{"id":276,"date":"2023-06-29T15:43:11","date_gmt":"2023-06-29T08:43:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/parental-alienation-syndrome-in-thailand\/"},"modified":"2026-11-04T01:48:44","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T18:48:44","slug":"parental-alienation-syndrome-in-thailand","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/parental-alienation-syndrome-in-thailand\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e01\u0e25\u0e38\u0e48\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e35\u0e14\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e21\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parental alienation syndrome in Thailand (also known as \u201cPAS\u201d) or other countries is a type of emotional child abuse. It can seriously harm both the child and the parent who is being alienated. It occurs when one parent manipulates their child\u2019s emotions to distance them from the other parent. It occurs typically after a divorce or separation. The effects of Parental Alienation Syndrome in Thailand can last well into adulthood. It may also lead to long-lasting psychological trauma. It\u2019s important to know what it is, how it happens, and how to protect children from it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img alt=\"Parental alienation in Thailand legal overview\" class=\"wp-image-31225 tlo-responsive-img\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/parental-alienation-in-thailand.webp\" style=\"width:800px\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#what-is-parental-alienation\">What Is Parental Alienation Syndrome?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#history-of-pas\">The Origin and Evolution of Parental Alienation Syndrome<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#pas-controversy\">Why Parental Alienation Syndrome Remains Controversial<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#critical-note-thai-law\">A Critical Note: \u201cParental Alienation\u201d Is Not Recognized in Thai Law<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#legal-framework\">What Thai Law Actually Says: The Legal Framework<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#how-courts-evaluate\">How Thai Courts Evaluate Parental Misconduct in Custody Disputes<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#supreme-court-decisions\">Thai Supreme Court Decisions on Parental Alienation<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#criminal-dimensions\">Criminal Dimensions: When Alienation Crosses Into Abduction<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#guidance-foreign-parents\">Practical Guidance for Foreign Parents in Thailand<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#building-your-case\">Building Your Case: Evidence That Thai Courts Accept<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#preventing-pas\">Preventing Parental Alienation in Thailand: 8 Practical Steps<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#preventing-parental-alienation-syndrome-in-thailand\">Preventing Parental Alienation Syndrome in Thailand<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#faq\">Frequently Asked Questions About Parental Alienation in Thailand<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-is-parental-alienation\">What Is Parental Alienation Syndrome?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Addressing Parental Alienation Syndrome in Thailand should involve open dialogue and a commitment to co-parenting strategies that prioritize the child\u2019s interests. Parents need to recognize the signs of Parental Alienation Syndrome in Thailand to intervene effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) is a type of emotional\u00a0<strong>child abuse<\/strong>\u00a0that occurs when one parent manipulates their child\u2019s emotions to distance them from the other parent. This form of psychological abuse typically arises following\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/divorce-in-thailand\/\">divorce<\/a>\u00a0or separation, when a custodial parent, intentionally or unconsciously, engages in behaviors designed to destroy the child\u2019s relationship with the other parent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The effects of parental alienation can be devastating. Children subjected to alienating behavior may develop anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, difficulty forming healthy relationships, and long-lasting psychological trauma that extends well into adulthood. For the targeted parent, the experience is equally devastating, watching their child turn against them without understanding why.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the psychological impact of parental alienation is well-documented internationally,\u00a0<strong>Thailand\u2019s legal system approaches this issue differently<\/strong>. Thai courts do not recognize PAS as a legal concept or medical diagnosis. Instead, Thai\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/family-law-consultation\/\">family law<\/a>\u00a0provides specific mechanisms, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/child-custody\/\">custody<\/a> modification (Section 1521 CCC) and revocation of parental authority (Section 1582 CCC), to address parental conduct that harms a child\u2019s welfare. Understanding these legal tools is essential for any parent seeking to protect their relationship with their child in Thailand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"history-of-pas\">The Origin and Evolution of Parental Alienation Syndrome<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The concept of \u201cParental Alienation Syndrome\u201d (PAS) was not initially established by a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/supreme-court-dika\/\">supreme court<\/a> of a country. It was rather coined in 1985 by\u00a0<strong>Dr. Richard A. Gardner<\/strong>, an American child psychiatrist. While the earliest legal literature describing alienating behaviors dates back to an 1804 English case (<em>De Manneville v. De Manneville<\/em>), Gardner\u2019s formal thesis emerged in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s. During this time, family courts shifted from the \u201ctender-years\u201d doctrine, which presumed mothers were inherently superior caregivers, to the gender-neutral\u00a0<strong>\u201cbest-interests-of-the-child\u201d standard<\/strong>\u00a0and joint custody models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gardner posited that this shift led to a surge in bitter custody litigation, during which one parent would \u201cbrainwash\u201d or program the child to wage an unjustified campaign of denigration and hatred against the other parent. Although PAS has been cited in various family courts globally, its admissibility has been widely challenged; for example, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/court-of-appeal\/\">Court of Appeal<\/a> in the United Kingdom has rejected its admissibility, and numerous U.S. appellate courts have debated its scientific validity without a unified Supreme Court ruling endorsing it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over time, the concept has evolved from Gardner\u2019s strict medical \u201csyndrome\u201d label to a broader understanding of\u00a0<strong>\u201cparental alienation\u201d (PA)<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>\u201cresist-refuse dynamics\u201d<\/strong>. Modern psychological and legal professionals often reject the narrow PAS model because it overly simplifies the issue by blaming only one parent for a child\u2019s rejection. Today, the actual thesis recognizes that when a child refuses contact with a parent, it is typically a complex, multi-factored issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While true parental alienation involves one parent intentionally using coercive control and psychological manipulation to destroy the child\u2019s relationship with the targeted parent, a child\u2019s rejection can also stem from legitimate\u00a0<strong>\u201cestrangement\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0(due to actual abuse, neglect, or poor parenting by the rejected parent), the child\u2019s own vulnerabilities, or the extreme stress of the litigation process. Consequently, the focus has shifted toward identifying specific\u00a0<strong>\u201cparental alienating behaviors\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0rather than diagnosing a medical syndrome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pas-controversy\">Why Parental Alienation Syndrome Remains Controversial<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today, the concept remains highly controversial and is fraught with systemic problems. Neither the American Psychiatric Association\u2019s\u00a0<strong>DSM-5<\/strong>\u00a0nor the World Health Organization\u2019s\u00a0<strong>ICD-11<\/strong>\u00a0recognizes parental alienation as a standalone psychiatric disorder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A major problem is that parental alienation accusations are frequently\u00a0<strong>weaponized in family courts<\/strong>, often by abusive parents attempting to deflect legitimate allegations of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/domestic-violence\/\">domestic violence<\/a> or child sexual abuse. Critics and domestic violence advocates highlight that the label has been used to discredit protective parents, disproportionately mothers, resulting in dangerous custody reversals where children are placed into the care of their abusers or forced into traumatizing \u201creunification camps\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In response to tragedies resulting from these court decisions, legislation like\u00a0<strong>\u201cKayden\u2019s Law\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0has recently been enacted in several U.S. states to restrict the use of unproven reunification therapies and ensure courts prioritize child safety and evidence of past abuse over claims of alienation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This global controversy underscores why Thai courts take a different, and arguably more practical, approach. Rather than engaging with the PAS debate, Thai\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/family-law-consultation\/\">family courts<\/a>\u00a0look at what a parent actually <em>did<\/em> or <em>failed to do<\/em>, measured against the concrete standard of the child\u2019s welfare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Education on Parental Alienation Syndrome in Thailand can empower parents to make informed decisions about custody and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/visitation-rights\/\">visitation rights<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"critical-note-thai-law\">A Critical Note: \u201cParental Alienation\u201d Is Not Recognized in Thai Law<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is important to understand from the outset that\u00a0<strong>Thai law does not recognize \u201cParental Alienation Syndrome\u201d (PAS) as a legal doctrine or medical diagnosis<\/strong>. Unlike certain jurisdictions in the United States, Canada, or Europe where PAS has gained traction in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/child-custody-in-thailand\/\">custody proceedings<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/family-court\/\">Thai family courts do not apply<\/a> this concept when deciding custody disputes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This does not mean that Thai law leaves you without remedies. On the contrary, Thailand\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/thai-civil-and-commercial-code\/\">Civil and Commercial Code<\/a> (CCC) provides robust mechanisms for modifying custody arrangements and even <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/parental-rights\/\">revoking parental authority<\/a> when a parent engages in misconduct. This includes behavior that Western practitioners might classify as \u201cparental alienation\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The key difference is in the framing:\u00a0<strong>Thai courts evaluate parental conduct through the lens of the child\u2019s welfare and parental fitness<\/strong>, not through the lens of alienation theory. Understanding this distinction is critical for any parent, especially a foreign parent, seeking legal protection in Thailand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"legal-framework\">What Thai Law Actually Says: The Legal Framework<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thai custody law is governed by\u00a0<strong>Book V (Family) of the Civil and Commercial Code<\/strong>, specifically Sections 1520 through 1598\/37. The framework operates on a simple principle: the\u00a0<strong>best interest of the child<\/strong>\u00a0comes first.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thai courts address Parental Alienation Syndrome in Thailand through these key provisions of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/\">Civil and Commercial Code<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>CCC Provision<\/th><th>What It Does<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Section 1520<\/td><td>After\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/divorce-in-thailand\/\">divorce<\/a>The court decides which parent exercises parental authority based on the child\u2019s welfare and the consideration of both parents\u2019 involvement.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 1521<\/td><td>Allows the court to\u00a0<strong>change custodial arrangements<\/strong>\u00a0when circumstances change, the primary remedy for alienating behavior<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 1566<\/td><td>Lists who holds parental authority (both parents during marriage, one parent after divorce) under the child custody laws.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 1567<\/td><td>Defines the scope of parental authority, residence, discipline, age-appropriate work, and reclaiming a child from unlawful detention<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 1582<\/td><td>Allows\u00a0<strong>revocation of parental authority, in part or in whole,<\/strong>\u00a0for improper exercise of parental power, bad conduct, or a court order of incompetency, the most severe remedy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 1584\/1<\/td><td>Protects the non-custodial parent\u2019s right to\u00a0<strong>visit and maintain a relationship<\/strong>\u00a0with the child<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"section-1520-ccc-custody-on-divorce\">Section 1520 CCC, Custody on Divorce<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When parents\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/divorce-in-thailand\/\">divorce<\/a>, the court must decide which parent will exercise custody. If the parents reach an agreement, the court will generally respect it. If they cannot agree, the court decides based on the child\u2019s welfare. Importantly, Section 1520 also provides that on a divorce by judgment the court may revoke a parent&#8217;s parental power where there are grounds under Section 1582 and appoint a third party as guardian, a powerful provision that underscores how seriously Thai law treats parental fitness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"section-1521-ccc-modification-of-custody-arrangements\">Section 1521 CCC, Modification of Custody Arrangements<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is often the most relevant provision for parents dealing with alienating behavior. Section 1521 allows the court to\u00a0<strong>change an existing custody arrangement<\/strong>\u00a0when circumstances have materially changed since the original order. A parent who is being denied access, or whose child is being turned against them by the custodial parent, may petition under Section 1521 to have custody modified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 1521 lets the court change who exercises parental power where that parent behaves improperly or circumstances have changed since the order, always with the child&#8217;s welfare as the test. To rely on a <strong>change of circumstances<\/strong>, you must demonstrate that conditions have shifted since the original order was made. Examples include: the custodial parent repeatedly blocking visitation, relocating the child without consent, or systematically undermining the child\u2019s relationship with the other parent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"section-1582-ccc-revocation-of-parental-authority\">Section 1582 CCC, Revocation of Parental Authority<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the most severe remedy available. Section 1582 allows the court to revoke a parent\u2019s parental authority when that parent has abused their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/parental-powers\/\">parental power<\/a>, behaved badly, or been declared incompetent or quasi-incompetent by the court. Revocation may be in part or in whole, and the court may act on its own motion or when a relative of the child or the public prosecutor applies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Revocation under Section 1582 is not the same as modification under Section 1521.<\/strong>\u00a0Modification changes who exercises custody; revocation strips a parent of their legal authority entirely. Courts reserve Section 1582 for serious cases, abandonment, abuse, criminal conduct, or persistent and egregious failure to perform parental duties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>For foreign parents:<\/strong>\u00a0Do not confuse these two remedies. If your ex-spouse is badmouthing you to your child, that alone is unlikely to trigger revocation under Section 1582. However, if they are systematically denying court-ordered access, concealing the child\u2019s location, or interfering with the child\u2019s schooling, a petition under Section 1521 for custody modification, supported by concrete evidence, may be appropriate. Consult a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/child-custody-in-thailand\/\">child custody<\/a> lawyer in Bangkok\u00a0before deciding which route to pursue.<\/p>\n\n\n<style data-noptimize=\"1\">.tlo-lb{border:2px solid #1E3455;background:#fff;margin:28px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;color:#1b1b1b}.tlo-lb h2.tlo-lb-h{background:#1E3455;color:#fff;font-size:19px;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:12px 16px}.tlo-lb-tabs{position:relative;padding-top:44px;background:#fff}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:absolute;top:0;width:33.334%;height:44px;line-height:44px;text-align:center;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;list-style:none;background:#eef0f4;color:#1E3455;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:3px solid #1E3455}.tlo-lb-tab>summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(1)>summary{left:0}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(2)>summary{left:33.333%}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(3)>summary{left:66.666%}.tlo-lb-tab[open]>summary{background:#fff;border-bottom-color:#FECB01}.tlo-lb summary:focus-visible,.tlo-lb a:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #FECB01;outline-offset:-3px}.tlo-lb-sec{padding:14px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-sec h3{font-size:17px;line-height:1.35;margin:0 0 4px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-sec h3 small{font-weight:400;color:#555;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-sec p{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-text{white-space:pre-line;border-left:3px solid #FECB01;padding-left:12px;margin:0 0 6px}.tlo-lb-note{font-size:13px;color:#555;font-style:italic}.tlo-lb-badge{display:inline-block;background:#FECB01;color:#1E3455;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;padding:1px 7px;margin-left:6px}.tlo-lb-fold{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-fold>summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:6px}.tlo-lb-links a{margin-right:14px;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-cases,.tlo-lb-src{padding:14px 16px;background:#f6f7f9;border-top:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-cases h3,.tlo-lb-src h3{font-size:15px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-cases ul,.tlo-lb-src ul{margin:0;padding:0 0 0 18px;font-size:14px}.tlo-al{font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:#444;margin:0 0 18px}.tlo-al details{margin-top:4px}.tlo-al summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455}.tlo-al ul{margin:6px 0 0 18px;padding:0}@media print{.tlo-lb{border:1px solid #000}.tlo-lb-tabs{padding-top:0}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:static;width:auto;height:auto;line-height:1.4;text-align:left;background:none;border:0}.tlo-lb details::details-content{content-visibility:visible;display:block}.tlo-lb-links a{color:#000}}<\/style><script data-noptimize=\"1\" data-no-optimize=\"1\">document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){(function(){var b=document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb-tabs\");b.forEach(function(g){var t=g.querySelectorAll(\":scope>details\");t.forEach(function(d){d.firstElementChild.addEventListener(\"click\",function(e){if(d.open){e.preventDefault()}})})});var s=[];addEventListener(\"beforeprint\",function(){s=[];document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb details\").forEach(function(d){s.push([d,d.open,d.getAttribute(\"name\")]);d.removeAttribute(\"name\");d.open=true})});addEventListener(\"afterprint\",function(){s.forEach(function(x){x[0].open=x[1];if(x[2]){x[0].setAttribute(\"name\",x[2])}})})})();});<\/script><section class=\"tlo-lb notranslate\" data-no-translation data-no-dynamic-translation translate=\"no\" aria-label=\"\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\"><h2 class=\"tlo-lb-h\">\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49<\/h2><div class=\"tlo-lb-tabs\"><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"en\" data-no-translation><summary>English<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1521<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">If it appears that the person exercising parental power, or the guardian, under Section 1520 behaves improperly, or circumstances have subsequently changed, the Court may order a change of the person exercising parental power or of the guardian, having regard above all to the happiness and interest of the child.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1521\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1582<\/h3><p>The court may deprive a person of parental power, in whole or in part, where that person is adjudged incompetent or quasi-incompetent, abuses the parental power as regards the child&#039;s person, or is guilty of gross misconduct. Separately, where the person is bankrupt or is likely to endanger the minor&#039;s property by mismanagement, the court may deprive that person of the right of management. In either case the court may act of its own motion, or on the application of a relative of the child or of the Public Prosecutor.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">If the person exercising parental power is adjudged incompetent or quasi-incompetent by order of the Court, or exercises parental power over the person of the minor improperly, or is guilty of gross misconduct, the Court may, of its own motion or on the application of a relative of the minor or of the public prosecutor, order that person to be deprived of parental power in part or in whole.\n If the person exercising parental power becomes bankrupt, or manages the minor&#039;s property wrongly so as to endanger it, the Court may, by the procedure in paragraph one, order that person to be deprived of the power to manage the property.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1582\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1520<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">Amended on 23 January 2025<\/span><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">In the case of a divorce by mutual consent, the spouses shall make a written agreement as to which of them is to exercise parental power over which child. If no agreement is made, or agreement cannot be reached, the court shall decide.\n In the case of a divorce by judgment of the court, the court trying the divorce action shall also decide which party is to exercise parental power over which child. If, in so deciding, the court considers that there are grounds under Section 1582 for depriving the spouses of parental power, the court may deprive the spouses of parental power and order that a third person be guardian. In all of this, the court shall have regard primarily to the well-being and interests of the child.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1520\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1584\/1<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">A father or a mother is entitled to contact with their child as is reasonable in the circumstances, whoever exercises parental power over the child or is the child&#039;s guardian.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1584-1\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1566<\/h3><p>A minor child is under the parental power of both parents. Parental power rests with the father or the mother alone only in the cases this section lists, such as the death of the other parent, an adjudication of incapacity or quasi-incapacity, or a court order giving parental power to one of them.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">A child who has not yet attained majority is subject to the parental power of the father and mother. Parental power rests with the father or the mother in the following cases: (1) the mother or the father is dead; (2) it is uncertain whether the mother or the father is alive or dead; (3) the mother or the father has been ordered by the court to be an incompetent or quasi-incompetent person; (4) the mother or the father has to be admitted to hospital by reason of mental infirmity; (5) the court orders that parental power rest with the father or the mother; (6) the father and mother have so agreed, in a case where the law provides that they may agree.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1566\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1567<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">Amended on 25 March 2025<\/span><\/h3><p>A person exercising parental power may determine the child&#039;s place of residence, punish the child to admonish, instruct or correct the child&#039;s behaviour, provided it does not amount to cruelty, violent harm to the child&#039;s body or mind, or improper treatment, require the child to do work reasonably suited to the child&#039;s ability and station in life, and demand the return of the child from anyone unlawfully detaining the child. Representing the child is Section 1569 and managing the child&#039;s property is Section 1571.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">The person exercising parental power has the right: (1) to determine the child&#039;s place of residence; (2) to punish the child for the purpose of admonition, instruction or correcting behaviour, provided that this does not amount to cruelty, physical or mental violence, or other wrongful treatment; (3) to require the child to do work suitable to the child&#039;s ability and station in life; (4) to demand the return of the child from any other person who unlawfully detains the child.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1567\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 317<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">Amended on 21 March 2017<\/span><\/h3><p>Section 317 punishes taking a child not over fifteen years of age away from its parents, guardian or carer without reasonable cause, with imprisonment from three to fifteen years and a fine from 60,000 to 300,000 baht. Anyone who dishonestly buys, disposes of or receives such a child is punished in the same way, and the penalty is heavier where the taking was for profit or for an indecent purpose.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Whoever, without reasonable cause, takes a child not over fifteen years of age away from its parents, guardian or carer shall be liable to imprisonment from three to fifteen years and a fine from sixty thousand to three hundred thousand baht.\n Whoever dishonestly buys, disposes of, or receives a child taken away under paragraph one shall be liable to the same punishment as the person who took the child away.\n Where the offence under this Section is committed for profit or for an indecent purpose, the offender shall be liable to imprisonment from five to twenty years and a fine from one hundred thousand to four hundred thousand baht.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-penal-code\/section-317\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/K2dTMURyaDllOXJVWVZqZGJLK09pdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 318<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">Amended on 21 March 2017<\/span><\/h3><p>Taking a minor over fifteen but not over eighteen away from parents, guardian or carer, where the minor was not willing to go, carries two to ten years and a fine from 40,000 to 200,000 baht. No special purpose need be shown, unlike Section 319 where the minor was willing.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Whoever takes a minor over fifteen but not over eighteen years of age away from its parents, guardian or carer, without that minor being willing to go, shall be liable to imprisonment from two to ten years and a fine from forty thousand to two hundred thousand baht.\n Whoever dishonestly buys, disposes of, or receives a minor taken away under paragraph one shall be liable to the same punishment as the person who took the minor away.\n Where the offence under this Section is committed for profit or for an indecent purpose, the offender shall be liable to imprisonment from three to fifteen years and a fine from sixty thousand to three hundred thousand baht.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-penal-code\/section-318\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/K2dTMURyaDllOXJVWVZqZGJLK09pdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"th\" data-no-translation open><summary>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1521<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e0f\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e51\u0e55\u0e52\u0e50 \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e24\u0e15\u0e34\u0e15\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e24\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e19\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07\u0e44\u0e1b \u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e19\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e33\u0e19\u0e36\u0e07\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e01\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e04\u0e31\u0e0d<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1521\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1582<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e04\u0e19\u0e44\u0e23\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e44\u0e23\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e33\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e01\u0e47\u0e14\u0e35 \u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e4c\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e21\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e47\u0e14\u0e35 \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e24\u0e15\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e01\u0e47\u0e14\u0e35 \u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e08\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e08\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e4c\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e22\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e14\u0e01\u0e47\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e25\u0e49\u0e21\u0e25\u0e30\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e01\u0e47\u0e14\u0e35 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e08\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e20\u0e31\u0e22\u0e01\u0e47\u0e14\u0e35 \u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e08\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e43\u0e19\u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e04\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e47\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1582\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1520<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">\u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e44\u0e02\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 23 \u0e21\u0e01\u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2568<\/span><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e22\u0e34\u0e19\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e17\u0e33\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23\u0e04\u0e19\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e49\u0e02\u0e32\u0e14\n\n\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e08\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e32\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e49\u0e02\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23\u0e04\u0e19\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e08\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e49\u0e02\u0e32\u0e14\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e51\u0e55\u0e58\u0e52 \u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e08\u0e30\u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e47\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e04\u0e33\u0e19\u0e36\u0e07\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e01\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e04\u0e31\u0e0d<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1520\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1584\/1<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e14\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e15\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e1e\u0e24\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c \u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e43\u0e14\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e47\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1584-1\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1566<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e23\u0e25\u0e38\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e20\u0e32\u0e27\u0e30\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e43\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e14\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32\n\n\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e14\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\n(\u0e51) \u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e14\u0e32\u0e15\u0e32\u0e22\n\n(\u0e52) \u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e41\u0e19\u0e48\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e14\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e27\u0e34\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e32\u0e22\n\n(\u0e53) \u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e14\u0e32\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e04\u0e19\u0e44\u0e23\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e44\u0e23\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\n\n(\u0e54) \u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e14\u0e32\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27\u0e43\u0e19\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e25\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e30\u0e08\u0e34\u0e15\u0e1f\u0e31\u0e48\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1f\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\n\n(\u0e55) \u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e14\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32\n\n(\u0e56) \u0e1a\u0e34\u0e14\u0e32\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1566\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1567<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">\u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e44\u0e02\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 25 \u0e21\u0e35\u0e19\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2568<\/span><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34(\u0e51) \u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23(\u0e52) \u0e17\u0e33\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e01\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e27\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1e\u0e24\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e17\u0e32\u0e23\u0e38\u0e13\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e33\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e38\u0e19\u0e41\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e08\u0e34\u0e15\u0e43\u0e08 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e21\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a(\u0e53) \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e23\u0e39\u0e1b(\u0e54) \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23\u0e04\u0e37\u0e19\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e01\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e21\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1567\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 317<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">\u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e44\u0e02\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 21 \u0e21\u0e35\u0e19\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2560<\/span><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e32\u0e28\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23 \u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e40\u0e14\u0e47\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e22\u0e38\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e14\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e14\u0e39\u0e41\u0e25 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2b\u0e01\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e17\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15 \u0e0b\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d \u0e08\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27\u0e40\u0e14\u0e47\u0e01\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e04\u0e41\u0e23\u0e01 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e19\u0e40\u0e14\u0e35\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e01\u0e33\u0e44\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e22\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e48\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17 \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38: [\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29 \u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e44\u0e02\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e34\u0e21\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e51\u0e51 \u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e44\u0e02\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e34\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e0d\u0e32 (\u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \u0e52\u0e56) \u0e1e.\u0e28. \u0e52\u0e55\u0e56\u0e50]<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e42\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e14\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 (Thai text from our annotated code. Check it against the official text.)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-penal-code\/section-317\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/K2dTMURyaDllOXJVWVZqZGJLK09pdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 318<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">\u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e44\u0e02\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 21 \u0e21\u0e35\u0e19\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2560<\/span><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e22\u0e38\u0e01\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e14\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22 \u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e14\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e14\u0e39\u0e41\u0e25 \u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e4c\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21\u0e43\u0e08\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e17\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15 \u0e0b\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d \u0e08\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e4c\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e04\u0e41\u0e23\u0e01 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e19\u0e40\u0e14\u0e35\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e01\u0e33\u0e44\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2b\u0e01\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17 \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38: [\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29 \u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e44\u0e02\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e34\u0e21\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e51\u0e51 \u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e44\u0e02\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e34\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e0d\u0e32 (\u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \u0e52\u0e56) \u0e1e.\u0e28. \u0e52\u0e55\u0e56\u0e50]<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e42\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e14\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 (Thai text from our annotated code. Check it against the official text.)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-penal-code\/section-318\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/K2dTMURyaDllOXJVWVZqZGJLK09pdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"fr\" data-no-translation><summary>Fran\u00e7ais<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1521<\/h3><p>Si le titulaire de l&#039;autorit\u00e9 parentale ou le tuteur vis\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#039;article 1520 se conduit mal, ou si les circonstances changent, le tribunal peut le remplacer, en consid\u00e9rant principalement le bien-\u00eatre et l&#039;int\u00e9r\u00eat de l&#039;enfant.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1521\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1582<\/h3><p>Le tribunal, d&#039;office ou sur demande d&#039;un parent du mineur ou du procureur, peut retirer l&#039;autorit\u00e9 parentale, en tout ou partie, en cas d&#039;incapacit\u00e9 judiciaire, d&#039;abus ou d&#039;inconduite; en cas de faillite ou de gestion dangereuse, il peut retirer la gestion des biens.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1582\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1520<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">Modifi\u00e9 le 23 janvier 2025<\/span><\/h3><p>En cas de divorce par consentement mutuel, les \u00e9poux conviennent par \u00e9crit de celui d&#039;entre eux qui exercera l&#039;autorit\u00e9 parentale sur chaque enfant. \u00c0 d\u00e9faut d&#039;accord, ou s&#039;ils ne parviennent pas \u00e0 s&#039;accorder, le tribunal statue.\n\nEn cas de divorce prononc\u00e9 par jugement, le tribunal saisi de l&#039;action en divorce statue \u00e9galement sur la partie qui exercera l&#039;autorit\u00e9 parentale sur chaque enfant. Si, en statuant, le tribunal estime qu&#039;il existe un motif de retirer l&#039;autorit\u00e9 parentale aux \u00e9poux en vertu de l&#039;article 1582, il peut leur retirer l&#039;autorit\u00e9 parentale et ordonner qu&#039;un tiers soit tuteur. Dans tous les cas, le tribunal prend principalement en consid\u00e9ration le bien-\u00eatre et l&#039;int\u00e9r\u00eat de l&#039;enfant.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1520\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1584\/1<\/h3><p>Le p\u00e8re ou la m\u00e8re a le droit d&#039;entretenir des contacts avec son enfant dans la mesure raisonnable selon les circonstances, quelle que soit la personne qui exerce l&#039;autorit\u00e9 parentale ou la tutelle sur cet enfant.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1584-1\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1566<\/h3><p>L&#039;enfant qui n&#039;a pas encore atteint la majorit\u00e9 est soumis \u00e0 l&#039;autorit\u00e9 parentale de ses p\u00e8re et m\u00e8re.\nL&#039;autorit\u00e9 parentale appartient au p\u00e8re ou \u00e0 la m\u00e8re dans les cas suivants :\n1\u00b0 la m\u00e8re ou le p\u00e8re est d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 ;\n2\u00b0 il est incertain que la m\u00e8re ou le p\u00e8re soit en vie ou d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 ;\n3\u00b0 la m\u00e8re ou le p\u00e8re a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9clar\u00e9 par le tribunal incapable ou quasi incapable ;\n4\u00b0 la m\u00e8re ou le p\u00e8re doit \u00eatre admis \u00e0 l&#039;h\u00f4pital en raison d&#039;un trouble mental ;\n5\u00b0 le tribunal ordonne que l&#039;autorit\u00e9 parentale appartienne au p\u00e8re ou \u00e0 la m\u00e8re ;\n6\u00b0 le p\u00e8re et la m\u00e8re en sont convenus, dans les cas o\u00f9 la loi leur permet de convenir.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1566\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1567<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">Modifi\u00e9 le 25 mars 2025<\/span><\/h3><p>Le titulaire de l&#039;autorit\u00e9 parentale peut fixer la r\u00e9sidence de l&#039;enfant, le punir pour le corriger sans cruaut\u00e9, violence physique ou psychologique ni abus, le faire travailler selon ses capacit\u00e9s et sa condition, et le r\u00e9clamer \u00e0 quiconque le retient ill\u00e9galement.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1567\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 317<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">Modifi\u00e9 le 21 mars 2017<\/span><\/h3><p>Soustraire sans motif raisonnable un enfant de quinze ans au plus \u00e0 ses parents, tuteur ou gardien est puni d&#039;un emprisonnement de 3 \u00e0 15 ans et d&#039;une amende de 60 000 \u00e0 300 000 bahts. Acheter, vendre ou recevoir frauduleusement l&#039;enfant ainsi soustrait est puni de m\u00eame. Si l&#039;infraction vise un profit ou des fins ind\u00e9centes: emprisonnement de 5 \u00e0 20 ans et amende de 100 000 \u00e0 400 000 bahts.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-penal-code\/section-317\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/K2dTMURyaDllOXJVWVZqZGJLK09pdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 318<span class=\"tlo-lb-badge\">Modifi\u00e9 le 21 mars 2017<\/span><\/h3><p>Soustraire un mineur de plus de quinze ans et de dix-huit ans au plus \u00e0 ses parents, tuteur ou gardien, contre son gr\u00e9: emprisonnement de 2 \u00e0 10 ans et amende de 40 000 \u00e0 200 000 bahts. Acheter, vendre ou recevoir frauduleusement le mineur ainsi soustrait est puni de m\u00eame. Si l&#039;infraction vise un profit ou des fins ind\u00e9centes: emprisonnement de 3 \u00e0 15 ans et amende de 60 000 \u00e0 300 000 bahts.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-penal-code\/section-318\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/K2dTMURyaDllOXJVWVZqZGJLK09pdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-cases\"><h3>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/4104-2564-expelling-wife-from-home-serious-hostility-divorce-ground\/\">4104\/2564<\/a> (2021): \u0e02\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e25\u0e48\u0e20\u0e23\u0e34\u0e22\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1b\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e4c\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e20\u0e23\u0e34\u0e22\u0e32 \u0e44\u0e1b\u0e40\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e20\u0e31\u0e22<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/1649-2567-guardian-cannot-renounce-inheritance-without-court\/\">1649\/2567<\/a> (2024): \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e25\u0e30\u0e21\u0e23\u0e14\u0e01\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e4c\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25 \u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e01\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e4c<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/8151-2560-at-fault-spouse-no-alimony-maintenance-until-final-divorce\/\">8151\/2560<\/a> (2017): \u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e40\u0e25\u0e35\u0e49\u0e22\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e1e\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e38\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e25\u0e35\u0e49\u0e22\u0e07\u0e14\u0e39\u0e08\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e41\u0e21\u0e49\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e02\u0e2d<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-src\"><h3>\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e32<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e4c, Office of the Council of State<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 31 \u0e15\u0e38\u0e25\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2569<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/K2dTMURyaDllOXJVWVZqZGJLK09pdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e0d\u0e32, Office of the Council of State<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 31 \u0e15\u0e38\u0e25\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2569<\/li><li>deka.supremecourt.or.th, Supreme Court of Thailand decisions database (copy held in our library), \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 19 \u0e01\u0e38\u0e21\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\u0e18\u0e4c 2569<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-courts-evaluate\">How Thai Courts Evaluate Parental Misconduct in Custody Disputes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thai courts do not use the term \u201cparental alienation.\u201d Instead, they assess whether a parent\u2019s conduct serves or harms the child\u2019s welfare. When the Supreme Court of Thailand (\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32) reviews\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/child-custody-in-thailand\/\">custody disputes<\/a>, it consistently focuses on several factors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-the-childs-physical-and-emotional-wellbeing\">1. The Child\u2019s Physical and Emotional Wellbeing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court examines who has been the child\u2019s primary caregiver, whether the child is healthy and thriving, and whether the child\u2019s emotional needs are being met. A parent who creates an environment of hostility or anxiety, for example, by constantly disparaging the other parent in front of the child, may be viewed as failing to provide emotional stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-stability-and-continuity\">2. Stability and Continuity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thai courts are conservative and generally prefer to\u00a0<strong>maintain the status quo<\/strong>\u00a0unless there is a compelling reason to change it. If a child has been living with one parent and is stable in their school and social environment, courts are reluctant to uproot them. This means that a parent seeking to change custody must present strong evidence that the current arrangement is harming the child.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-the-parents-conduct-and-cooperation\">3. The Parent\u2019s Conduct and Cooperation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Courts look favorably on the parent who facilitates, rather than obstructs, the child\u2019s relationship with the other parent. A custodial parent who repeatedly denies visitation, speaks negatively about the other parent to the child, or makes unilateral decisions about the child\u2019s life without consulting the other parent may be seen as failing to act in the child\u2019s best interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-the-parents-fitness-and-lifestyle\">4. The Parent\u2019s Fitness and Lifestyle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This includes financial stability, moral character, living conditions, and the presence of other household members. Courts will consider whether a parent\u2019s lifestyle or personal conduct creates risks for the child.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"supreme-court-decisions\">Thai Supreme Court Decisions on Parental Alienation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While Thai law does not yet recognise \u201cparental alienation syndrome\u201d as a standalone legal doctrine, the Supreme Court (\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32) has repeatedly addressed the underlying behaviour, blocking contact, manipulating custody, and speaking ill of a co-parent, through existing provisions of the Civil and Commercial Code on parental authority (\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07) and the best interest of the child (\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e14\u0e47\u0e01). The following landmark decisions illustrate how Thai courts protect children and alienated parents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"blocking-a-parent-from-seeing-their-child-supreme-court-decision-no-819-2546-2003\">Blocking a Parent From Seeing Their Child, Supreme Court Decision No. 819\/2546 (2003)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this case, a mother left an abusive household with her child. The father\u2019s family then tricked the child away and systematically prevented the mother from having any contact. Despite being blocked at every turn, the mother never stopped trying, she even followed the father to a hospital vaccination appointment, where the father physically assaulted her.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court awarded the mother sole parental authority, noting her \u201cgreat love for the child\u201d (\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e22\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e0d\u0e48\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e42\u0e08\u0e17\u0e01\u0e4c\u0e21\u0e35\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e4c) and the fact that \u201ceven though the plaintiff was blocked from seeing the child, she never gave up trying.\u201d The Court found that the father could not care for the child himself and had been leaving the child with relatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key takeaway:<\/strong>\u00a0Thai courts view a parent who obstructs contact as exercising parental authority improperly, and this can be grounds for transferring\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/child-custody-in-thailand\/\">custody<\/a>\u00a0entirely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"changed-circumstances-can-override-a-custody-agreement-supreme-court-decision-no-448-2546-2003\">Changed Circumstances Can Override a Custody Agreement, Supreme Court Decision No. 448\/2546 (2003)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A mother who had agreed to give the father custody during\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/divorce-in-thailand\/\">divorce<\/a>\u00a0later sought to regain parental authority. The father had placed the twin boys with his own mother in another province while the father lived elsewhere. The mother alleged the father and his family obstructed her visits. She eventually took the children and raised them successfully for five years, enrolling them in school and providing stable care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court reversed the lower courts and transferred parental authority to the mother, applying the \u201cwelfare and best interest of the child\u201d standard (\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e01\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23) under Sections 1520-1521. The Court reasoned that circumstances had materially changed, disrupting the children\u2019s now-stable life with the mother would cause harm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key takeaway:<\/strong>\u00a0Even if a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/divorce-agreement\/\">divorce agreement<\/a> grants one parent custody, Thai courts can and will reassign parental authority when the child\u2019s best interest demands it under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-1521\/\">Section 1521 of the Civil and Commercial Code<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"anti-alienation-clauses-in-court-settlements-supreme-court-decision-no-7547-2561-2018-full-bench\">Enforcing a Custody Settlement on the Child\u2019s Surname, Supreme Court Decision No. 7547\/2561 (2018, Full Bench)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After a mediated divorce settlement gave the mother <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/full-custody\/\">sole custody<\/a>, she changed the child\u2019s surname from the father\u2019s to her own without the father\u2019s consent. The father asked the court to enforce the compromise and to restore his surname.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a\u00a0<strong>Full Bench<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e0a\u0e38\u0e21\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e0d\u0e48) decision, the Supreme Court ruled the surname change was improper. Changing a child\u2019s surname is not among the rights Section 1567 gives the parent who holds parental power. The Court ordered the mother to register the father\u2019s surname as the child\u2019s middle name within 30 days, failing which the father could do it himself, and held that the court has power to make that order without a prior application to the district registrar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key takeaway:<\/strong> holding parental power does not let one parent cut the other out of the child\u2019s identity, and the court will enforce a compromise judgment on custody against the parent who departs from it. If you are negotiating a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/divorce-in-thailand\/\">divorce settlement<\/a>, put what matters to you, including a mutual non-disparagement clause, into the compromise itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"when-parents-weaponise-custody-supreme-court-decision-no-2998-2565-2022\">When Parents Weaponise Custody, Supreme Court Decision No. 2998\/2565 (2022)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This highly contentious case between two medical doctors featured an extraordinarily detailed settlement agreement: shared parental power with the children living with one parent, handovers every Sunday morning at a named department store and a return the same evening, school and tutoring choices split between the parents, maintenance of 100,000 baht a month, and an express ban on either parent disparaging the other. Despite all of this the arrangement broke down, and the case went back to court over who should hold parental power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court ultimately split parental power, one child to each parent, in Decision No. 1781\/2565: one parent took sole parental power over one boy and the other sole parental power over the second. It shows that where a shared arrangement has failed, the Court will restructure it rather than keep it alive. Decision No. 2998\/2565 is the sequel to it: once parental power had been split that way, the temporary orders the lower courts had made could no longer be enforced, and the Supreme Court corrected them so that they did not contradict the final ruling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Last reviewed: 19 September 2026.<\/strong> This was a targeted review of the case citations on this page rather than of the page as a whole. Decision 2998\/2565 was read in Thai and the account above is accurate, including the settlement terms and the reason the lower courts&#8217; temporary orders fell away. Decision 1781\/2565 is not held in our sources, so it was verified indirectly: 2998\/2565 quotes its outcome in terms, giving one boy to each parent. The facts of 1781\/2565 itself, including why the arrangement failed, have not been read against that judgment and are not asserted here. Re-read on 5 October 2026: Decisions 7547\/2561, 4681\/2552, 448\/2546, 819\/2546, 2199\/2561, 3902\/2568, 6155\/2540, 3772\/2565, 4323\/2540 and 1616\/2518 were read in Thai. The non-disparagement clause this page quoted from 7547\/2561 does not appear in that judgment, which ordered the father\u2019s surname added as a middle name; that passage and every claim built on it (that courts enforce such clauses, and that 2998\/2565 reassigned custody for breach of one) were withdrawn. 4681\/2552 is about bringing the request by petition, not mediation; 819\/2546 was an initial award, not a modification. Three garbled sentences were repaired.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key takeaway:<\/strong> where a shared arrangement has broken down, the court can restructure <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/child-custody-in-thailand\/\">custody<\/a> rather than keep it alive, as the split in 1781\/2565 shows. Why that arrangement failed has not been read here, so do not treat these cases as authority on the consequences of obstruction as such.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"international-custody-and-the-best-interest-standard-supreme-court-decision-no-3902-2568-2025\">International Custody and the Best Interest Standard, Supreme Court Decision No. 3902\/2568 (2025)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Belgian father sought sole custody and revocation of the Thai mother\u2019s parental authority, along with orders for the mother to sign documents granting the children Belgian citizenship. The case demonstrates that cross-border custody disputes follow the same \u201cbest interest of the child\u201d framework as domestic cases. While this particular case was dismissed as moot when the father passed away during proceedings, the lower courts had already ordered the mother to cooperate on nationality documentation, a significant point for foreign parents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key takeaway:<\/strong>\u00a0Foreign parents have standing to petition Thai courts for custody changes and nationality-related orders. The courts apply the same child-centred standard regardless of the parent\u2019s nationality. Learn more about\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/legalization-of-fathers-rights-in-thailand\/\">father\u2019s rights in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"additional-procedural-decisions\">Additional Procedural Decisions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 4323\/2540 (1997):<\/strong>\u00a0The court exercised its power under Section 1582 to revoke parental authority\u00a0<strong>on its own initiative<\/strong>, without anyone applying (\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e25\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e07\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d) where a mother had abandoned her child at approximately one year old and did not return, raising serious concerns under the child protection act. The court appointed the person who had actually been raising the child as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/guardian\/\">guardian<\/a>, confirming that persistent failure to perform parental duties is grounds for revocation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 4681\/2552 (2009): A request to change parental power may be brought by petition.<\/strong>\u00a0The Supreme Court affirmed the court\u2019s power to change parental authority under Section 1521 (read together with Section 1566(5)), confirming that post-divorce custody arrangements, even those agreed upon between the parties, can be revised when circumstances change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 6155\/2540 (1997):<\/strong>\u00a0This decision addressed jurisdictional rules for custody disputes arising from divorce agreements registered at a district office, a reminder that choosing the correct court is a threshold issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 3772\/2565 (2022):<\/strong>\u00a0A new custody petition is not barred as a \u201crepeat claim\u201d (\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e0b\u0e49\u0e33) when the earlier case ended by compromise without a substantive ruling on the merits. Parents retain the right to bring fresh petitions based on current circumstances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 1616\/2518 (1975):<\/strong>\u00a0Even where the father normally holds parental authority, the court left a two-year-old child with the mother, reasoning that a very young child\u2019s need for stability and maternal warmth outweighed the father\u2019s custodial claim, preserving the modification pathway under Section 1521.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These decisions, taken together, paint a clear picture:\u00a0<strong>Thai courts have the tools and the willingness to address parental conduct that harms a child\u2019s relationship with the other parent.<\/strong>\u00a0The key is presenting concrete, documented evidence, not psychological theories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"criminal-dimensions\">Criminal Dimensions: When Alienation Crosses Into Abduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many foreign parents ask whether Thailand\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/criminal-law-thailand\/\">criminal law<\/a>\u00a0offers protection against parental alienation. The answer requires precision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sections 317-319 of the Thai Criminal Code<\/strong>\u00a0address the offence of \u201ctaking away\u201d a minor (\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e4c). However, these provisions are designed for situations involving the\u00a0<strong>physical removal or concealment of a child<\/strong>, not psychological manipulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Section 317<\/strong>\u00a0criminalizes taking a child aged 15 or under away from their parent, guardian or carer without reasonable cause.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Section 318<\/strong>\u00a0covers taking a minor over 15 but not over 18 away from their parent, guardian or carer where the minor does not go willingly.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Section 319<\/strong>\u00a0covers taking a minor over 15 but not over 18 away from their parent, guardian or carer for profit or for an indecent purpose, where the minor goes willingly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What this means in practice:<\/strong>\u00a0If a custodial parent physically relocates the child to another province or country without the other parent\u2019s consent, or conceals the child\u2019s whereabouts in defiance of a court order, Sections 317-319 may apply. Police and prosecutors can act on this basis. For more on this topic, see our article on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/child-abduction-in-thailand\/\">child abduction in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However,\u00a0<strong>these provisions do not cover psychological alienation<\/strong>. A parent who speaks negatively about the other parent, discourages phone calls, or subtly undermines the child\u2019s affection is not committing an offence under Sections 317-319, because there is no physical taking or concealment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Practical takeaway:<\/strong>\u00a0Do not rely on criminal law as your primary strategy for addressing alienating behavior. The criminal route is appropriate only when the child has been physically removed or hidden. For all other situations, the civil remedy is petitioning for custody modification under Section 1521 CCC . That\u2019s the correct legal avenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/parental-alienation-syndrome-thailand.webp\" alt=\"Parental alienation syndrome in Thailand infographic\" class=\"wp-image-14673\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"guidance-foreign-parents\">Practical Guidance for Foreign Parents in Thailand<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you are a foreign parent dealing with behavior that resembles parental alienation, here is what you need to know:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-thai-courts-require-concrete-evidence-not-theories\">1. Thai Courts Require Concrete Evidence, Not Theories<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do not walk into a Thai courtroom and argue \u201cparental alienation syndrome.\u201d The judge will not be familiar with the concept, and it may undermine your credibility. Instead, focus on specific, documented conduct: dates your visitation was denied, evidence of school enrollment changes made without your knowledge, screenshots of messages showing the other parent instructing the child not to speak with you, and witness statements from teachers, neighbors, or family members. The mother in Supreme Court Decision 819\/2546 won precisely because she could demonstrate persistent, documented efforts to see her child despite being blocked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-include-an-anti-alienation-clause-in-your-settlement\">2. Include an Anti-Alienation Clause in Your Settlement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Settlements approved by the court can carry a ban on either parent disparaging the other; the agreement in 2998\/2565 had one, and a compromise judgment is enforceable like any judgment (7547\/2561 enforced one on the child\u2019s surname). If you are negotiating a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/divorce-in-thailand\/\">divorce<\/a> settlement or custody arrangement, include such a clause. A breach is also evidence of improper conduct under Section 1521.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-changed-circumstances-are-your-legal-basis\">3. Changed Circumstances Are Your Legal Basis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under Section 1521 CCC, you do not need to prove the original custody agreement was wrong, only that circumstances have materially changed and the child\u2019s welfare now requires a different arrangement (Decision 448\/2546). Alienating behavior that develops\u00a0<em>after<\/em>\u00a0a custody order is made, such as blocking access, relocating the child, or coaching the child against you, constitutes a change of circumstances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-non-compliance-has-real-consequences\">4. Non-Compliance Has Real Consequences<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If your co-parent refuses to follow custody orders, the court may change who exercises parental power under Section 1521 (Decision 448\/2546 is an example of a change on changed circumstances). Document every instance of non-compliance. These records form the foundation of a modification petition under Section 1521, or, in extreme cases, a revocation petition under Section 1582.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-obtain-a-court-order-early\">5. Obtain a Court Order Early<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you are separated but do not yet have a formal custody order, you are in a vulnerable position. Without a court order, there is no legal mechanism to enforce visitation. The custodial parent (often the mother, by default under Thai law for children born outside marriage per Sections 1546 and 1566 CCC) has no obligation to allow access.\u00a0<strong>Get a court order as early as possible.<\/strong>\u00a0A\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/child-custody-lawyer-in-bangkok\/\">child custody lawyer in Bangkok<\/a>\u00a0can help you initiate this process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-foreign-parents-have-equal-standing\">6. Foreign Parents Have Equal Standing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nationality plays no part in the Civil and Commercial Code\u2019s custody rules, and foreign parents succeed in Thai courts: in Supreme Court Decision 2199\/2561 an American father was confirmed as the child\u2019s legitimate father with sole parental power, and in 3902\/2568 the trial court ordered a Thai mother to sign the documents for the children\u2019s Belgian nationality. If you are an expatriate parent, do not assume the court will automatically favor a Thai mother over a foreign father in matters of child custody in Thailand. The law applies equally, and the court\u2019s sole focus is the welfare of the child. Read more about\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/legalization-of-fathers-rights-in-thailand\/\">father\u2019s rights in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Legal actions regarding Parental Alienation Syndrome in Thailand remain sensitive and require careful handling to ensure the child\u2019s emotional safety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-document-everything\">7. Document Everything<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thai courts rely heavily on documentary evidence. Keep records of every denied visit, every unanswered phone call, every unilateral decision made about the child. Photographs, LINE\/WhatsApp messages, school records, medical records, all of these can support your case. The more specific and timestamped your evidence, the stronger your petition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-be-the-cooperative-parent\">8. Be the Cooperative Parent<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Courts look favorably on the parent who facilitates, rather than obstructs, the child\u2019s relationship with both parents. If you are seen as the reasonable, cooperative parent while the other parent is blocking access, this disparity works powerfully in your favor under Section 1521.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"building-your-case\">Building Your Case: Evidence That Thai Courts Accept<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To succeed in a custody modification petition under Section 1521 CCC, you must demonstrate a material change of circumstances. Here are the types of evidence Thai courts consider persuasive:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"direct-evidence-of-obstruction\">Direct Evidence of Obstruction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Documented instances where the custodial parent refused court-ordered visitation, records showing the child was not made available at agreed times, evidence of the child being taken to a different location during scheduled visits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"communication-evidence\">Communication Evidence<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Screenshots of messages (LINE, WhatsApp, SMS) showing the custodial parent discouraging the child from contacting the other parent, evidence of blocked phone numbers, recordings (where legally obtained) of the custodial parent making disparaging remarks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"institutional-records\">Institutional Records<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">School enrollment changes made without the non-custodial parent\u2019s knowledge, medical decisions taken without consultation, evidence that the custodial parent provided false information to schools or hospitals about the other parent\u2019s status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"witness-testimony\">Witness Testimony<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Statements from teachers who observed changes in the child\u2019s behavior or attitude toward a parent, testimony from family members or mutual friends, professional assessments from child psychologists (while PAS itself is not recognized, a psychologist\u2019s observation that a child has been coached or influenced is admissible evidence).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"evidence-of-relocation-or-concealment\">Evidence of Relocation or Concealment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Any evidence that the custodial parent moved the child to a new address without informing the other parent, changed the child\u2019s school without consent, or made plans to leave the country with the child. See also:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/child-abduction-in-thailand\/\">child abduction in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Important:<\/strong>\u00a0Thailand\u2019s privacy and recording laws apply. Ensure that any evidence you gather is obtained lawfully, especially in the context of international child abduction cases. Illegally obtained recordings may be inadmissible and could expose you to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/criminal-law-thailand\/\">criminal liability<\/a>. Always consult with your lawyer before conducting any form of surveillance or recording.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"preventing-pas\">Preventing Parental Alienation in Thailand: 8 Practical Steps<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the legal remedies described above provide recourse when alienation has already occurred, prevention is always preferable. Here are eight practical steps every parent should take:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a-encourage-open-communication\">a) Encourage Open Communication<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Create a safe space where your child feels comfortable expressing their feelings about both parents. Listen without judgment and validate their emotions. Children caught between parents need to know it is okay to love both.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"preventing-parental-alienation-syndrome-in-thailand\">Preventing Parental Alienation Syndrome in Thailand<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"b-avoid-negative-talk\">b) Avoid Negative Talk<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Never speak negatively about the other parent in front of your child, regardless of how you feel. Children internalize these remarks and suffer emotionally. If your settlement contains a non-disparagement clause, it binds you as much as the other parent: set the standard yourself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c-co-parent-positively\">c) Co-Parent Positively<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Work with the other parent to make decisions that benefit your child. Cooperation demonstrates to the court, and more importantly to your child, that you prioritize their welfare. If direct communication is difficult, consider using a structured co-parenting app or mediator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"d-seek-professional-help\">d) Seek Professional Help<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you suspect alienating behavior, consult both a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/child-custody-lawyer-in-bangkok\/\">family lawyer<\/a>\u00a0and a child psychologist. A psychologist can document the child\u2019s emotional state and provide professional observations that carry weight in court, even though PAS itself is not recognized as a diagnosis in Thailand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e-educate-yourself-and-others\">e) Educate Yourself and Others<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Understanding\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/family-law-consultation\/\">Thai family law<\/a>\u00a0and the dynamics of parental alienation helps you recognize early warning signs and respond effectively. Share this knowledge with family members and caregivers involved in your child\u2019s life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"f-respect-parenting-time\">f) Respect Parenting Time<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you are the custodial parent, scrupulously respect the other parent\u2019s access schedule. Section 1584\/1 CCC protects the non-custodial parent\u2019s right to visit and maintain a relationship with the child. Obstruction can lead to custody modification under Section 1521.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"g-promote-family-activities\">g) Promote Family Activities<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Encourage your child to maintain relationships with both sides of the family. Grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins provide essential emotional support. Cutting a child off from their extended family is detrimental and compounds the harm of alienation, affecting their overall well-being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-set-a-positive-example\">h) Set a Positive Example<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Your child watches how you handle conflict, stress, and the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/divorce-in-thailand\/\">divorce process<\/a>. Model respectful behavior, emotional regulation, and constructive problem-solving. This not only helps your child\u2019s emotional development but also positions you favorably in any future court proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">Frequently Asked Questions About Parental Alienation in Thailand<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772494345819\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Is parental alienation syndrome in Thailand recognized by courts?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>No. Thai courts do not recognize \u201cParental Alienation Syndrome\u201d (PAS) as a legal doctrine or medical diagnosis. However, Thai family law provides effective remedies for the underlying behaviors. It includes custody modification under Section 1521 CCC and revocation of parental authority under Section 1582 CCC. The focus is on the parent\u2019s conduct and the child\u2019s welfare, not on psychological theories.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772494361011\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can I change custody if my ex is turning my child against me in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. Under Section 1521 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code, you can petition the court to modify custody arrangements when circumstances have materially changed. Alienating behavior such as blocking visitation, coaching the child to reject you, or making unilateral decisions about the child\u2019s life. These can constitute a change of circumstances. In Supreme Court Decision 819\/2546 a mother who had been kept from her child but kept trying to see him was given parental power.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772494375795\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Do foreign fathers have equal custody rights in Thai courts?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. Nothing in the Civil and Commercial Code distinguishes parents by nationality, and in Supreme Court Decision 2199\/2561 (2018) an American father was confirmed as the child\u2019s legitimate father with sole parental power. Foreign parents have equal standing to petition for custody, modification, or enforcement of custody orders. The court\u2019s sole focus is the best interest of the child. Learn more about\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/legalization-of-fathers-rights-in-thailand\/\">father\u2019s rights in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772494376679\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the difference between Section 1521 and Section 1582 CCC?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Section 1521 allows the court to\u00a0<strong>modify<\/strong>\u00a0custody arrangements, changing which parent has custody when circumstances have changed. Section 1582 allows the court to\u00a0<strong>revoke<\/strong>\u00a0a parent\u2019s parental authority. Revocation may be in part or in whole, where the parent exercises parental power improperly, behaves badly, or is under a court order of incompetency. Modification (1521) is the more common remedy; revocation (1582) is reserved for extreme cases.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772494415761\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can Thai courts enforce a \u201cno badmouthing\u201d clause in a divorce agreement?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>A non-disparagement clause can be written into a settlement the court approves, and a compromise judgment binds both parents (the agreement in Decision 2998\/2565 contained one), and a breach is evidence of improper conduct under Section 1521. We know of no Supreme Court decision that turned on breach of such a clause alone.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772494431978\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Is it a criminal offence to alienate a child from the other parent in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Not directly. Sections 317-319 of the Thai Criminal Code only cover the\u00a0<strong>physical removal or concealment<\/strong>\u00a0of a child, not psychological manipulation. A parent who badmouths the other parent or discourages phone contact is not committing a criminal offence. However, if a parent physically relocates the child or conceals their whereabouts without consent, criminal charges may apply. Read more about\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/child-abduction-in-thailand\/\">child abduction laws in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772494448528\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What evidence do I need to prove parental alienation in a Thai court?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Thai courts require concrete, documented evidence of specific conduct, not psychological diagnoses. Persuasive evidence includes: screenshots of messages (LINE, WhatsApp) showing obstruction, records of denied visitation with dates and times, school or medical records showing unilateral decisions, witness statements from teachers or family members, and evidence of relocation without consent. All evidence must be obtained lawfully under Thai privacy laws.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772494458579\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Who gets custody of a child born outside marriage in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Under Sections 1546 and 1566 CCC, the mother has sole parental authority over a child born outside marriage. The biological father must first\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/legalization-of-fathers-rights-in-thailand\/\">legitimize the child<\/a>, either through registration at the district office with the mother\u2019s consent or through a court order, before he has any legal standing to petition for custody or visitation rights. This makes early legal action especially important for unmarried foreign fathers.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772494491888\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can I file a new custody petition if my previous case was settled or withdrawn?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. Supreme Court Decision 3772\/2565 (2022) held that a new custody petition is not barred as a \u201crepeat claim\u201d (\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e0b\u0e49\u0e33) when the earlier case ended by compromise or withdrawal without a substantive ruling on the merits. You retain the right to bring a fresh petition based on current circumstances.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772494492645\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How much does it cost to file for custody modification in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Court filing fees for family cases in Thailand are relatively modest compared to Western jurisdictions. However, total costs depend on legal representation, evidence gathering, translation of documents, and the complexity of the case. Contact a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/child-custody-lawyer-in-bangkok\/\">child custody lawyer in Bangkok<\/a>\u00a0for a case assessment and fee estimate specific to your situation.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parental alienation syndrome is a serious problem in Thailand and other countries. It can harm a child\u2019s emotional and mental health for a long time and can even continue well into adulthood. Parents who are going through a separation or divorce should take extra measures to prevent PAS in Thailand. By committing to healthy co-parenting practices, parents are putting the child\u2019s needs first. They should seek out counseling and legal help when necessary. Parents can also stop Parental Alienation Syndrome in Thailand. They can also make sure their children keep good relationships with both parents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/realwomenofcanada.ca\/analysis-reports\/parent-alienation-syndrome-pas\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Parental Alienation Syndrome in Canada (2009) <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Parental alienation syndrome in Thailand (also known as \u201cPAS\u201d) or other countries is a type of emotional child abuse. It [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":11586,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"","tlo_reviewed_on":"","tlo_reviewed_by":"","tlo_edited_by":"","tlo_changelog":"[{\"date\":\"2026-11-04\",\"note\":\"Added the statute box with Thai, English and French text and checked the page against the official text\"}]","tlo_authority_on":"1","tlo_box_sections":"","tlo_box_cases":"","rank_math_focus_keyword":"parental alienation thailand","rank_math_title":"","rank_math_description":"Parental alienation and Thai custody law: why the syndrome is not recognised here, what CCC sections 1520, 1521 and 1582 cover, and how courts assess.","rank_math_breadcrumb_title":"Parental Alienation Thailand","rank_math_canonical_url":""},"class_list":["post-276","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/276","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=276"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/276\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12405,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/276\/revisions\/12405"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11586"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=276"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u0e14\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e25\u0e22\u0e39\u0e1e\u0e35","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}