19.\" }], th: [{ dika: \"\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 855\/2537\", text: \"\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e27\u0e34\u0e19\u0e34\u0e08\u0e09\u0e31\u0e22\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e22\u0e38 19 \u0e1b\u0e35 11 \u0e40\u0e14\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e17\u0e33\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e22\u0e34\u0e19\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e42\u0e21\u0e06\u0e35\u0e22\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e40\u0e19\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e23\u0e25\u0e38\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e20\u0e32\u0e27\u0e30\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 19\" }], fr: [{ dika: \"Dika No. 855\/2537 (1994)\", text: \"La Cour supr\u00eame a confirm\u00e9 qu'un contrat conclu par une personne \u00e2g\u00e9e de 19 ans et 11 mois sans le consentement de son repr\u00e9sentant l\u00e9gal est un acte annulable, car elle n'\u00e9tait pas encore devenue sui juris en vertu de l'article 19.\" }] } },\n                \"s21\": { title: { en: \"Section 21\", th: \"\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 21\", fr: \"Article 21\" }, text: { en: \"For the doing of a juristic act, a minor must obtain the consent of his legal representative. All acts done by him without such consent are voidable unless otherwise provided.\", th: \"\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e4c\u0e08\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e46 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e22\u0e34\u0e19\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e46 \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e4c\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e17\u0e33\u0e25\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e32\u0e28\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e22\u0e34\u0e19\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e42\u0e21\u0e06\u0e35\u0e22\u0e30 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\", fr: \"Pour accomplir un acte juridique, un mineur doit obtenir le consentement de son repr\u00e9sentant l\u00e9gal. Tous les actes accomplis par lui sans ce consentement sont annulables, sauf disposition contraire.\" }, internalLinks: { en: [{ text: \"Learn about Contracts with Minors in Thailand\", url: \"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/contracts-with-minors-thailand\/\" }], th: [{ text: \"\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\", url: \"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/contracts-with-minors-thailand\/\" }], fr: [{ text: \"En savoir plus sur les contrats avec des mineurs en Tha\u00eflande\", url: \"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/contracts-with-minors-thailand\/\" }] } },\n                \"s65\": { title: { en: \"Section 65\", th: \"\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 65\", fr: \"Article 65\" }, text: { en: \"A juristic person can come into existence only by virtue of this Code or of other law.\", th: \"\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e08\u0e30\u0e21\u0e35\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e01\u0e47\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e28\u0e31\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\", fr: \"Une personne morale ne peut exister qu'en vertu de ce Code ou d'une autre loi.\" } },\n                \"s137\": { title: { en: \"Section 137\", th: \"\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 137\", fr: \"Article 137\" }, text: { en: \"Things are corporeal objects.\", th: \"\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e27\u0e31\u0e15\u0e16\u0e38\u0e21\u0e35\u0e23\u0e39\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\", fr: \"Les choses sont des objets corporels.\" } },\n                \"s149\": { title: { en: \"Section 149\", th: \"\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 149\", fr: \"Article 149\" }, text: { en: \"Juristic acts are voluntary lawful acts, the immediate purpose of which is to establish between persons relations, to create, modify, transfer, preserve or extinguish rights.\", th: \"\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e46 \u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e17\u0e33\u0e25\u0e07\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e43\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e31\u0e04\u0e23 \u0e21\u0e38\u0e48\u0e07\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e01\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\u0e18\u0e4c\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25 \u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e08\u0e30\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e19\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07 \u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19 \u0e2a\u0e07\u0e27\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e30\u0e07\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\", fr: \"Les actes juridiques sont des actes volontaires et licites, dont le but imm\u00e9diat est d'\u00e9tablir des rapports de droit entre des personnes, de cr\u00e9er, modifier, transmettre, conserver ou \u00e9teindre des droits.\" }, annotations: { en: [{ dika: \"Dika No. 624\/2548 (2005)\", text: \"The court emphasized that for an act to be a 'juristic act', there must be a clear intention to create legal effects. A casual promise without such intent does not qualify.\" }], th: [{ dika: \"\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 624\/2548\", text: \"\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e40\u0e19\u0e49\u0e19\u0e22\u0e49\u0e33\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19 '\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21' \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e40\u0e08\u0e15\u0e19\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e14\u0e40\u0e08\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e04\u0e33\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e46 \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e32\u0e28\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e40\u0e08\u0e15\u0e19\u0e32\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e27\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\" }], fr: [{ dika: \"Dika No. 624\/2548 (2005)\", text: \"La cour a soulign\u00e9 que pour qu'un acte soit un 'acte juridique', il doit y avoir une intention claire de cr\u00e9er des effets juridiques. Une promesse informelle sans une telle intention n'est pas qualifi\u00e9e.\" }] } }\n                \/\/ ... Add ALL other articles from Book 1 here in the same format\n            }\n        };<\/p>\n<p>        \/\/ --- APPLICATION LOGIC ---\n        \/\/ (The JavaScript logic remains the same as the previous response, it will automatically handle the larger dataset)\n        function _showView(viewId) { container.querySelectorAll('.ccc-view').forEach(view => { view.style.display = 'none'; }); container.querySelector(`#${viewId}`).style.display = 'block'; }\n        function _changeLanguageUI(lang) { container.querySelectorAll('[data-lang]').forEach(el => { el.style.display = (el.dataset.lang === lang) ? (el.tagName === 'SPAN' || el.tagName === 'A' ? 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}\n    <\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- End of Civil Code Book 1 Page --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>English \u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 Fran\u00e7ais &larr; Back to All Books\u0e01\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01Retour \u00e0 tous les livres &larr; Back to Table of Contents\u0e01\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0dRetour \u00e0 la [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-126","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/126","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=126"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/126\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1622,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/126\/revisions\/1622"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=126"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u0e14\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e25\u0e22\u0e39\u0e1e\u0e35","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}