{"id":233,"date":"2024-05-18T02:36:36","date_gmt":"2024-05-17T19:36:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/nda-agreements-in-thailand\/"},"modified":"2026-11-02T18:32:11","modified_gmt":"2026-11-02T11:32:11","slug":"nda-agreements-in-thailand","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/nda-agreements-in-thailand\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Last reviewed: 25 September 2026. The three Supreme Court decisions cited below, 7189\/2562, 7364\/2558 and 15649-15650\/2558, were read in Thai to their dispositions, with the provisions they apply: Civil and Commercial Code sections 379, 383 and 583, Labour Protection Act B.E. 2541 sections 14\/1 and 119, and Unfair Contract Terms Act B.E. 2540 section 5. Not verified in this review: the Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545, the drafting advice, and the section on NDAs abroad, which is general guidance rather than Thai law. Re-checked on 6 October 2026: read in Thai the Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545 as amended in 2558, sections 3, 6, 7, 8, 13 and 33; added its definition, infringement test and remedies to the section on how binding NDAs are; the drafting advice and the section on NDAs abroad remain general guidance.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NDA Agreements in Thailand (Non Disclosure Agreements) are important legal contracts that protect confidential business information from being improperly disclosed or misused. In Thailand, NDAs find their legal basis primarily in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/thai-civil-and-commercial-code\/\">Civil and Commercial Code<\/a>, which governs contracts generally. NDAs are valid when they adhere to basic contract principles. These principles include having legal objectives, mutual consent, and the capacity to enter into a contract.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"tlo-hublink wp-block-paragraph\">NDAs are usually the first contract a new company signs: see our guide to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/business-setup-in-thailand\/\">setting up a business in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NDA Agreements in Thailand are commonly used by companies in various industries to protect confidential information such as trade secrets, data, strategies, and sensitive information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img alt=\"NDA Agreements in Thailand\" class=\"wp-image-8978 tlo-responsive-img\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/nda-agreement-in-thailand-1.webp\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#cases-related-to-nda-agreements-in-thailand\">Cases related to NDA Agreements in Thailand<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#content-of-nda-agreements-in-thailand\">Content of NDA Agreements in Thailand<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#do-nd-as-work-internationally\">Do NDAs work internationally?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-233-1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Are NDAs legally binding in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. They are contracts governed by the Civil and Commercial Code and are enforceable when they meet ordinary contract requirements: mutual agreement, lawful purpose and a clear intent to be bound.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-233-2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Does the Trade Secrets Act add to an NDA?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. Breaching an NDA to disclose, take or use a trade secret is an infringement (section 6). The owner can seek a temporary court order, even before suing, and then damages (section 8).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-233-3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can a non-compete in an NDA be enforced?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Only so far as it is fair and reasonable (Unfair Contract Terms Act section 5). In Decision 7364\/2558 a one-year restriction was held reasonable.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-233-4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can a court reduce the penalty in an NDA?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. An agreed sum for breach is a penalty (section 379), which the court may reduce if excessive (section 383). In 7364\/2558 the 500,000 baht penalty went back to the Central Labour Court to fix the amount.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cases-related-to-nda-agreements-in-thailand\">Cases related to NDA Agreements in Thailand<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs) are extensively utilized by companies in Thailand across various sectors such as technology, manufacturing, finance, and more. They serve to protect trade secrets, proprietary data, business strategies, and other confidential information.. A few high-profile examples of NDA Agreements in Thailand decisions include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/supreme-court-dika\/\">Supreme Court<\/a> adjudicated a case where an employee was terminated from their job after forwarding confidential work-related information to their personal email account (Supreme Court Decision No. 7189\/2562). The court ruled that the employer\u2019s decision to dismiss the employee was fair and lawful under the circumstances. The employer was not obligated to provide advance notice or warning to the employee prior to terminating their employment. Furthermore, the employee was not entitled to receive any compensation or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/severance-pay\/\">severance pay<\/a> upon termination. The employee had signed a confidentiality undertaking, and the document concerned described the employer&#8217;s business and management and was one the employer was contractually bound not to copy or disclose. Sending it to a personal email account made it easy to pass on or take away beyond the employer&#8217;s control, which the Court treated as dishonest performance of duty and a serious breach of the work rules. The dismissal therefore needed no severance pay (Labour Protection Act section 119(2) and (4)) and no notice (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-583\/\">Civil and Commercial Code section 583<\/a>), and it was not an unfair dismissal. The Supreme Court reversed the lower court and dismissed the employee&#8217;s claim.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Supreme Court Decision 7364\/2558 is the leading case on the restrictions that often travel with an NDA. A cosmetics maker&#8217;s production supervisor had agreed not to work for a competitor for one year after leaving. The Court held one year a reasonable period, so the restriction did not burden the employee more than could normally be expected and was fair under section 5 of the Unfair Contract Terms Act B.E. 2540. The agreed 500,000 baht for breach <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/penalty-clause\/\">was a penalty<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-379\/\">Civil and Commercial Code section 379<\/a>), which the court may reduce if it is excessive (section 383), and the case went back to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/labour-court\/\">Central Labour Court<\/a> to fix the amount. Decision 15649-15650\/2558, sometimes cited alongside it, is not an NDA case: it concerns confidential information supplied to the authorities in an anti-dumping inquiry under the Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Act B.E. 2542.<\/p>\n\n\n<style data-noptimize=\"1\">.tlo-lb{border:2px solid #1E3455;background:#fff;margin:28px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;color:#1b1b1b}.tlo-lb h2.tlo-lb-h{background:#1E3455;color:#fff;font-size:19px;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:12px 16px}.tlo-lb-tabs{position:relative;padding-top:44px;background:#fff}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:absolute;top:0;width:33.334%;height:44px;line-height:44px;text-align:center;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;list-style:none;background:#eef0f4;color:#1E3455;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:3px solid #1E3455}.tlo-lb-tab>summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(1)>summary{left:0}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(2)>summary{left:33.333%}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(3)>summary{left:66.666%}.tlo-lb-tab[open]>summary{background:#fff;border-bottom-color:#FECB01}.tlo-lb summary:focus-visible,.tlo-lb a:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #FECB01;outline-offset:-3px}.tlo-lb-sec{padding:14px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-sec h3{font-size:17px;line-height:1.35;margin:0 0 4px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-sec h3 small{font-weight:400;color:#555;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-sec p{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-text{white-space:pre-line;border-left:3px solid #FECB01;padding-left:12px;margin:0 0 6px}.tlo-lb-note{font-size:13px;color:#555;font-style:italic}.tlo-lb-badge{display:inline-block;background:#FECB01;color:#1E3455;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;padding:1px 7px;margin-left:6px}.tlo-lb-fold{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-fold>summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:6px}.tlo-lb-links a{margin-right:14px;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-cases,.tlo-lb-src{padding:14px 16px;background:#f6f7f9;border-top:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-cases h3,.tlo-lb-src h3{font-size:15px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-cases ul,.tlo-lb-src ul{margin:0;padding:0 0 0 18px;font-size:14px}.tlo-al{font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:#444;margin:0 0 18px}.tlo-al details{margin-top:4px}.tlo-al summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455}.tlo-al ul{margin:6px 0 0 18px;padding:0}@media print{.tlo-lb{border:1px solid #000}.tlo-lb-tabs{padding-top:0}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:static;width:auto;height:auto;line-height:1.4;text-align:left;background:none;border:0}.tlo-lb details::details-content{content-visibility:visible;display:block}.tlo-lb-links a{color:#000}}<\/style><script data-noptimize=\"1\" data-no-optimize=\"1\">document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){(function(){var b=document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb-tabs\");b.forEach(function(g){var t=g.querySelectorAll(\":scope>details\");t.forEach(function(d){d.firstElementChild.addEventListener(\"click\",function(e){if(d.open){e.preventDefault()}})})});var s=[];addEventListener(\"beforeprint\",function(){s=[];document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb details\").forEach(function(d){s.push([d,d.open,d.getAttribute(\"name\")]);d.removeAttribute(\"name\");d.open=true})});addEventListener(\"afterprint\",function(){s.forEach(function(x){x[0].open=x[1];if(x[2]){x[0].setAttribute(\"name\",x[2])}})})})();});<\/script><section class=\"tlo-lb notranslate\" data-no-translation data-no-dynamic-translation translate=\"no\" aria-label=\"\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\"><h2 class=\"tlo-lb-h\">\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49<\/h2><div class=\"tlo-lb-tabs\"><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"en\" data-no-translation><summary>English<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 3 <small>Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">In this Act: &quot;trade secret&quot; means trade information not yet generally known or not yet accessible among persons normally connected with such information, which has commercial value by virtue of its secrecy, and in respect of which the trade secret controller has taken appropriate measures to maintain its secrecy; &quot;trade information&quot; means anything that conveys meaning, being a statement, account, fact or anything else, by whatever means it is conveyed and in whatever form it is kept, and includes a formula, pattern, compilation or assembled work, program, method, technique or process; &quot;produce&quot; means to make, mix, prepare or transform, and includes changing the form or repackaging; &quot;sell&quot; means to dispose of, distribute, hand out or exchange for commercial benefit, and includes possession for sale; &quot;drug&quot; means a drug under the law on drugs; &quot;agricultural chemical&quot; means a chemical used for agricultural purposes, and includes a chemical used to kill germs or to eliminate insects, animals or plants that may cause damage to agriculture; &quot;trade secret owner&quot; means a person who discovers, invents, compiles or creates trade information that is a trade secret without infringing another person&#039;s right in a trade secret, or a person lawfully entitled to test results or trade information that is a trade secret, and includes a transferee of rights under this Act; &quot;trade secret controller&quot; means the trade secret owner, and includes a person who possesses, controls or maintains the trade secret; &quot;court&quot; means the Intellectual Property and International Trade Court under the law on the establishment of, and procedure for, the Intellectual Property and International Trade Court; &quot;Committee&quot; means the Trade Secrets Committee; &quot;member&quot; means a member of the Trade Secrets Committee; &quot;competent official&quot; means a person appointed by the Minister to act under this Act; &quot;Director-General&quot; means the Director-General of the Department of Intellectual Property, and includes a person to whom the Director-General of the Department of Intellectual Property has delegated authority; &quot;Minister&quot; means the Minister having charge and control of this Act.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cVNHN0NrQ0ZLakM2cG16dTF6SHF1UT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 6 <small>Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">An infringement of the right in a trade secret under this Act is an act of disclosing, taking or using a trade secret without the consent of the trade secret owner in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices, provided that the infringer knew or had reasonable grounds to know that the act was contrary to such practices. An act contrary to honest commercial practices under paragraph one includes breach of contract, breach of confidence or inducement to breach confidence, bribery, duress, fraud, theft, receiving stolen property, or espionage by electronic or any other means.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cVNHN0NrQ0ZLakM2cG16dTF6SHF1UT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 8 <small>Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Where there is clear evidence that any person is infringing, or is about to commit any act infringing, a right in a trade secret, the trade secret controller whose right is being or is about to be infringed shall have the following rights: (1) to apply to the court for an order requiring that person to suspend or refrain from the infringement of the right in the trade secret on a temporary basis; and (2) to bring an action in court for an order prohibiting that person from infringing the right in the trade secret, and to claim compensation from the infringer. The right under (1) may be exercised before an action is brought under (2).<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cVNHN0NrQ0ZLakM2cG16dTF6SHF1UT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 13 <small>Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">In determining compensation where an action is brought under section 8 (2), the court shall have power to determine it according to the following rules: (1) in addition to awarding compensation for the damage actually suffered, the court may order the person infringing the right in the trade secret to return the benefits derived from, or in consequence of, the infringement, by including them in the compensation; (2) where compensation cannot be determined under (1), the court shall award compensation to the trade secret controller in such amount as the court thinks fit; (3) where there is clear evidence that the infringement of the right in the trade secret was committed wilfully or with malicious intent, causing the trade secret to cease to be a trade secret, the court shall have power to order the infringer to pay punitive compensation in addition to the amount determined under (1) or (2), but not exceeding twice the compensation under (1) or (2).<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cVNHN0NrQ0ZLakM2cG16dTF6SHF1UT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 5 <small>Unfair Contract Terms Act B.E. 2540<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">An agreement restricting the right or liberty to engage in an occupation or to enter into juristic acts relating to the conduct of a business, trade or profession, which is not void but which places the person whose right or liberty is restricted under a burden greater than could normally be anticipated, shall be enforceable only to the extent that is fair and reasonable in the circumstances. In deciding whether an agreement under paragraph one places the person whose right or liberty is restricted under a burden greater than could be anticipated, regard shall be had to the geographical area and duration of the restriction, as well as the ability and opportunity of the person whose right or liberty is restricted to engage in an occupation or enter into juristic acts in another form or with other persons, together with all the lawful interests of the contracting parties.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Rkh2ZlNzQ0t0VWpTWU5ETzRaN2UxQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 379<\/h3><p>Where the debtor has promised a penalty sum for failure to perform, or for failure to perform properly, the penalty is forfeited upon default. Where the performance consists of a forbearance, forfeiture occurs as soon as the debtor acts in contravention of that obligation.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">If a debtor promises the creditor to pay a sum of money as a penalty in the event that he fails to perform his obligation, or fails to perform it properly, the penalty is forfeited when he is in default. If the performance due consists in forbearance from an act, the penalty is forfeited as soon as any act in contravention of the obligation is done.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-379\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 383<\/h3><p>If a forfeited penalty is disproportionately high, the court may reduce it to a reasonable amount, taking into account all legitimate interests of the creditor. The right to seek reduction is extinguished once payment is made. The same rule applies to penalties promised for doing or abstaining from an act outside the scope of Sections 379 and 382.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">If a forfeited penalty is disproportionately high, the court may reduce it to a reasonable amount. In determining what is reasonable, every legitimate interest of the creditor shall be taken into account, not merely the creditor&#039;s property interest. Once the penalty has been paid, the right to claim a reduction is extinguished.\n Apart from the cases provided for in section 379 and section 382, the same rule applies where a person promises a penalty in case that person does or refrains from doing a certain act.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-383\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 119 <small>Labour Protection Act B.E. 2541<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">The employer is not required to pay severance pay to an employee whose employment is terminated in any of the following cases: (1) dishonesty in the performance of duty, or intentionally committing a criminal offence against the employer; (2) wilfully causing damage to the employer; (3) negligence causing serious damage to the employer; (4) violating work rules, regulations or orders of the employer that are lawful and fair, after the employer has given a written warning, except that in a serious case the employer need not give a warning. A written warning remains effective for not exceeding 1 year from the date of the employee&#039;s violation; (5) abandoning duty for 3 consecutive working days, whether or not there is an intervening holiday, without reasonable cause; (6) being sentenced to imprisonment by a final judgment of imprisonment. In the case of (6), if the offence was committed through negligence or is a petty offence, it must be one that caused damage to the employer. Where employment is terminated without severance pay under paragraph one, if the employer did not state the facts constituting the reason for termination in the termination letter, or did not inform the employee of the reason at the time of termination, the employer may not raise that reason afterwards.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/ZGN3NXk0eENvNjBSdjRnT2NsdjFTQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"th\" data-no-translation open><summary>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 3 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2545<\/small><\/h3><details 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\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e27\u0e21\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e04\u0e27\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e38\u0e21 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e39\u0e41\u0e25\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\n\u201c\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28 \u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e08\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e32\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\n\u201c\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\n\u201c\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\n\u201c\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\u201c\u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e27\u0e21\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\n\u201c\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cVNHN0NrQ0ZLakM2cG16dTF6SHF1UT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 6 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2545<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e34\u0e14\u0e40\u0e1c\u0e22 \u0e40\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e44\u0e1b 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\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e08\u0e30\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e35\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e27\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e02\u0e31\u0e14\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e19\u0e27\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\n\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30\u0e02\u0e31\u0e14\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e19\u0e27\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e04\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07 \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e27\u0e21\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e39\u0e07\u0e43\u0e08\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e40\u0e19\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e08\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e19 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e02\u0e48\u0e21\u0e02\u0e39\u0e48 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e09\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e01\u0e07 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e42\u0e08\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e40\u0e25\u0e47\u0e01\u0e17\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e4c\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e43\u0e14\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cVNHN0NrQ0ZLakM2cG16dTF6SHF1UT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 8 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2545<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e14\u0e41\u0e08\u0e49\u0e07\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e33\u0e25\u0e31\u0e07\u0e08\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e43\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e38\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e33\u0e25\u0e31\u0e07\u0e08\u0e30\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n(\u0e51) \u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e21\u0e35\u0e04\u0e33\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e23\u0e30\u0e07\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e04\u0e23\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\n(\u0e52) \u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e04\u0e33\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e17\u0e14\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) \u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e52)<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cVNHN0NrQ0ZLakM2cG16dTF6SHF1UT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 13 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2545<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e17\u0e14\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e58 (\u0e52) \u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e40\u0e01\u0e13\u0e11\u0e4c\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n(\u0e51) \u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e17\u0e14\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e40\u0e09\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e30\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e14\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e41\u0e17\u0e49\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e07 \u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e21\u0e35\u0e04\u0e33\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\u0e04\u0e37\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e19\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e34\u0e14\u0e23\u0e27\u0e21\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e17\u0e14\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n(\u0e52) \u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e17\u0e14\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e17\u0e14\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e38\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e27\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23\n(\u0e53) \u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e0f\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e14\u0e41\u0e08\u0e49\u0e07\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32 \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e08\u0e07\u0e43\u0e08\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e35\u0e40\u0e08\u0e15\u0e19\u0e32\u0e01\u0e25\u0e31\u0e48\u0e19\u0e41\u0e01\u0e25\u0e49\u0e07 \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e27\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e08\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e17\u0e14\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e25\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e27\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e52) \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e17\u0e14\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e52)<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cVNHN0NrQ0ZLakM2cG16dTF6SHF1UT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 5 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2540<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e35\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e1e\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e33\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e27\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e1e\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e42\u0e21\u0e06\u0e30 \u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e17\u0e33\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e35\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e20\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e01\u0e01\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e36\u0e07\u0e04\u0e32\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e15\u0e34 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e40\u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e40\u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\n\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e27\u0e34\u0e19\u0e34\u0e08\u0e09\u0e31\u0e22\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e04\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e33\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e35\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e20\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e01\u0e01\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e36\u0e07\u0e04\u0e32\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e40\u0e04\u0e23\u0e32\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e4c\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e02\u0e15\u0e43\u0e19\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e23\u0e30\u0e22\u0e30\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e35\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e \u0e23\u0e27\u0e21\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e1e\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e33\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e39\u0e1b\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e35\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e17\u0e38\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Rkh2ZlNzQ0t0VWpTWU5ETzRaN2UxQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 379<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e30\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e27\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e49\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e01\u0e47\u0e14\u0e35 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23\u0e01\u0e47\u0e14\u0e35 \u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e19\u0e31\u0e14 \u0e01\u0e47\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e23\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e49\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e08\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e36\u0e07\u0e17\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e07\u0e14\u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e43\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07 \u0e2b\u0e32\u0e01\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e01\u0e47\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e23\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e49\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-379\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 383<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e49\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e07\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19 \u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e08\u0e30\u0e25\u0e14\u0e25\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e27\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23\u0e01\u0e47\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e27\u0e34\u0e19\u0e34\u0e08\u0e09\u0e31\u0e22\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e43\u0e14\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e40\u0e04\u0e23\u0e32\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e4c\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e17\u0e38\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e49\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27 \u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e25\u0e14\u0e01\u0e47\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e02\u0e32\u0e14\u0e44\u0e1b\n\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e27\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e53\u0e57\u0e59 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e53\u0e58\u0e52 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e40\u0e14\u0e35\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a \u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e49\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e14\u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e43\u0e14\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-383\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 119 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e04\u0e38\u0e49\u0e21\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e41\u0e23\u0e07\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2541<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e14\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n(\u0e51) \u0e17\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e40\u0e08\u0e15\u0e19\u0e32\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\n(\u0e52) \u0e08\u0e07\u0e43\u0e08\u0e17\u0e33\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e22\n(\u0e53) \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e17\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e19\u0e40\u0e25\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e23\u0e07\n(\u0e54) \u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e33\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19 \u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e1a \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e33\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e15\u0e31\u0e01\u0e40\u0e15\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e23\u0e07 \u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e08\u0e33\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e15\u0e31\u0e01\u0e40\u0e15\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\n\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e15\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e19\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\n(\u0e55) \u0e25\u0e30\u0e17\u0e34\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e17\u0e33\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e30\u0e21\u0e35\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e38\u0e14\u0e04\u0e31\u0e48\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e01\u0e47\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23\n(\u0e56) \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01\n\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35 (\u0e56) \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e17\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e25\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e22\n\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e08\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e14\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e04\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e17\u0e47\u0e08\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e41\u0e08\u0e49\u0e07\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e19\u0e02\u0e13\u0e30\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e08\u0e30\u0e22\u0e01\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e43\u0e19\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/ZGN3NXk0eENvNjBSdjRnT2NsdjFTQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"fr\" data-no-translation><summary>Fran\u00e7ais<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 3 <small>Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545<\/small><\/h3><p>Le secret commercial est une information commerciale non encore g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement connue, ou non accessible aux milieux concern\u00e9s, ayant une valeur commerciale du fait de sa confidentialit\u00e9 et prot\u00e9g\u00e9e par des mesures appropri\u00e9es; l&#039;article d\u00e9finit aussi l&#039;information commerciale, le propri\u00e9taire et le d\u00e9tenteur du secret, le tribunal comp\u00e9tent et d&#039;autres termes.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cVNHN0NrQ0ZLakM2cG16dTF6SHF1UT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 6 <small>Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545<\/small><\/h3><p>Constitue une violation la divulgation, l&#039;appropriation ou l&#039;utilisation d&#039;un secret commercial sans le consentement du propri\u00e9taire, contraire aux usages commerciaux honn\u00eates, l&#039;auteur le sachant ou devant le savoir; ces pratiques comprennent notamment la violation de contrat ou de confiance, corruption, contrainte, fraude, vol, recel et espionnage.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cVNHN0NrQ0ZLakM2cG16dTF6SHF1UT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 8 <small>Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545<\/small><\/h3><p>Sur preuve claire d&#039;une violation actuelle ou imminente, le d\u00e9tenteur du secret commercial peut demander au tribunal une ordonnance provisoire de cessation, m\u00eame avant d&#039;agir au fond, et intenter une action en interdiction et en indemnisation contre l&#039;auteur.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cVNHN0NrQ0ZLakM2cG16dTF6SHF1UT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 13 <small>Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545<\/small><\/h3><p>Dans l&#039;action de l&#039;article 8 (2), le tribunal accorde le pr\u00e9judice r\u00e9el et peut y ajouter les profits de la violation; \u00e0 d\u00e9faut, une somme qu&#039;il estime appropri\u00e9e; sur preuve manifeste d&#039;une violation d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e ou malveillante d\u00e9truisant le secret, il peut ajouter des dommages punitifs jusqu&#039;au double de cette indemnit\u00e9.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cVNHN0NrQ0ZLakM2cG16dTF6SHF1UT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 5 <small>Unfair Contract Terms Act B.E. 2540<\/small><\/h3><p>Un accord non nul restreignant la libert\u00e9 d&#039;exercer un m\u00e9tier ou de conclure des actes commerciaux ou professionnels, imposant une charge exc\u00e9dant le normalement pr\u00e9visible, vu sa port\u00e9e territoriale et temporelle, les possibilit\u00e9s de l&#039;int\u00e9ress\u00e9 et les int\u00e9r\u00eats l\u00e9gitimes des parties, ne vaut que dans la mesure juste et raisonnable.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Rkh2ZlNzQ0t0VWpTWU5ETzRaN2UxQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 379<\/h3><p>Si le d\u00e9biteur a promis au cr\u00e9ancier une somme \u00e0 titre de p\u00e9nalit\u00e9 en cas d&#039;inex\u00e9cution ou d&#039;ex\u00e9cution non conforme, la p\u00e9nalit\u00e9 est encourue d\u00e8s sa demeure; si l&#039;obligation consiste \u00e0 s&#039;abstenir, elle est encourue d\u00e8s l&#039;acte contraire.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-379\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 383<\/h3><p>Si la p\u00e9nalit\u00e9 encourue est d&#039;un montant excessif, le tribunal peut la r\u00e9duire \u00e0 un montant raisonnable. Pour appr\u00e9cier ce qui est raisonnable, il est tenu compte de tout int\u00e9r\u00eat l\u00e9gitime du cr\u00e9ancier, et non seulement de son int\u00e9r\u00eat patrimonial. Une fois la p\u00e9nalit\u00e9 pay\u00e9e, le droit d&#039;en demander la r\u00e9duction est \u00e9teint.\n\nHors les cas pr\u00e9vus \u00e0 l&#039;article 379 et \u00e0 l&#039;article 382, la m\u00eame r\u00e8gle s&#039;applique lorsqu&#039;une personne promet une p\u00e9nalit\u00e9 pour le cas o\u00f9 elle accomplirait ou s&#039;abstiendrait d&#039;accomplir un acte d\u00e9termin\u00e9.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-383\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 119 <small>Labour Protection Act B.E. 2541<\/small><\/h3><p>Aucune indemnit\u00e9 pour malhonn\u00eatet\u00e9 ou infraction intentionnelle envers l&#039;employeur, dommage volontaire, n\u00e9gligence causant un dommage grave, violation de r\u00e8gles licites et justes apr\u00e8s avertissement \u00e9crit (non requis si grave), abandon injustifi\u00e9 de 3 jours ouvrables cons\u00e9cutifs, ou emprisonnement d\u00e9finitif. Un motif non indiqu\u00e9 au licenciement ne peut \u00eatre invoqu\u00e9 ensuite.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/ZGN3NXk0eENvNjBSdjRnT2NsdjFTQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-cases\"><h3>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/2345-2565-brand-ambassador-breach\/\">2345\/2565<\/a> (2022): \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e35\u0e40\u0e0b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e4c \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e25\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e37\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e16\u0e32\u0e19\u0e30\u0e40\u0e14\u0e34\u0e21<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-src\"><h3>\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e32<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cVNHN0NrQ0ZLakM2cG16dTF6SHF1UT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 2 \u0e1e\u0e24\u0e28\u0e08\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19 2569<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Rkh2ZlNzQ0t0VWpTWU5ETzRaN2UxQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Unfair Contract Terms Act B.E. 2540<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 2 \u0e1e\u0e24\u0e28\u0e08\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19 2569<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e4c, Office of the Council of State<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 31 \u0e15\u0e38\u0e25\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2569<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/ZGN3NXk0eENvNjBSdjRnT2NsdjFTQT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Labour Protection Act B.E. 2541<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 2 \u0e1e\u0e24\u0e28\u0e08\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19 2569<\/li><li>deka.supremecourt.or.th, Supreme Court of Thailand decisions database (copy held in our library), \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 19 \u0e01\u0e38\u0e21\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\u0e18\u0e4c 2569<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"content-of-nda-agreements-in-thailand\">Content of NDA Agreements in Thailand<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>While following general contractual principles, well-drafted NDAs should have several key components:<\/li>\n\n<li>Definition of Confidential Information: Clearly specifying what information is covered, such as technical data, business processes, financial records, etc. Broad definitions are preferable.<\/li>\n\n<li>Receiving Party Obligations: Detailing requirements for the party receiving confidential information, such as limiting disclosure, maintaining safeguards, and permissible uses of the data.<\/li>\n\n<li>Exclusions: Carving out exceptions for information already public, independently developed, or legally required to be disclosed.<\/li>\n\n<li>Duration: Setting a reasonable time period for confidentiality obligations to remain in effect.<\/li>\n\n<li>Permitted Disclosures: Identifying circumstances like disclosures to employees, advisors, or regulators where sharing confidential information is allowed.<\/li>\n\n<li>Remedies: Outlining remedies like injunctions or monetary <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/damages\/\">damages<\/a> if a party breaches confidentiality.<\/li>\n\n<li>Choice of Law: Specifying that the NDA is governed by Thai law.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Non-Disclosure Agreements in Thailand (NDAs) are commonly employed; however, disputes may surface regarding their enforceability when crucial components are absent or unclear. Therefore, it is advisable for Thai enterprises to engage proficient legal advisors to meticulously craft and assess NDAs. These agreements should be customized to suit the unique circumstances at hand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"do-nd-as-work-internationally\">Do NDAs work internationally?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs) can be effective internationally, but their enforceability across borders depends on various factors, including the jurisdictions involved, the specific terms of the NDA, and the local laws governing contracts and confidentiality. An NDA signed in one country may not be automatically enforceable in another due to differences in legal systems, particularly between common law and civil law jurisdictions. To enhance enforceability, international NDAs often include clauses specifying the governing law and jurisdiction for dispute resolution. Additionally, they may stipulate mechanisms for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/arbitration\/\">arbitration<\/a> or mediation to resolve conflicts outside traditional court systems, which can simplify enforcement in multiple jurisdictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite these measures, challenges can arise if the receiving party\u2019s country does not recognize or uphold certain confidentiality protections. Some countries have limited enforcement options for NDAs, especially if the information disclosed does not fall under intellectual property protections or trade secrets recognized by local law. For businesses operating internationally, it is often advisable to seek legal guidance to ensure that NDA terms comply with relevant local regulations and to consider incorporating protective measures like intellectual property registration or localized legal agreements for more comprehensive protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-legally-binding-is-an-nda\">How legally binding are NDA Agreements in Thailand?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Thailand, Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs) are legally binding contracts governed primarily by the Thai Civil and Commercial Code. An NDA, or confidentiality agreement, typically establishes obligations on parties to protect and not disclose specified sensitive or proprietary information. As in many jurisdictions, NDAs in Thailand must meet standard contractual requirements to be enforceable, which include mutual agreement, lawful purpose, and the parties\u2019 clear intent to be legally bound by the terms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\" id=\"NDA-Agreements-in-Thailand\"><img alt=\"NDA Agreements in Thailand\" class=\"wp-image-14090 tlo-responsive-img\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/nda-agreeements-in-thailand.webp\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:500px;height:400px\" title=\"NDA Agreements in Thailand\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thai law allows for both unilateral and mutual NDAs, where one or both parties agree to keep certain information confidential. Courts in Thailand generally uphold NDAs as enforceable, provided they are specific in scope, define the confidential information clearly, and have reasonable terms that do not impose overly broad or indefinite restrictions on the receiving party. In cases of a breach, remedies under Thai law may include monetary damages or injunctive relief to prevent further disclosure. The Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545 adds a statutory layer on top of the contract. Information is a trade secret only if it is not generally known, has commercial value because it is secret, and its controller has taken appropriate measures to keep it secret (section 3), and a signed NDA is one of the clearest such measures. Disclosing, taking or using a trade secret without consent contrary to honest commercial practice, including by breach of contract or of confidence, is an infringement (section 6). The controller may ask the court for a temporary order stopping the infringement, even before suing, and then sue for a prohibition and damages (section 8); the court may add the infringer&#8217;s profits to the damages and, for wilful infringement that destroys the secret, award up to twice the damages again as punitive damages (section 13). Deliberately publishing another&#8217;s trade secret to harm their business is also a crime, punishable by up to one year&#8217;s imprisonment, a fine of up to 200,000 baht, or both (section 33). A clause that restricts the other party&#8217;s work or trade, such as a non-compete, is enforceable only to the extent that is fair and reasonable in the circumstances (Unfair Contract Terms Act B.E. 2540, section 5), and an agreed sum for breach can be reduced by the court if it is disproportionate (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-383\/\">Civil and Commercial Code section 383<\/a>), as in Decision 7364\/2558.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-to-have-strong-nda-agreements-in-thailand\">How to have strong NDA Agreements in Thailand<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By establishing a robust non disclose agreement in Thailand (NDA), organizations can securely exchange sensitive data, foster collaborations, spur creativity, and uphold their edge in the market. It is essential to note that NDA Agreements hold legal weight and are recognized as valid instruments within the legal framework of Thailand. Thus, investing in well-structured NDAs can safeguard businesses and fortify their position in the competitive landscape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Links:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/nda-templates-for-thailand\/\">Templates of NDA Agreements by ThaiLawOnline<\/a> (download for Silver or Gold members)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Last reviewed: 25 September 2026. The three Supreme Court decisions cited below, 7189\/2562, 7364\/2558 and 15649-15650\/2558, were read in Thai [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":11549,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"","tlo_reviewed_on":"","tlo_reviewed_by":"","tlo_edited_by":"","tlo_changelog":"[{\"date\":\"2026-11-02\",\"note\":\"Added the statute box with Thai, English and French text and checked the page against the official text\"}]","tlo_authority_on":"1","tlo_box_sections":"","tlo_box_cases":"","rank_math_focus_keyword":"non-disclosure agreement in thailand","rank_math_title":"","rank_math_description":"NDAs in Thailand: the Civil and Commercial Code basis, the clauses a Thai NDA should contain, and how confidentiality terms work across borders.","rank_math_breadcrumb_title":"NDA Agreements in Thailand","rank_math_canonical_url":""},"class_list":["post-233","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/233","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=233"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/233\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12413,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/233\/revisions\/12413"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11549"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=233"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u0e14\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e25\u0e22\u0e39\u0e1e\u0e35","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}