{"id":214,"date":"2025-01-27T16:58:18","date_gmt":"2025-01-27T09:58:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/"},"modified":"2026-04-12T00:03:40","modified_gmt":"2026-04-11T17:03:40","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e04\u0e33\u0e28\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e17\u0e4c\u0e40\u0e09\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e30"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"cm-glossary\">\n<div class=\"glossary-container\"><input type=\"hidden\" class=\"cmtt-attribute-field\" name=\"glossary_index_style\" value=\"classic\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"glossaryList-nav\" class=\"listNav\" role=\"tablist\"><\/div>\n<ul class=\"glossaryList\" role=\"tablist\" id=\"glossaryList\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTermSet\">\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/90-day-notification-of-address\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;90-day notification of address&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;The 90-day notification of address is a requirement for all foreigners staying in Thailand on a long-term visa to report their current residential address to immigration every 90 days. This report must be submitted within 15 days before or 7 days after the due date and can be done in person at the immigration office, by mail, or online (if previously registered). The process requires a completed TM47 form, a copy of the passport information and visa pages, and the latest entry stamp. Missing the deadline can result in a fine of up to 2,000 Baht or more if caught by authorities before reporting.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e41\u0e08\u0e49\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e25\u0e48\u0e27\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32 90 \u0e27\u0e31\u0e19<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/abusus\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Abusus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Abusus&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Latin term&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; and a principle in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;civil law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; that refers to the legal right to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;dispose of, sell, transfer, or alter&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; a property. In &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai property law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, abusus represents &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;full ownership rights&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, meaning the owner has the authority to use, modify, rent out, or even destroy the property if they wish. Unlike &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;usus&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, which grants only the right to use a property, and &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;fructus&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, which allows the right to collect income from it, &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;abusus is the ultimate ownership right&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; that includes both control and the ability to transfer the property to others.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e25\u0e48\u0e27\u0e07\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/adultery\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Adultery&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Adultery (\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e39\u0e49)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to a married person engaging in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;a sexual relationship with someone other than their legal spouse&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. While adultery itself is &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;not a criminal offense&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thailand, it can have &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;legal consequences in civil law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, particularly in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;divorce and compensation claims&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Under the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai Civil and Commercial Code (Sections 1516 and 1523)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, adultery is a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;legal ground for divorce&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, allowing the innocent spouse to terminate the marriage. Additionally, the injured spouse may &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;seek financial compensation (damages) from the third party&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; involved in the affair. However, proving adultery requires &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;strong evidence&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, such as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;witness testimony, financial records, or explicit communication&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Do note that the Supreme Court modified the definition of a clause of the Civil Code by a decision on it that you can find here --) (https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/divorce-in-thailand\/) &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e43\u0e08<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/amphoe-or-amphur-district-office\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Amphoe&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Amphur (\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e40\u0e20\u0e2d) or Amphoe (\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e40\u0e20\u0e2d) means a district in Thailand. It is a part of a province (Changwat &ndash; \u0e08\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e31\u0e14). Each Amphoe is led by a District Chief Officer (Nai Amphoe &ndash; \u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e40\u0e20\u0e2d). This officer is chosen by the Ministry of Interior. They oversee government administration, public services, and law enforcement in the district.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;The Amphoe is the main office for local government units. This includes Tambon (sub-districts), villages (Moo Baan), and municipalities (Tesaban). Key government functions at the Amphur level include:&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Civil registrations, such as birth, marriage, and death certificates.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Land registration.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Business licenses.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Public welfare services. Thailand has two types of districts: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Amphur (\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e40\u0e20\u0e2d) for regular districts&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Khet (\u0e40\u0e02\u0e15) for districts within Bangkok&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e40\u0e20\u0e2d<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/amphur\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Amphur&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Amphur (\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e40\u0e20\u0e2d) or Amphoe (\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e40\u0e20\u0e2d)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;district&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thailand, which is an administrative division under a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;province (Changwat &ndash; \u0e08\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e31\u0e14)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Each &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Amphur&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is governed by a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;District Chief Officer (Nai Amphoe &ndash; \u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e40\u0e20\u0e2d)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, who is appointed by the Ministry of Interior and is responsible for overseeing government administration, public services, and law enforcement within the district.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Amphur&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; serves as the central administrative hub for various local government units, including &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Tambon (sub-districts), villages (Moo Baan), and municipalities (Tesaban)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Key government functions handled at the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Amphur&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; level include &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;civil registrations (birth, marriage, death certificates), land registration, business licensing, and public welfare services&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Thailand has two types of districts: &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Amphur (\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e40\u0e20\u0e2d) for regular districts&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Khet (\u0e40\u0e02\u0e15) for districts within Bangkok&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e39\u0e23\u0e4c<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/ante-nuptial\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Ante-Nuptial&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;An &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;ante-nuptial agreement&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;antenuptial contract&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a legally binding agreement made between two individuals before marriage, outlining the rights and obligations of each party regarding property, finances, and other marital matters in the event of divorce, separation, or death. Also known as a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;prenuptial agreement (prenup)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, it typically includes provisions for asset division, spousal support, and debt responsibility, ensuring financial clarity and protection for both spouses. Under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, an antenuptial agreement must be &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;in writing, signed by both parties before marriage, and registered at the local district office (Amphur)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to be legally enforceable under the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai Civil and Commercial Code&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. If not properly executed, it may be considered invalid by the court. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/aor-bor-tor\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Aor Bor Tor&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Aor Bor Tor (\u0e2d.\u0e1a.\u0e15. - \u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e15\u0e33\u0e1a\u0e25)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Tambon Administrative Organization (TAO)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thailand, which is the local government authority responsible for governing sub-districts (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Tambon&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) in rural areas. It operates under the Ministry of Interior and plays a key role in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;local administration, development, and public services&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, including infrastructure maintenance, public health, education, and community welfare. The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Aor Bor Tor&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is elected by local residents and serves as a decentralized governing body, managing local budgets and implementing policies to improve the quality of life in rural communities.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e4c \u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e4c \u0e17\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e4c<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/boi\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;BOI&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thailand Board of Investment (BOI)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a government agency responsible for promoting and facilitating foreign and domestic investment in Thailand. It offers various incentives, such as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;tax exemptions, duty reductions, land ownership rights for foreign investors, and streamlined visa and work permit processes&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, to businesses in priority industries. The BOI aims to attract investment that supports economic growth, technological advancement, and innovation in Thailand.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e22<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/b-sc\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;B.Sc.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;B.Sc. (Bachelor of Science)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is an &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;undergraduate degree&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; awarded in various fields of &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;science, technology, engineering, mathematics (STEM), and other applied disciplines&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. In &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thailand&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;B.Sc. degree&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; typically takes &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;four years&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to complete and is offered by universities in areas such as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;biology, physics, chemistry, environmental science, computer science, and engineering-related fields&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Unlike an &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;LL.B. (law degree)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, which is specific to the legal profession, a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;B.Sc. is focused on scientific and technical knowledge&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, preparing graduates for careers in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;research, healthcare, engineering, IT, and related industries&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Certain &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;professional fields, such as medicine, engineering, and data science&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, may require further &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;certifications or postgraduate education&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; for specialized practice.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e34\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e27\u0e34\u0e17\u0e22\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e15\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e13\u0e11\u0e34\u0e15<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/changwat\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Changwat&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A province, the primary administrative division; Thailand has 76 changwat plus Bangkok. (Thai: \u0e08\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e31\u0e14, pronounced &amp;quot;chang-wat&amp;quot;)&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e27\u0e31\u0e14<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/chanotte\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Chanotte&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Chanote (\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is the highest and most secure form of land title deed in Thailand, officially issued and certified by the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Land Department&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. It serves as proof of full ownership, allowing the owner to sell, transfer, or use the land as collateral for loans. A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Chanote&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is marked with a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;red Garuda emblem&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; and includes precise land measurements using the latest &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;GPS-based survey technology&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, ensuring accurate boundaries. This type of title deed provides the strongest legal protection and is the preferred choice for property buyers seeking full ownership rights in Thailand.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e42\u0e19\u0e15\u0e4c<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/child-custody\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Child Custody&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Child custody&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to the legal and practical relationship between a parent (or guardian) and a child, specifically concerning the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rights, responsibilities, and decision-making authority&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; over the child&amp;#039;s welfare, education, healthcare, and overall upbringing. Custody typically arises in cases of &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;divorce, separation, or disputes over child care&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;In &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;child custody&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is closely linked to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;parental powers (\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07 - Amnat Pokkrong)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, which include the authority to make decisions regarding the child&rsquo;s life. Under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Section 1567 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, parental powers cover responsibilities such as determining the child&rsquo;s residence, managing their assets, and representing them legally. Custody is generally granted to parents jointly &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;unless a court decides otherwise&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; due to factors such as unfit parenting.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e39\u0e41\u0e25\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/thai-civil-and-commercial-code\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Civil and Commercial Code&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai Civil and Commercial Code (TCCC)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a fundamental body of law in Thailand that governs a wide range of legal matters, including civil rights, obligations, property, contracts, family, and inheritance. It serves as the primary legal framework for resolving disputes and regulating commercial transactions in the country.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e4c<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/compounding-offense\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Compounding Offense&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A crime where the victim can agree to settle privately is called an offense. This helps avoid prosecution, like in minor theft cases. These offenses are regulated by the Criminal Procedure Code. (Thai: \u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49, pronounced &amp;quot;kwam-pit-an-yom-kwam-dai&amp;quot;).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e0b\u0e49\u0e33\u0e0b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e19<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/contested-divorce\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Contested divorce&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A contested divorce in Thailand (\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25) occurs when one spouse files for divorce in court because the couple cannot agree on ending the marriage or on key issues such as property division, child custody, or alimony. In this process, the petitioner must prove legal grounds for divorce under Section 1516 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code, such as adultery, abandonment, or serious misconduct. The case proceeds through the Thai family court system, involving evidence, witness testimony, and legal representation. Contested divorces are generally more complex, time-consuming, and expensive than uncontested ones, but they offer legal recourse when mutual agreement is not possible.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e17<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/dbd\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;DBD&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Department of Business Development (DBD)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a government agency under the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Ministry of Commerce of Thailand&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; responsible for &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;business registration, corporate governance, and commercial regulations&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. The DBD oversees the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;incorporation of companies, partnerships, and foreign businesses&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, ensures compliance with Thai corporate laws, and maintains the official business registry. It also provides services related to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;financial statements, e-commerce certification, intellectual property registration, and corporate legal compliance&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to support and regulate business operations in Thailand.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e14\u0e35\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e14\u0e35<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/desertion\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Desertion&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Under Thai law, &amp;quot;desertion&rdquo; means that one spouse deliberately leaves the marital home, stops living as husband and wife, and refuses to carry out marital duties&mdash;such as providing support&mdash;without the other spouse&rsquo;s agreement or any justifiable reason, and does so for an unbroken period of at least one year. Section&nbsp;1516(4) of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code lists this conduct as a valid ground for divorce. The abandoned spouse may petition the court to dissolve the marriage by proving the period of absence and the deserter&rsquo;s intent to end the relationship. The court will then address related matters like child custody, division of marital property, and any maintenance owed.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e25\u0e30\u0e17\u0e34\u0e49\u0e07<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/divorce-agreement\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Divorce agreement&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Divorce agreement (\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32) is a written contract between two spouses who mutually agree to end their marriage. In Thailand, this agreement must clearly outline key issues such as the division of marital property, custody of children (if any), child support, and spousal support. For the divorce to be recognized as uncontested and legally valid, the divorce agreement must be signed by both parties in front of two witnesses and submitted at the district office (amphur) during the marriage registration or divorce process.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/domestic-violence\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Domestic Violence&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Domestic violence (\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e38\u0e19\u0e41\u0e23\u0e07\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e31\u0e27)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;physical, emotional, psychological, or economic abuse&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; committed by a family member against another within the household. It is governed by the Domestic Violence Victim Protection Act B.E. 2550 (2007). This law protects victims and punishes offenders. Victims can seek &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;protective orders, criminal prosecution, and compensation&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; through the Thai courts. Unlike general assault cases, domestic violence cases often emphasize &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rehabilitation and mediation&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; alongside legal punishment, depending on the severity of the abuse. Authorities, including police and social services, play a role in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;preventing, investigating, and providing support for victims&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e38\u0e19\u0e41\u0e23\u0e07\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e31\u0e27<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/euthanasia\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Euthanasia&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Euthanasia&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is the act of intentionally ending a person&rsquo;s life to relieve suffering, usually in cases of terminal illness or unbearable pain. It is done with the person&rsquo;s consent and is often debated ethically and legally. In Thailand, &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;euthanasia is illegal&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, and any act that causes death, even with the patient&rsquo;s permission, can be considered a criminal offense. The focus in Thailand remains on &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;palliative care&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;living wills&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; that allow patients to refuse life-prolonging treatments. In Thai, euthanasia is called &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;quot;\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e38\u0e13\u0e22\u0e06\u0e32\u0e15&rdquo;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;karun-ya-khat&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;), which translates to &amp;quot;mercy killing.&rdquo;&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e38\u0e13\u0e22\u0e06\u0e32\u0e15<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/farang\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Farang&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A colloquial term for foreigners (especially Westerners), sometimes appearing in legal contexts like immigration or discrimination cases. (Thai: \u0e1d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07, pronounced &amp;quot;fa-rang&amp;quot;).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/foreign-business-act\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Foreign Business Act&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;The Foreign Business Act (FBA) of Thailand is the main law for foreign ownership and business activities in Thailand. It is officially called the Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542 (1999). A foreign business is one where foreigners or foreign entities own 50% or more of the shares or capital. These businesses cannot do certain things. They need a Foreign Business License (FBL) or a special exemption to proceed. This exemption can come from the Board of Investment (BOI) or treaty privileges. The law categorizes restricted businesses into &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;three lists&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;: List 1 (completely prohibited), List 2 (requires Cabinet approval), and List 3 (requires permission from the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Director-General of the Department of Business Development (DBD)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;). The FBA&rsquo;s purpose is to protect Thai businesses and industries. It also allows controlled foreign investment in certain areas to help economic growth.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/fructus\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Fructus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Fructus&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Latin term&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; and a principle in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;civil law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; that refers to the legal right to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;derive income or benefits&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; from a property without owning it. In &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai property law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;fructus&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a key component of &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;usufruct&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, allowing the right-holder to collect &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;rental income, harvest crops, or profit from natural resources&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; on the land&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e44\u0e21\u0e49<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/full-custody\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Full custody&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;In &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai Civil Law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, the term &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Full Custody&amp;quot;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is legally referred to as having &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Full Parental Power&amp;quot;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e1a\u0e39\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c - Amnat Pokkrong Boot Doi Somboon&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;). This means that one parent has &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;exclusive legal rights and responsibilities&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; over a child, including &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;decision-making authority&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in matters such as education, healthcare, residence, and legal representation.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sections 1546-1563 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, parental power (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07 &ndash; Amnat Pokkrong&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) is generally held jointly by both parents if they are &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;married&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. However, in cases of &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;divorce, separation, or if one parent is deemed unfit&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, the court may grant &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;full parental power&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to one parent, removing the legal authority of the other.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Having &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;full parental power&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; means the parent has the exclusive right to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;raise, discipline, and make all essential decisions&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; for the child. The other parent may still be required to provide &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;child support&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; but will not have legal authority over the child unless granted &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;visitation rights or partial custody&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; by the court.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e39\u0e41\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/good-morals\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Good morals&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Good morals&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;\u0e28\u0e35\u0e25\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e14\u0e35 - Seelatham Andee&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) in Thai law refer to the ethical, cultural, and social values upheld by society, which influence legal decisions and the enforceability of contracts and actions. This concept ensures that legal agreements, behaviors, or court rulings do not contradict widely accepted moral standards, such as fairness, honesty, and human dignity. Under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Section 150 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, any act or contract that violates &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;good morals&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&mdash;such as those involving prostitution, human trafficking, or exploitative agreements&mdash;is deemed &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;void and unenforceable&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Thai courts often consider &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;good morals&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; alongside &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;public order&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; when assessing legal disputes, particularly in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;family law, contract law, and international legal matters&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e04\u0e38\u0e13\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e35<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/ground\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Ground&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;In &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;ground (\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;legally recognized reason&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; for taking legal action, such as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;filing for divorce&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Under the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai Civil and Commercial Code, Section 1516&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, there are &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;legal grounds for divorce&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, including but not limited to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;adultery, desertion, serious misconduct, physical or mental abuse, failure to provide financial support, or long-term separation&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. If a spouse can prove a valid ground, the court may grant a divorce. Legal grounds are essential in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;contested divorce cases&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, where one party does not agree to the divorce, as opposed to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mutual consent divorces&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, which do not require proving fault.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/ground-to-divorce\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Ground to divorce&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Grounds (\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32) for divorce in Thailand are outlined under Section 1516 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code. These are legal reasons that allow one spouse to file for a contested divorce in court. They include adultery, serious misconduct such as physical or emotional abuse, abandonment, long-term separation, imprisonment, incurable insanity, breach of a bond of good behavior, serious contagious disease, or a physical condition that prevents cohabitation. The petitioner must present clear evidence to prove the claimed ground before the court can grant a divorce.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/guardian\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Guardian&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;In Thailand, a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;guardian&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; of a child is a person who has the legal authority and responsibility to care for and make decisions on behalf of the child, especially when the child&amp;#039;s parents are unable or unfit to do so. A guardian may be appointed by the court or through a will, and their role includes looking after the child&rsquo;s well-being, managing their property, and representing them in legal matters. Under Thai law, guardianship is often needed when one or both parents have passed away, are absent, or are no longer able to exercise parental power. The court always considers the best interests of the child when deciding who should be appointed as guardian.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e17\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e4c<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/incapacity\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Incapacity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Incapacity&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in the context of a living will means a person&amp;#039;s legal and medical inability to make or communicate decisions about their own healthcare. This usually happens due to unconsciousness, severe illness, brain injury, or conditions like advanced dementia. Legally, it refers to a state where someone lacks the mental competence to understand the nature and consequences of healthcare decisions. In Thai, this concept is often referred to as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;quot;\u0e20\u0e32\u0e27\u0e30\u0e44\u0e23\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16&rdquo;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;phawa rai khwamsamat&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;), which directly relates to the loss of decision-making capacity recognized by doctors and sometimes confirmed by a court.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e44\u0e23\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/ivf\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;IVF&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;IVF (In Vitro Fertilization)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a medical procedure used to help individuals or couples conceive by fertilizing an egg with sperm &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;outside the body in a laboratory&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; before transferring the embryo into the uterus. In &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thailand&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, IVF is strictly regulated under the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Protection of Children Born from Assisted Reproductive Technologies Act B.E. 2558 (2015)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, which permits the procedure only for &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;married heterosexual couples&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, including &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai couples and Thai-foreigner couples married for at least three years&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Commercial surrogacy is illegal&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, meaning IVF cannot be used for paid surrogacy arrangements. Additionally, Thai law prioritizes the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;intended parents&rsquo; legal rights&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, ensuring that children born through IVF are legally recognized as their offspring.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e33\u0e40\u0e14\u0e47\u0e01\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e27<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/juristic-person\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Juristic Person&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A legal entity, like a company or foundation, has rights and duties. It is separate from individuals. This entity is governed by Book I of the Civil and Commercial Code. (Thai: \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25, pronounced &amp;quot;ni-ti-bu-khon&amp;quot;).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/kaifak\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Kaifak&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;The term &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Kaifak&amp;quot; (\u0e02\u0e32\u0e22\u0e1d\u0e32\u0e01)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sell-with-right-to-repurchase agreement&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, which is a legal contract where the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;seller temporarily transfers ownership of property or an asset to a buyer in exchange for immediate payment, with the right to repurchase it within an agreed period&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. This type of transaction is often used as a form of secured financing, especially in real estate. If the seller fails to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;repurchase the property within the agreed timeframe&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, ownership remains permanently with the buyer. The maximum redemption period is &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;10 years for land with a title deed and 3 years for other assets&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, and the agreement must be registered with the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Land Department&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; if it involves real estate.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e44\u0e04\u0e1f\u0e31\u0e01<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/lawyers-council-of-thailand\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Lawyers Council of Thailand&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;The Lawyers Council of Thailand is a professional organization responsible for regulating the legal profession within the country. It oversees the licensing, training, and ethical standards of lawyers to ensure the integrity and competence of legal practitioners. The Council provides continuous legal education, supports lawyers&amp;#039; professional development, and upholds the rule of law in Thailand. It also helps with public legal education. It contributes to the legal system by making policy suggestions and joining legal reform efforts.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2a\u0e20\u0e32\u0e17\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/leasehold\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Leasehold&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;leasehold&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a legal arrangement that grants a person the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;right to use and occupy&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; a property for a specified period without owning it. Under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;civil law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, this concept is referred to as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Hire of Property&amp;quot;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai Civil and Commercial Code&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sections 537-571&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;). In Thailand, leaseholds are commonly used by foreigners, as direct land ownership is restricted. The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;maximum lease term for residential leases is 30 years&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, with an option for renewal, though extensions are not automatically guaranteed under Thai law. However, for &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;commercial leases&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, the Thai Civil and Commercial Code allows lease agreements to be granted for up to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;50 years&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; when the land is used for commercial or industrial purposes.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Unlike &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;usufruct&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;leasehold is inheritable&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; if structured properly, allowing leaseholders to pass their rights to heirs. While a leaseholder has usage rights, the property remains under the ownership of the landlord. To be legally valid, a lease agreement must be &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;registered at the Land Department&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; if it exceeds &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;three years&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, and it should be noted on the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;title deed (Chanote)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to ensure enforceability.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/legalization-of-documents\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Legalization of documents&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Under Thai law, the legalization of documents means officially checking if a document is real. This is done for use in Thailand or other countries. This usually requires certification by the Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). This confirms that the document is real and issued by a recognized authority. If the document comes from another country, it must be verified by that country&amp;#039;s authorities. Then, it needs to be legalized by the Thai embassy or consulate there. For documents intended for international use, additional steps such as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;notarization&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;apostille certification&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (for countries under the Hague Convention) may be required. Do note that the process of legalization in Thailand has changed in 2025 and it much longer now, need an appointment. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:heading --&amp;gt;Links about legalization of documents in Thailand&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:heading --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list-item --&amp;gt;Legalization of documents in Thailand&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list-item --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:list-item --&amp;gt;Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Thailand&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list-item --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:list --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/legalization-of-fathers-rights\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Legalization of father&amp;#8217;s rights&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;legalization of a father&rsquo;s rights&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to the formal process by which a biological father, who is &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;not married&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to the child&rsquo;s mother, establishes &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;legal parental authority (Patria Potestas)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; over the child. This is typically done through a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;legitimation process&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23) under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Section 1547 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. The father must either (1) obtain the mother&rsquo;s consent and register the legitimation at the local district office (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Amphur&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;), or (2) petition the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai Family Court&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; if the mother refuses. Once granted, the father acquires &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;legal custody, guardianship, and inheritance rights&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, allowing him to make decisions concerning the child&rsquo;s welfare, education, and financial support.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e14\u0e32\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/lese-majeste\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;L&egrave;se-Majest&eacute;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;The crime of insulting or defaming the Thai monarchy is punishable under Section 112 of the Penal Code. It carries severe penalties. (Thai: \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e21\u0e40\u0e14\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e, pronounced &amp;quot;min-phra-borom-decha-nu-phap&amp;quot;).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e21\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/licensed-thai-lawyer\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Licensed Thai lawyer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;licensed Thai lawyer&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a legal professional who has obtained the necessary qualifications and registration to practice law in Thailand. To become a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;licensed lawyer&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, an individual must &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;hold a law degree (LL.B.) from an accredited Thai university&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, pass the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai Bar Association examination&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (if seeking to become a barrister), and register with the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Lawyers Council of Thailand (LCT)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Lawyers Act B.E. 2528 (1985)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Only licensed Thai lawyers can &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;represent clients in court, provide legal advice, and draft legal documents&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in compliance with Thai law. &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Foreigners cannot practice law or represent clients in Thai courts&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, but they may work as legal consultants. Engaging an unlicensed person for legal services can result in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;penalties&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under Thai law.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e17\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/liens\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Liens&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;lien (\u0e20\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e01\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e22\u0e36\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e27\u0e07)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;legal right or claim&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; over a debtor&rsquo;s property, granted to a creditor as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;security for a debt or obligation&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. It allows the creditor to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;retain possession of the property&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; until the debt is repaid but does not grant ownership rights. Thai law recognizes various types of liens, including &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;statutory liens (e.g., mechanic&rsquo;s liens), contractual liens, and possessory liens&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, depending on the nature of the obligation. Unlike mortgages, &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;liens do not require registration&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; at the Land Department but can still be enforced through legal proceedings if the debtor fails to fulfill their obligations.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e25\u0e34\u0e07\u0e01\u0e4c<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/ll-b\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LL.B.&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;An &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is an &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;undergraduate law degree&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; that serves as the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;basic legal qualification&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; for individuals pursuing a legal career in Thailand and many other countries. In &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thailand&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, an &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;LL.B. degree&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a prerequisite for becoming a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;licensed Thai lawyer&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, judge, or legal consultant. The degree typically takes &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;four years&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to complete and covers subjects such as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;civil law, criminal law, commercial law, constitutional law, and international law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Graduates who wish to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;practice law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; must further register with the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Lawyers Council of Thailand (LCT)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; and, if pursuing a judiciary or prosecutor career, may need to complete additional training through the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai Bar Association&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Unlike some jurisdictions where a Juris Doctor (J.D.) is required, an &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;LL.B. is sufficient for legal practice in Thailand&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, provided the individual meets all &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;licensing and professional requirements&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e34\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/marital-property\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Marital Property&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Marital property&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to the assets and liabilities acquired by a couple during their marriage, which are jointly owned and subject to division in the event of a divorce. In legal terms, marital property typically includes income, real estate, investments, and other assets obtained after the marriage, except those classified as separate property.\u200b It is also referred in Thai as &amp;quot;Sin Somrot&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e20\u0e23\u0e23\u0e22\u0e32<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/marriage-certificate\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Marriage Certificate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;marriage certificate&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thailand (Thai: &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;) is an official legal document issued by a district office (&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;amphur&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;) that proves a couple is lawfully married under Thai law. It is a pink paper with official stamps and signatures, typically issued immediately after the marriage registration. This certificate is required for many legal processes, including visa applications, name changes, and sometimes property matters between spouses.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:image {&amp;quot;id&amp;quot;:9930,&amp;quot;sizeSlug&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;full&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;linkDestination&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;none&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;align&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;figure class=&amp;quot;wp-block-image aligncenter size-full&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;figcaption class=&amp;quot;wp-element-caption&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Marriage certificate in Thailand&amp;lt;\/figcaption&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/figure&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:image --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/mortgage\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Mortgage&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mortgage (\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e07)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a legal agreement in which a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;borrower (mortgagor) pledges immovable property&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, such as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;land, a house, or a condominium&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;security for a loan&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; without transferring ownership to the lender (mortgagee). The lender holds the right to claim the property if the borrower fails to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;repay the debt&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; as agreed. The mortgage must be &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;registered at the Land Department&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to be legally enforceable. Unlike some countries, Thai law does not allow lenders to automatically seize the mortgaged property upon default; they must go through &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;court proceedings&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to enforce their rights and recover the debt.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e07<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/naked-owner\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Naked Owner&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;In Thai law, a naked owner &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;(\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32 or &amp;#039;nu-propri&eacute;taire in French) &amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is the person who holds the legal title to a property but does not have the right to use or benefit from it during the period of another person&rsquo;s usufruct or similar right. The naked owner has ownership but cannot occupy, lease, or profit from the property until the usufruct or other temporary rights end. Once those rights expire, full ownership and control return to the naked owner.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Example:&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; If a Thai spouse gives a foreigner a usufruct over land, the Thai spouse remains the naked owner, while the foreigner has the right to use the property during the usufruct period.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e22<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/nominee\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nominee&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nominee&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in the context of &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai business law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai individual or entity who holds shares or assets on behalf of a foreigner&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to circumvent &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;foreign ownership restrictions&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, particularly under the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Foreign Business Act (FBA) B.E. 2542 (1999)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. This arrangement is often used to bypass the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;49% foreign ownership limit&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thai companies. However, under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Section 36 of the FBA&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, using &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nominees to hold shares for foreigners without actual financial control or risk&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;illegal&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; and can result in severe penalties, including &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;fines, imprisonment, or business dissolution&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Thai authorities actively investigate and prosecute &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;nominee arrangements&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, especially in industries restricted to foreign ownership, to prevent &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;foreigners from illegally controlling Thai businesses&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e0a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/notary\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Notary&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A notary in Thailand is usually a licensed lawyer. They are certified by the Lawyers Council of Thailand. Notaries provide services like authenticating signatures, certifying documents, and witnessing affidavits. These services are mainly for international use. Unlike civil law notaries in many countries, Thai notaries do not draft legal documents. They focus on verifying documents instead of preparing legal instruments.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e17\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/novation\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Novation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;A new contract or obligation replaces an old one, ending the previous agreement. This is explained in the Civil and Commercial Code. (No direct Thai term, but often translated as \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e48)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e42\u0e19\u0e40\u0e27\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e19<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/ns3\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;NS3&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;NS3 (Nor Sor Sam - \u0e19.\u0e2a. 3)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;land document&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thailand that &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;confirms possession rights&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; rather than full ownership. It allows the holder to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;use, sell, transfer, and develop the land&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, but it does &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;not provide absolute ownership (Chanote)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. An &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;NS3 land title&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is issued for land that has been legally occupied and utilized but may not have undergone a full survey with official land boundaries. Unlike &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Chanote (Nor Sor 4 Jor)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, which provides &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;definitive ownership with exact GPS coordinates&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, NS3 land boundaries &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;are not fully fixed&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, meaning disputes over land size or location may arise. However, an &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;NS3 title can be upgraded to a Chanote&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; through a legal process involving a land survey and official approval.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e2a3<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/palliative-care\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Palliative Care&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Palliative care&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is specialized medical care focused on relieving pain and other distressing symptoms in people with serious or life-threatening illnesses. The goal is not to cure the illness but to improve quality of life for both the patient and their family, offering physical, emotional, and spiritual support. It can be provided alongside curative treatments or as part of end-of-life care. In Thai, palliative care is referred to as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;quot;\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e39\u0e41\u0e25\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e04\u0e2d\u0e07&rdquo;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;kan duu lae baep prakhap prakhong&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;), which means &amp;quot;supportive or comfort care.&rdquo;&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e39\u0e41\u0e25\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e04\u0e2d\u0e07<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/parental-powers\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Parental Powers&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Parental powers&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07 - Amnat Pokkrong&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) refer to the legal rights and responsibilities that parents have over their minor children, including their care, education, discipline, property management, and legal representation. In &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Section 1567 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, parental powers include deciding the child&rsquo;s residence, ensuring their welfare, managing their assets, and representing them in legal matters. These powers typically belong to both parents in a marriage, but in cases of divorce, separation, or the absence of marriage, a court may determine how parental powers are exercised. If one parent is deemed unfit, the court can transfer or limit parental authority to protect the child&rsquo;s best interests. Parental powers continue until the child reaches legal adulthood or a court orders otherwise.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/parental-rights\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Parental Rights&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Parental rights&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thailand refer to the legal authority and responsibilities a parent has over their child, including the right to make decisions about the child&rsquo;s education, healthcare, place of residence, and general welfare. Under Thai law, these rights are typically shared by both parents if they are married. However, if the parents are not married, only the mother has full parental rights unless the father completes a legal process for child legitimization and is granted joint rights by the court or through mutual agreement registered at the district office.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/personal-property\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Personal Property&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Personal property (\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27) refers to assets that belong solely to one spouse and are not subject to division upon divorce. Under Thai law, this includes property acquired before the marriage, gifts or inheritances received during the marriage, and personal belongings such as clothing or tools used for one&rsquo;s profession. Unlike marital property (\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a), personal property remains with the individual spouse after a divorce and is not shared or split.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/poo-yai-baan\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Poo Yai Baan&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Poo Yai Ban (\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e0d\u0e48\u0e1a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, or &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Village Chief&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, is the elected leader of a village (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Moo Baan &ndash; \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e39\u0e48\u0e1a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) in Thailand. This position serves as the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;primary local authority&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; responsible for maintaining law and order, mediating disputes, and coordinating development projects within the community. The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Poo Yai Ban&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is elected by village residents and serves a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;five-year term&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, reporting directly to the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;District Chief Officer (Nai Amphoe &ndash; \u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e40\u0e20\u0e2d)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under the Ministry of Interior. Their duties include &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;implementing government policies&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;assisting in local governance&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;resolving conflicts&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, and &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;representing the village&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in official matters. The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Poo Yai Ban&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; plays a crucial role in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bridging the gap between the government and rural communities&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, ensuring effective local administration and community development.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1b\u0e39\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e0d\u0e48\u0e1a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/power-of-attorney\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Power of Attorney&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Power of attorney&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a legal document that gives someone you trust the authority to act on your behalf in specific matters, such as making healthcare or financial decisions if you become unable to do so yourself. In the context of a living will, it usually refers to appointing a person to make medical decisions for you when you&amp;#039;re incapacitated. In Thai, this is known as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;quot;\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08&rdquo;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;nangseu mop amnat&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;), which means &amp;quot;letter of authorization&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;document granting authority.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/prenup\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Prenup&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Prenup&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is short for &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;prenuptial agreement&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, a legally binding contract made between two individuals before they marry. The term &amp;quot;prenup&amp;quot; is commonly used as an informal abbreviation but carries the same meaning as a prenuptial agreement.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e35\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e1e<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/prenuptial\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Prenuptial&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;prenuptial agreement&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, also known as a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;prenup&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;premarital contract&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, is a legally binding agreement between two individuals who are planning to get married, outlining how their assets, debts, and financial matters will be managed during the marriage and in the event of a divorce or separation. This contract typically includes provisions regarding property division, spousal support, and the protection of individual assets acquired before or during the marriage. In Thailand, a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;prenup&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; must be made in writing, signed before marriage, and registered with the local district office (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Amphur&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) to be legally enforceable under the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai Civil and Commercial Code&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. If not properly executed, it may be deemed invalid by the courts.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/public-prosecutor\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Public Prosecutor&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;The state attorney responsible for initiating and conducting criminal cases; known as &amp;quot;A-ya-karn&amp;quot; in Thai contexts. (Thai: \u0e2d\u0e31\u0e22\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23, pronounced &amp;quot;ai-ya-gan&amp;quot;).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e22\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/registered-thai-lawyer\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Registered Thai lawyer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;quot;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;registered Thai lawyer&amp;quot;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; or &amp;quot;licensed Thai lawyer&amp;quot; is a legal professional who has obtained the necessary qualifications and registration to practice law in Thailand. To become a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;licensed lawyer&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, an individual must &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;hold a law degree (LL.B.) from an accredited Thai university&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, pass the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai Bar Association examination&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (if seeking to become a barrister), and register with the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Lawyers Council of Thailand (LCT)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Lawyers Act B.E. 2528 (1985)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Only licensed Thai lawyers can &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;represent clients in court, provide legal advice, and draft legal documents&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in compliance with Thai law. &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Foreigners cannot practice law or represent clients in Thai courts&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, but they may work as legal consultants. Engaging an unlicensed person for legal services can result in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;penalties&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under Thai law.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e17\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/sale-with-rights-of-redemption\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sale with rights of redemption&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sale with Right of Redemption&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;\u0e02\u0e32\u0e22\u0e1d\u0e32\u0e01 - Khai Fak&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a special type of property sale where the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;seller retains the right to buy back the sold property&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; within an agreed period. Governed by &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sections 491-502 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, this agreement allows the original owner to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;redeem the property&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; by repaying the purchase price (and any agreed interest) within the specified timeframe, which is &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;not more than 10 years for immovable property (land, houses) and not more than 3 years for movable property&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. If the seller fails to redeem the property within the agreed period, the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;buyer gains full ownership&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. This type of transaction is often used as a form of &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;secured lending&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, but it differs from a mortgage as ownership is temporarily transferred to the buyer. To be &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;legally valid&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;sale with right of redemption must be registered at the Land Office&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; for immovable property.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e02\u0e32\u0e22\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e44\u0e16\u0e48\u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e04\u0e37\u0e19<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/sap-ing-sith-thailand\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sap Ing Sith&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sap Ing Sith&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c) is a legal right in Thailand that allows a person to use immovable property, like land, a house, or a condominium, without owning it. It gives the holder many of the same rights as an owner, such as the right to transfer, lease, or even use the property as collateral. This right can be registered at the Land Office and is usually valid for up to 30 years. &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Sap Ing Sith&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; is often considered one of the strongest property rights available to foreigners in Thailand, even though it is not true ownership of the land. It was officially introduced under the &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Sap Ing Sith Act B.E. 2562 (2019).&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e41\u0e0b\u0e1b \u0e2d\u0e34\u0e07 \u0e0b\u0e34\u0e18<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/sebastien-h-brousseau\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;S&eacute;bastien H. Brousseau&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;S&eacute;bastien H. Brousseau&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a Canadian legal professional who has been residing in Thailand since 2004. He holds degrees in both Common and Civil Law and was admitted to the Bar of Quebec. Since 2006, S&eacute;bastien has been managing law firms in Thailand and is currently the director of ThaiLawOnline, a firm he established to provide reliable and reasonably priced legal services in collaboration with Thai lawyers. Beyond his legal career, he is an enthusiast of artificial intelligence, wine, and travel, having explored over 35 countries. S&eacute;bastien is also active on social media platforms, sharing his experiences and insights. Here&amp;#039;s his Linkedin profile.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e40\u0e0b\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e40\u0e15\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19 \u0e40\u0e2d\u0e0a. \u0e1a\u0e23\u0e39\u0e2a\u0e42\u0e0b<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/sin-sod\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sin Sod&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sin Sod (\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e14)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law and tradition&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;bride price&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;dowry&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; that a groom gives to the bride&rsquo;s family as part of a traditional Thai marriage. It symbolizes &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;respect, financial stability, and appreciation&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; for the bride and her upbringing. While &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;not legally required&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, Sin Sod is a significant cultural practice and is often included in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;customary marriage agreements&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. The amount depends on factors such as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;social status, education, and family expectations&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. In many cases, the bride&rsquo;s family may &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;return all or part of the Sin Sod&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to the couple after the wedding as a financial foundation for their future together.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e0b\u0e34\u0e19\u0e42\u0e0b\u0e14<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/spk\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;SPK&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;SPK (Sor Por Kor - \u0e2a.\u0e1b.\u0e01.)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;land allocated by the Agricultural Land Reform Office (ALRO)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sor Por Kor Land Program&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thailand. This program grants &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;land use rights&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to eligible Thai farmers for agricultural purposes, but &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;does not confer full ownership&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. SPK land &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;cannot be sold, transferred, or used for commercial or non-agricultural purposes&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, except under specific conditions approved by ALRO. While &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;foreigners are strictly prohibited from holding any interest in SPK land&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, Thai citizens with granted rights can &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;pass it to heirs&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;certain conditions&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;SPK title deed (Sor Por Kor 4-01)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; differs from &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Chanote (Nor Sor 4 Jor)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; as it is a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;land use certificate rather than full ownership&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2a\u0e1b\u0e04.<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/superficiary\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Superficiary&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;superficiary&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e17\u0e23\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 - Phu Song Sit Nua Tee Din&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) is a person or legal entity that holds a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Superficies Right&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sections 1410-1416 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, allowing them to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;own buildings, structures, or plantations on another person&rsquo;s land without owning the land itself&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. This right can be &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;granted for up to 30 years, for a lifetime, or be renewable&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, and it is &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;transferable and inheritable&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, making it especially beneficial for &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;foreigners in Thailand&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, who &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;cannot own land&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; but can legally &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;own a house or building&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. To be &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;legally enforceable&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; against third parties, the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Superficies Right must be registered at the Land Office&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e27\u0e40\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e19<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/superficies-right\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Superficies&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Superficies or Superficies Right&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 - Sit Nua Puen Din&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;real property right&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sections 1410-1416 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, allowing an individual or entity (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;superficiary&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;own buildings, structures, or plantations on land owned by another person&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. This right can be &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;granted for up to 30 years, for the lifetime of the superficiary, or as a renewable right&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, and it is &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;transferable and inheritable&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Unlike a lease, which only grants the right to occupy land, &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;superficies allows ownership of the structures built on the land&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. This right is particularly useful for &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;foreigners&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, who &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;cannot own land&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thailand but can legally own houses or other buildings. To be enforceable, a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Superficies Right must be registered at the Land Office&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e27<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/surrogacy\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Surrogacy&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Surrogacy&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is the process in which a woman (the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;surrogate mother&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) carries and gives birth to a child on behalf of another person or couple. In &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thailand&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, surrogacy is &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;strictly regulated&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Protection of Children Born from Assisted Reproductive Technologies Act B.E. 2558 (2015)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, which &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;only allows altruistic surrogacy for Thai citizens&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Commercial surrogacy&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (where the surrogate is paid beyond medical expenses) is &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;illegal&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, and &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;foreigners who are not married to a Thai national cannot use surrogacy services in Thailand&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.  Before January 2025, only &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;legally married heterosexual Thai couples or Thai-foreigner couples (married for at least 3 years)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; can pursue surrogacy, and the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;intended parents&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; must obtain a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;court order&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to be recognized as the legal parents. The law aims to prevent &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;human trafficking, exploitation of women, and legal issues surrounding parental rights&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. In January 2025, Thailand recognized homosexual marriages. However, some parts of the law are still not clear like surrogacy or adoption and might need some time. &amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e38\u0e49\u0e21\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e0d<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/tabien-baan\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Tabien Baan&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Tabian Baan&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19) (or Tabien Baan) is a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;house registration book&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thailand that lists all the people officially residing at a particular address. It&rsquo;s an important legal document used for identification, registering for government services, and proving residence. There are two main types: the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;blue book&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (\u0e40\u0e25\u0e48\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19), called &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Tabian Baan for Thai citizens&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;, and the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;yellow book&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (\u0e40\u0e25\u0e48\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07), which is issued to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;foreigners&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; who live in Thailand but are not Thai nationals. Even though the yellow book doesn&rsquo;t grant legal residency or rights like a visa, it can be useful for things like getting a Thai driver&rsquo;s license, registering a car, or applying for utilities.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e15\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/tambon\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Tambon&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A sub-district or township, the smallest administrative unit; often relevant in rural land laws or community disputes. (Thai: \u0e15\u0e33\u0e1a\u0e25, pronounced &amp;quot;tam-bon&amp;quot;).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e15\u0e33\u0e1a\u0e25<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/terminal-illness\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Terminally ill&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Terminal illness&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to a medical condition that cannot be cured or adequately treated and is expected to lead to the patient&amp;#039;s death within a relatively short period, typically measured in months. In the context of a living will, it means a doctor has determined that treatments will no longer cure the illness but may only prolong the dying process. The goal often shifts to comfort and quality of life. In Thai, terminal illness is commonly translated as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;quot;\u0e42\u0e23\u0e04\u0e23\u0e30\u0e22\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e17\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22&rdquo;&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;rok ray&aacute; sutth&aacute;ai&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;), which literally means &amp;quot;end-stage disease.&rdquo;&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e48\u0e27\u0e22\u0e23\u0e30\u0e22\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e17\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/tesaban\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Tesaban&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Tesaban (\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e25)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refers to a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;municipality&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thailand, which is a form of local government administration that manages urban and semi-urban areas. The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Tesaban system&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is divided into three levels based on population size and development.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Each &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Tesaban&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; has an &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;elected mayor (Nayok Tesaban &ndash; \u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e01\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; who is responsible for public services, infrastructure, education, sanitation, and local economic development. The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Tesaban Council (Sapha Tesaban &ndash; \u0e2a\u0e20\u0e32\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e25)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; acts as the legislative body, ensuring governance and budget allocation for municipal projects.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;Unlike &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Aor Bor Tor (Tambon Administrative Organizations)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, which mainly govern rural areas, &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Tesaban&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; covers more developed regions with greater autonomy and funding. It plays a crucial role in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;local self-governance&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under the supervision of the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Ministry of Interior&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e40\u0e17\u0e0b\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e19<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/thailand-digital-arrival-card\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Thailand Digital Arrival Card&nbsp;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thailand Digital Arrival Card (TDAC):&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; Starting from May 1, 2025, the Thailand Digital Arrival Card (TDAC) is a mandatory online form that all foreign travelers must complete before entering Thailand by air, land, or sea. It replaces the traditional paper TM6 immigration form. It is designed to streamline entry, reduce paperwork, and support Thailand&rsquo;s move to a Smart Tourism Destination. Travelers must provide personal, passport, and travel details on an official online platform before departure. They may need to show confirmation upon arrival.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e23\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e14\u0e34\u0e08\u0e34\u0e17\u0e31\u0e25\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/tm30\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;TM30&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;The TM30 is a mandatory notification form under Thai immigration law requiring landlords, property owners, or hotel managers to report a foreigner&rsquo;s stay at their property within 24 hours of arrival. This applies to both short-term and long-term stays and can be submitted at the local immigration office or online. Documents typically needed include the foreigner&rsquo;s passport copy, visa page, entry stamp, the landlord&rsquo;s ID, and proof of property ownership or lease. Failing to report can lead to fines between 800 and 2,000 Baht and may affect visa renewals or extensions.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e17\u0e35\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e47\u0e2130<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/treaty-of-amity\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Treaty of Amity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;U.S.-Thailand Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (commonly known as the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Treaty of Amity&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) is a bilateral agreement between &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thailand and the United States&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; that allows &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;U.S. citizens and businesses to own and operate companies in Thailand with fewer restrictions&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; than other foreign investors. Under the treaty, &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;U.S. companies can hold 100% ownership&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in most business sectors without needing a Thai partner, unlike other foreign businesses that are generally limited to 49% ownership under the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Foreign Business Act&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. However, treaty-protected businesses must be &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;certified by the Thai Department of Business Development (DBD)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; and cannot engage in restricted industries such as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;land ownership, banking, and certain trade sectors&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e44\u0e21\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/uncontested-divorce\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Uncontested divorce&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;An uncontested divorce in Thailand (\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e22\u0e34\u0e19\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21) is a legal process where both spouses mutually agree to end their marriage and settle all related matters&mdash;such as asset division, child custody, and spousal support&mdash;without the need to go to court. This type of divorce must be registered at the local district office (Amphur or Khet) where the marriage was originally recorded, and both parties must appear in person with proper identification and a signed divorce agreement. It is typically faster, less expensive, and more straightforward than a contested divorce, making it a preferred option for couples who can cooperate.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e15\u0e49\u0e41\u0e22\u0e49\u0e07<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/usufruct\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Usufruct&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;usufruct&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thai property law is a legal right that allows a person (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;usufructuary&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) to use, live on, and benefit from someone else&rsquo;s property for a specified period - typically for their lifetime - without owning it. The usufructuary can reside on the land, lease it to others, or use it for agriculture or business, depending on the terms of the agreement. However, the property itself remains under the ownership of the landowner, and the usufruct &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;automatically ends upon the usufructuary&rsquo;s death&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, making it non-inheritable.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/usufructuary\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Usufructuary&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;usufructuary&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a person who is granted the legal right to use, live on, and benefit from someone else&rsquo;s property under a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;usufruct agreement&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thailand. While the usufructuary can enjoy the land, rent it out, or use it for business or agriculture, they &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;do not own the property itself&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Their rights are temporary and typically last for their lifetime, meaning the usufruct automatically &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;expires upon their death&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; and cannot be inherited. The usufructuary is responsible for maintaining the property and ensuring it is used in a way that does not diminish its value. To be legally enforceable, the usufruct must be registered at the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Land Department&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; and recorded on the property&rsquo;s &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;title deed (Chanote)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/usus\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Usus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Usus&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Latin term&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; and a concept in &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;civil law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; that refers to the legal right to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;use and occupy&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; a property without deriving financial benefits from it. In Thai property law, &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;usus&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a limited form of &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;usufruct&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, granting the right-holder permission to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;live on or use the property&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; but &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;without the ability to lease, sell, or generate income from it&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2d\u0e38\u0e0b\u0e38\u0e2a<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/glossary\/visitation-rights\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title\" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Visitation Rights&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Visitation rights&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; refer to the legal right of a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;non-custodial parent&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; or guardian to spend time with their child after separation, divorce, or when custody has been granted to the other parent. These rights ensure that the child maintains a meaningful relationship with both parents, even if one does not have primary custody. In &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, visitation rights are not explicitly defined in the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Civil and Commercial Code&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, but courts generally grant them based on the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;best interests of the child&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. If parents cannot agree on visitation arrangements, the court may set specific conditions, including the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;frequency, duration, and location&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; of visits. In cases where the non-custodial parent is deemed &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;unfit or a potential risk&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, visitation may be &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;supervised&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; or denied altogether to protect the child&rsquo;s well-being.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e22\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e21\u0e40\u0e22\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>90-day notification of address Abusus Adultery Amphoe Amphur Ante-Nuptial Aor Bor Tor BOI B.Sc. Changwat Chanotte Child Custody Civil and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-214","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/214","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=214"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/214\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1635,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/214\/revisions\/1635"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=214"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u0e14\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e25\u0e22\u0e39\u0e1e\u0e35","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}