{"id":300,"date":"2023-06-05T12:46:21","date_gmt":"2023-06-05T05:46:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/title-deeds-in-thailand\/"},"modified":"2026-11-04T02:04:42","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T19:04:42","slug":"title-deeds-in-thailand","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/title-deeds-in-thailand\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22: \u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19, \u0e19.\u0e2a. 3 \u0e01., \u0e19.\u0e2a. 3, \u0e2a.\u0e04. 1, \u0e20.\u0e1a.\u0e17. 5, \u0e2a.\u0e1b.\u0e01. 4-01, \u0e20.\u0e14.\u0e2a. 3, \u0e2f\u0e25\u0e2f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"background:#fff8e1;border-left:5px solid #b8860b;padding:16px 18px;margin:20px 0;\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>What changed:<\/strong> Transfer and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/mortgage\/\">mortgage<\/a> registration fees are cut to <strong>0.01%<\/strong> on qualifying residential property up to 7 million baht. The standard rates are 2% transfer and 1% mortgage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Effective:<\/strong> 1 July 2026 to <strong>30 June 2027<\/strong>, under two Ministry of Interior announcements published in the Royal Gazette on 1 July 2026.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Who it affects:<\/strong> <strong>Individual Thai nationals only.<\/strong> Both announcements require the buyer to be a Thai national, so a foreign buyer registering under the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/foreign-quota\/\">foreign quota<\/a> pays the standard 2% <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/property-transfer-taxes\/\">transfer fee<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>What to do now:<\/strong> If you are a foreign buyer, budget the full 2%. The reduction still matters to you on resale, because a Thai buyer purchasing from you before 30 June 2027 may qualify.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;\"><small><strong>Last verified:<\/strong> 1 August 2026 against the two Ministry of Interior announcements published in the Royal Gazette on 1 July 2026.<\/small><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Understanding the different types of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/title-deeds-in-thailand\/\">land title deeds in Thailand<\/a> is absolutely crucial before purchasing property. These documents define ownership rights, boundary accuracy, and the overall security of your investment. This guide explains the most common title deeds. It looks at the differences between the top levels of land titles. These are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/chanote\/\">Chanote<\/a> (Nor Sor Si Jor \/ NS4J), Nor Sor Sam Gor (NS3G), and Nor Sor Sam (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/ns3\/\">NS3<\/a>). Knowing these differences is the first step towards secure land acquisition in Thailand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do note that we personally think title deeds should be in these 4 categories but there are always exceptions. These are made to make it easier for you to understand. They are the 1) Land Department 2) The Agricultural Reform 3) The Treasury Department Land and finally they land 4) Without Title deeds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Provincial Discretion Notice:<\/strong>\u00a0While the Thai <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/thai-civil-and-commercial-code\/\">Civil and Commercial Code<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/land-code\/\">Land Code<\/a> Act B.E. 2497 provide a uniform national framework, day-to-day administration relies on the discretion of the presiding officials at each branch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/land-office\/\">Land Office<\/a>. Documentary requirements, registration procedures, and the level of scrutiny applied to foreign transactions can vary significantly between provinces. Always confirm exact requirements with the specific local Land Office registrar before executing any transaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\" id=\"Title-Deeds-in-Thailand\"><img alt=\"Title Deeds in Thailand\" class=\"wp-image-12115 tlo-responsive-img\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/title-deeds-in-thailand-photo.webp\" style=\"width:600px\" title=\"Title Deeds in Thailand\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p data-no-translation style=\"background:#fffaf0;border:1px solid #c2a25a;border-radius:8px;padding:12px 14px;color:#33485c;font-size:14.5px;margin:0 0 12px\"><strong>\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e0b\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32<\/strong> \u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19: \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e40\u0e19\u0e32\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e04\u0e33\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e22\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e17\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21 \u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32 \u0e3f4,900 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/product\/title-deed-check-thailand\/\" style=\"color:#0f2542;font-weight:600\">\u0e14\u0e39\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14 \u2192<\/a> \u00b7 \u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e02\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19 \u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32 \u0e3f990 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/product\/land-house-sale-purchase-thailand-english\/\" style=\"color:#0f2542;font-weight:600\">\u0e14\u0e39\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32 \u2192<\/a><br\/><span style=\"color:#7a8694;font-size:13px\">Title Deed Check: certified Land Office copy, translation and lawyer&#8217;s report, 4,900 THB. Bilingual land and house sale agreement, 990 THB.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#decision-guide\">1. Decision Guide for Expats: Start Here<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#four-categories\">2. The Four Categories of Land Documents in Thailand<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#category-1\">3. Category 1: Land Department Titles\u00a0(\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#category-2\">4. Category 2: Agricultural Reform Land\u00a0(\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e2a.\u0e1b.\u0e01. 4-01)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#category-3\">5. Category 3: Treasury Department Land\u00a0(\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e38)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#category-4\">6. Category 4: Land Without Title Deeds\u00a0(\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#comparison-table\">7. Master Comparison Table: All Thai Land Documents<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#garuda-colors\">8. Understanding the Garuda Emblem Colors\u00a0(\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e23\u0e38\u0e11)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#registration-rules\">9. Land Office Registration Rules Expats Must Know<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#due-diligence\">10. The Essential Due Diligence Workflow for Expatriates<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#supreme-court\">11. Supreme Court Decisions: Legal Authority on Title Deeds<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#measurements\">12. Thai Land Measurements: Rai, Ngan, Wah\u00a0(\u0e44\u0e23\u0e48, \u0e07\u0e32\u0e19, \u0e15\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e07\u0e27\u0e32)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#scams\">13. Common Property Scams Targeting Expatriates<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#how-to-obtain-land-documents-in-thailand\">14. How to check a title deeds in Thailand and Obtaining Land Documents from the Land Department<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#faq\">15. Frequently Asked Questions About Title Deeds in Thailand<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#understanding-encumbrances-and-registered-rights\">Understanding Encumbrances and Registered Rights<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"decision-guide\">1. Decision Guide for Expats: Start Here<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before reading the detailed analysis below, answer one question:\u00a0<strong>will the Land Office register the right you need?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most expatriates want to either\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/buying-a-condominium-in-thailand\/\">purchase a condominium<\/a>, register a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/lease-agreement-in-thailand\/\">long-term lease<\/a>\u00a0on land, or secure a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/superficies-in-thailand\/\">right of superficies<\/a>\u00a0to own a building. Under\u00a0Land Code Section 4 bis, transfer of ownership or possessory rights for land with a Title Deed or Utilization Certificate must be in writing and registered with the competent official. Under\u00a0CCC Section 538, a lease of immovable property exceeding three years is enforceable only for three years unless it is made in writing and registered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"first-question-what-document-are-you-looking-at\">First Question: What Document Are You Looking At?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the land comes with a\u00a0<strong>Chanote<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>(\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19)<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/nor-sor-3-gor\/\">Nor Sor 3 Gor<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<strong>(\u0e19.\u0e2a.3 \u0e01.)<\/strong>, you are dealing with a Land Department-issued document that allows registration of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/lease-agreement-in-thailand\/\">leases<\/a>, mortgages,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/\">usufructs<\/a>, and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/superficies-in-thailand\/\">superficies<\/a>. These are the only documents most expatriates should consider. For a full overview, see our\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/property-guide-for-foreigners-in-thailand\/\">property guide for foreigners in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you are offered anything else, a Nor Sor 3, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/sor-kor-1\/\">Sor Kor 1<\/a>, a Por Bor Tor 5, or SPK 4-01 land, treat it as high-risk and conduct a thorough title-status verification before paying anything.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-fastest-safe-next-step\">The Fastest Safe Next Step<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Request a\u00a0<strong>Land Office title search<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>(\u0e04\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19)<\/strong>. The Department of Lands warns that LandsMaps is only basic information and not legal evidence. Only a physical verification at the Land Office confirms ownership, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/encumbrance\/\">encumbrances<\/a>, seizures, and document authenticity. Read our\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/due-diligence-in-thailand\/\">complete due diligence guide<\/a>\u00a0and learn\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/how-to-read-title-deed-in-thailand\/\">how to read a Thai title deed<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<style data-noptimize=\"1\">.tlo-lb{border:2px solid #1E3455;background:#fff;margin:28px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;color:#1b1b1b}.tlo-lb h2.tlo-lb-h{background:#1E3455;color:#fff;font-size:19px;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:12px 16px}.tlo-lb-tabs{position:relative;padding-top:44px;background:#fff}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:absolute;top:0;width:33.334%;height:44px;line-height:44px;text-align:center;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;list-style:none;background:#eef0f4;color:#1E3455;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:3px solid 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b=document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb-tabs\");b.forEach(function(g){var t=g.querySelectorAll(\":scope>details\");t.forEach(function(d){d.firstElementChild.addEventListener(\"click\",function(e){if(d.open){e.preventDefault()}})})});var s=[];addEventListener(\"beforeprint\",function(){s=[];document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb details\").forEach(function(d){s.push([d,d.open,d.getAttribute(\"name\")]);d.removeAttribute(\"name\");d.open=true})});addEventListener(\"afterprint\",function(){s.forEach(function(x){x[0].open=x[1];if(x[2]){x[0].setAttribute(\"name\",x[2])}})})})();});<\/script><section class=\"tlo-lb notranslate\" data-no-translation data-no-dynamic-translation translate=\"no\" aria-label=\"\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\"><h2 class=\"tlo-lb-h\">\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49<\/h2><div class=\"tlo-lb-tabs\"><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"en\" data-no-translation><summary>English<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1 <small>General Provisions<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">In this Code: \u201cLand\u201d means the land surface everywhere, and includes mountains, hills, streams, ponds, canals, swamps, marshes, waterways, lakes, islands and the sea coast. \u201cRights in land\u201d means ownership, and includes possessory rights. \u201cPre-emption certificate\u201d means the document showing authorisation of temporary occupation of land. \u201cCertificate of use\u201d means the document from the competent official certifying that the land has already been put to use. \u201cLand particulars certificate\u201d means the paper showing the inquiry for the purpose of issuing a title deed, and includes the plot identification slip. \u201cTitle deed\u201d means the document showing ownership of the land, and includes a land title deed with map, a pre-emption title deed, and a pre-emption certificate stamped \u201cALREADY PUT TO USE\u201d. \u201cSurvey\u201d means the survey and recording of boundaries, or the computation of area, in order to determine the location of the boundary lines or the area of the land. \u201cLand trading\u201d: repealed by the Land Code Amendment Act (No.12), B.E. 2551 (2008). \u201cPublic body\u201d means (1) central administration, provincial administration or local administration; (2) other agencies of the State which are not State enterprises. \u201cCommittee\u201d means the Land Allocation Committee. \u201cCompetent official\u201d means the official acting under this Code, and any other official appointed by the Minister to act under this Code. \u201cDirector-General\u201d means the Director-General of the Department of Lands. \u201cMinister\u201d means the Minister having charge under the Act Promulgating the Land Code and under this Code.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-1\/#section-1\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 4 bis <small>General Provisions<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">As from the date this Announcement of the National Executive Council comes into force, transfer of ownership of or possessory right to land with a title deed or certificate of utilization shall be made in writing and registered with the competent officer.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">Unofficial translation by the Office of the Council of State<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-1\/#section-4-bis\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1299<\/h3><p>Subject to other provisions of this Code or other laws, an acquisition by juristic act of immovable property, or of a real right in it, is not complete unless the act is made in writing and registered by the competent official. A right acquired otherwise than by juristic act cannot be dealt with on the register until it is registered, and until then it cannot be set up against a third person who acquired for value and in good faith and registered his right in good faith.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Subject to the provisions of this Code or of other laws, an acquisition by juristic act of immovable property, or of a real right appertaining to immovable property, is not complete unless the juristic act is made in writing and the acquisition is registered with the competent official.\n Where a person acquires immovable property, or a real right appertaining to immovable property, otherwise than by juristic act, the acquirer&#039;s right, so long as it has not been registered, cannot be the subject of any change in the register, and that unregistered right may not be set up against a third person who has acquired a right for value and in good faith and has registered that right in good faith.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1299\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1382<\/h3><p>If you possess someone else&#039;s land peacefully, openly, and as if you owned it for ten unbroken years (five for movables), you become the legal owner. This is Thai adverse possession.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">A person who, peacefully and openly, possesses the property of another with the intention of being its owner acquires ownership of such property when he has been continuously in possession for a period of ten years if the property is immovable, or five years if it is movable.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1382\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1375<\/h3><p>A possessor unlawfully deprived of possession may reclaim it within one year of dispossession, unless the other party holds a better right; after one year, the dispossessed person loses the possessory action.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">If a possessor is unlawfully deprived of possession, the possessor is entitled to recover possession, unless the other party has a better right to the property which would entitle him to recover it from the possessor.\n An action for recovery of possession must be brought within one year from the time of dispossession.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1375\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 58 bis <small>Issuance of Documents Showing Rights in Land<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Ater the survey, mapping or investigation of land utilization in accordance with Section 58, the competent officer shall issue a title deed or certificate of utilization, as the case may be, to the person under paragraph two when it appears that a title deed or certificate of utilization can be issued for the land possessed by such person in accordance with the provisions of this Code. The persons to whom the competent officer can issue a title deed or 10) B.E. 2550 (2007). certificate of utilization under paragraph one are: (1) a person who has evidence of notification of his possession of land, pre-emption certificate, certificate of utilization, pre-emption certificate title deed, pre- emption certificate stamped \u201chas been utilized\u201d, or who has right to land under the law on land allocation for livelihood; (2) a person who has complied with Section 27 ter; (3) a person who possesses and utilizes the land after the effective date of this Code without a pre-emption certificate, or any evidence of right under the law on land allocation for livelihood. For the purposes of this Section, a person having evidence of notification of his possession of land under paragraph two (1) shall include a person who has possessed and utilized the land subsequently to such person. A title deed or certificate of utilization, as the case may be, of a parcel of not more than 50 rai of land shall be issued to the person under paragraph two (2) and (3). In the case where the title deed or certificate of utilization is issued on a parcel of more than 50 rai of land, specific permission for each issuance shall be obtained from the Provincial Governor in accordance with the regulations prescribed by the Commission. Within ten years as from the date he received the title deed or certificate of utilization in accordance with paragraph one, the person under paragraph two (3) who acquires the right to the land is prohibited from transferring such land to other person except by way of inheritance or transfer to a public body, government organization under the law on establishment of government organizations, state enterprise established by an Act, or transfer to a cooperative for performance of obligation with the approval from the cooperative registrar. Within the period of transfer prohibition under paragraph five such land is not subject to execution.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">Unofficial translation by the Office of the Council of State<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-4\/#section-58-bis\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 538<\/h3><p>Any lease of immovable property is unenforceable by action without written evidence signed by the party liable. A lease for more than 3 years, or for the life of the lessee or lessor, must also be made in writing and registered, otherwise it is enforceable only for 3 years.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">A hire of immovable property is not enforceable by action unless there is some written evidence signed by the party liable. If the hire is for more than three years, or for the life of the hirer or of the letter, it is enforceable by action for three years only, unless it is made in writing and registered with the competent official.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-538\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 86 <small>Limitation of Aliens Right in Land<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">An alien may acquire land only by virtue of the provisions of a treaty which provides that ownership of immovable property may be held, and subject also to the provisions of this Code.\n Subject to section 84, such an alien may acquire land for residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, cemetery, public charity or religious purposes only in accordance with the conditions and procedure prescribed by ministerial regulation, and permission must be obtained from the Minister.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">Unofficial translation by the Office of the Council of State<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-86\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"th\" data-no-translation open><summary>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\u201c \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e44\u0e1b \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e27\u0e21\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07 \u0e20\u0e39\u0e40\u0e02\u0e32 \u0e2b\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22 \u0e2b\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e04\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e1a\u0e36\u0e07 \u0e1a\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e25\u0e33\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33 \u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e25\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e1a \u0e40\u0e01\u0e32\u0e30 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e25\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\n\u201c \u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e27\u0e21\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\n\u201c \u0e43\u0e1a\u0e08\u0e2d\u0e07 \u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e04\u0e23\u0e32\u0e27\n\u201c \u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e33\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c \u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e33\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e17\u0e33\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\n\u201c \u0e43\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e27\u0e19 \u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e27\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e27\u0e21\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e33\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\n\u201c \u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e04\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e27\u0e21\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e41\u0e1c\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e08\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e08\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u201c \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e17\u0e33\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27 \u201d\n\u201c \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e31\u0e07\u0e27\u0e31\u0e14 \u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e31\u0e07\u0e27\u0e31\u0e14\u0e1b\u0e31\u0e01\u0e40\u0e02\u0e15 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e40\u0e02\u0e15 \u0e08\u0e14 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e33\u0e19\u0e27\u0e13\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e31\u0e07\u0e27\u0e31\u0e14 \u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e17\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e19\u0e27\u0e40\u0e02\u0e15\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e19\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\n\u201c \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u201d (\u0e22\u0e01\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01)\n\u201c \u0e17\u0e1a\u0e27\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07 \u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\n(\u0e51) \u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e01\u0e25\u0e32\u0e07 \u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e20\u0e39\u0e21\u0e34\u0e20\u0e32\u0e04 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e17\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e16\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19\n(\u0e52) \u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e27\u0e22\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e27\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\n\u201c \u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 \u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\n\u201c \u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\u201c \u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35 \u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\n\u201c \u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35 \u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-1\/#section-1\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 4 \u0e17\u0e27\u0e34<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e19\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e28\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e27\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e33\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e33\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-1\/#section-4-bis\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1299<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e39\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e17\u0e33\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\n\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e44\u0e0b\u0e23\u0e49 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e30\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e19\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e22\u0e01\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e21\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1299\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1382<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e43\u0e14\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e34\u0e14\u0e40\u0e1c\u0e22\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e40\u0e08\u0e15\u0e19\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e44\u0e0b\u0e23\u0e49 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1382\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1375<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e41\u0e22\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e21\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e44\u0e0b\u0e23\u0e49 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e04\u0e37\u0e19\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e35\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e14\u0e35\u0e01\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e04\u0e37\u0e19\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e04\u0e37\u0e19\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e41\u0e22\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1375\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 58 \u0e17\u0e27\u0e34<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e23\u0e31\u0e07\u0e27\u0e31\u0e14\u0e17\u0e33\u0e41\u0e1c\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e08\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e27\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e33\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e55\u0e58 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e33\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c \u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e04\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07 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\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e27\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e01\u0e17\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e21\u0e23\u0e14\u0e01 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e27\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07 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\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e2b\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e21\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e2b\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c\n\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e23\u0e30\u0e22\u0e30\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e04\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32 \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e02\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-4\/#section-58-bis\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 538<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e43\u0e14\u0e25\u0e07\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e0a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e04\u0e31\u0e0d \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e30\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e01\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e1b \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e22\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e0b\u0e23\u0e49 \u0e2b\u0e32\u0e01\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e17\u0e33\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e08\u0e30\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e35<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-538\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 86<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e01\u0e47\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e28\u0e31\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\n\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e15\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e58\u0e54 \u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e27\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e28\u0e31\u0e22 \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e2d\u0e38\u0e15\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e19 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e38\u0e28\u0e25\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e18\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e30 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e28\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e32 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e07\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e44\u0e02\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e23\u0e27\u0e07 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-86\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"fr\" data-no-translation><summary>Fran\u00e7ais<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1<\/h3><p>D\u00e9finit notamment terrain (y compris montagnes, cours d&#039;eau, lacs, \u00eeles, rivage), droits fonciers (propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et droit de possession), bai chong, certificat d&#039;utilisation, titre foncier (chanote), arpentage, organisme public, comit\u00e9, agent comp\u00e9tent, directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et ministre.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-1\/#section-1\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 4 bis<\/h3><p>Le transfert de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 ou du droit de possession d&#039;un terrain avec chanote ou certificat d&#039;utilisation doit \u00eatre fait par \u00e9crit et enregistr\u00e9 aupr\u00e8s de l&#039;agent comp\u00e9tent.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-1\/#section-4-bis\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1299<\/h3><p>Sous r\u00e9serve des dispositions du pr\u00e9sent Code ou d&#039;autres lois, l&#039;acquisition par acte juridique d&#039;un immeuble ou d&#039;un droit r\u00e9el immobilier n&#039;est parfaite que si l&#039;acte juridique est fait par \u00e9crit et si l&#039;acquisition est enregistr\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s du fonctionnaire comp\u00e9tent.\n\nLorsqu&#039;une personne acquiert un immeuble ou un droit r\u00e9el immobilier autrement que par un acte juridique, le droit de l&#039;acqu\u00e9reur, tant qu&#039;il n&#039;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9, ne peut donner lieu \u00e0 aucune modification du registre, et ce droit non enregistr\u00e9 ne peut \u00eatre oppos\u00e9 au tiers qui a acquis un droit \u00e0 titre on\u00e9reux et de bonne foi et qui a fait enregistrer ce droit de bonne foi.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1299\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1382<\/h3><p>Toute personne qui poss\u00e8de le bien d&#039;autrui paisiblement et publiquement, avec l&#039;intention d&#039;en \u00eatre propri\u00e9taire, en acquiert la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 si elle l&#039;a poss\u00e9d\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re continue pendant dix ans s&#039;il s&#039;agit d&#039;un immeuble, ou pendant cinq ans s&#039;il s&#039;agit d&#039;un meuble.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1382\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1375<\/h3><p>Le possesseur ill\u00e9galement d\u00e9poss\u00e9d\u00e9 peut r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer la possession, sauf droit sup\u00e9rieur de l&#039;autre partie. L&#039;action doit \u00eatre intent\u00e9e dans l&#039;ann\u00e9e de la d\u00e9possession.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1375\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 58 bis<\/h3><p>Apr\u00e8s l&#039;arpentage, l&#039;agent d\u00e9livre chanote ou certificat aux personnes \u00e9ligibles; pour les cas (2) et (3), cinquante rai maximum sauf approbation du gouverneur. Les personnes du cas (3) ne peuvent c\u00e9der pendant dix ans, sauf succession et exceptions; le terrain est alors insaisissable.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-4\/#section-58-bis\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 538<\/h3><p>Le louage d&#039;un immeuble ne peut donner lieu \u00e0 une action en ex\u00e9cution en justice s&#039;il n&#039;existe aucun \u00e9crit, de quelque nature que ce soit, sign\u00e9 par la partie tenue. Si le louage est conclu pour une dur\u00e9e sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 trois ans, ou pour la dur\u00e9e de la vie du preneur ou du bailleur, et qu&#039;il n&#039;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 fait par \u00e9crit et enregistr\u00e9 aupr\u00e8s de l&#039;officier comp\u00e9tent, il ne peut donner lieu \u00e0 une action en ex\u00e9cution que pour trois ans.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-538\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 86<\/h3><p>Un \u00e9tranger ne peut acqu\u00e9rir un terrain qu&#039;en vertu des dispositions d&#039;un trait\u00e9 qui permet d&#039;avoir la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 d&#039;un bien immobilier, et sous r\u00e9serve \u00e9galement des dispositions du pr\u00e9sent Code.\n\nSous r\u00e9serve de l&#039;article 84, cet \u00e9tranger ne peut acqu\u00e9rir un terrain \u00e0 usage d&#039;habitation, d&#039;activit\u00e9 commerciale, industrielle ou agricole, de cimeti\u00e8re, de bienfaisance publique ou de culte que conform\u00e9ment aux conditions et \u00e0 la proc\u00e9dure fix\u00e9es par r\u00e8glement minist\u00e9riel, et il doit obtenir l&#039;autorisation du Ministre.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-86\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-cases\"><h3>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/8015-2551-right-of-habitation-binds-parties-without-registration\/\">8015\/2551<\/a> (2008): \u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19 \u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e01\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32 \u0e41\u0e21\u0e49\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e22\u0e31\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/4655-2566-lease-term-limit\/\">4655\/2566<\/a> (2023): \u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32 30+30+30 \u0e1b\u0e35\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e30\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32\u0e25\u0e48\u0e27\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32 \u0e04\u0e33\u0e21\u0e31\u0e48\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e42\u0e21\u0e06\u0e30 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32 30 \u0e1b\u0e35\u0e41\u0e23\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e1a\u0e39\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/6763-2541-renewal-promise-does-not-bind-new-owner\/\">6763\/2541<\/a> (1998): \u0e04\u0e33\u0e21\u0e31\u0e48\u0e19\u0e08\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34 \u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e01\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e04\u0e33\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e25<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/2690-2538-nominee-land-void\/\">2690\/2538<\/a> (1995): \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e14 \u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e38\u0e49\u0e21\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-src\"><h3>\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e32<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19, Office of the Council of State<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 31 \u0e15\u0e38\u0e25\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2569<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e4c, Office of the Council of State<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 31 \u0e15\u0e38\u0e25\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2569<\/li><li>deka.supremecourt.or.th, Supreme Court of Thailand decisions database (copy held in our library), \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 19 \u0e01\u0e38\u0e21\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\u0e18\u0e4c 2569<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"four-categories\">2. The Four Categories of Land Documents in Thailand<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thailand\u2019s land documentation system is more complex than most Western jurisdictions. Rather than a single title registry, land documents are issued by different government agencies with vastly different legal effects. If you are considering\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/property-guide-for-foreigners-in-thailand\/\">buying property in Thailand<\/a>, understanding this system is the first step. We classify all Thai land documents into\u00a0<strong>four categories<\/strong>\u00a0based on the issuing authority and the level of legal protection they provide:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Category<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Issuing Authority<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Documents<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Legal Nature<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Expat Risk<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1. Land Department Titles<\/strong><\/td><td>Department of Lands<br\/><strong>\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19<\/strong><\/td><td>Chanote, NS3G, NS3, SK1<\/td><td>Ownership to notification of possession<\/td><td><strong>Low<\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0<strong>High<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2. Agricultural Reform<\/strong><\/td><td>ALRO<br\/><strong>\u0e2a\u0e1b\u0e01.<\/strong><\/td><td>SPK 4-01 (\u0e2a.\u0e1b.\u0e01. 4-01)<\/td><td>Agricultural allotment (restricted)<\/td><td><strong>Avoid<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>3. Treasury Department<\/strong><\/td><td>Treasury Department<br\/><strong>\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e18\u0e19\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e4c<\/strong><\/td><td>Ratchaphatsadu registry\u00a0<strong>(\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e38)<\/strong><\/td><td>Government-owned; lease only<\/td><td><strong>Special<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>4. No Title Deed<\/strong><\/td><td>SAO \/ Various<br\/><strong>\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e15.<\/strong><\/td><td>Por Bor Tor 5, Nor Kor 3<\/td><td>Tax receipt \/ informal claim<\/td><td><strong>Avoid<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"category-1\">3. Category 1: Land Department Titles\u00a0<strong>(\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Department of Lands\u00a0<strong>(\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19)<\/strong>\u00a0issues the primary land title documents in Thailand under the\u00a0Land Code Act B.E. 2497 (1954). These range from full freehold ownership (Chanote) down to a mere notification of possession (Sor Kor 1). Understanding the hierarchy is essential because the legal rights, registrable real rights, and risk levels are dramatically different.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"chanote\">3.1. Chanote\u00a0<strong>(\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \/ \u0e19\u0e2a.4 \u0e08.)<\/strong>, Full Freehold Ownership<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705 Verdict: SAFE to Invest<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Chanote is Thailand\u2019s gold standard of land ownership. It confers full freehold title (<strong>\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c<\/strong>) with GPS-surveyed boundaries and concrete marker posts. All real rights (leases, mortgages, usufructs, superficies) can be registered unconditionally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Chanote title deed (\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19) is the highest level of land document in Thailand.Its formal name is Nor Sor 4 Jor (\u0e19.\u0e2a.4 \u0e08.). It is identified by the\u00a0<strong>Red Garuda emblem<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>(\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e23\u0e38\u0e11\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e41\u0e14\u0e07)<\/strong>\u00a0and confers full ownership recognized by law, subject to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/adverse-possession\/\">adverse possession<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-1382\/\">CCC Section 1382<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"key-features-of-a-chanote\">Key Features of a Chanote<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Survey Precision:<\/strong>\u00a0Chanote land is surveyed using GPS grid coordinates with physical concrete marker posts\u00a0<strong>(\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e40\u0e02\u0e15\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19)<\/strong>\u00a0planted at each boundary corner. This greatly reduces the boundary ambiguity that plagues lower-tier documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\" id=\"Example-of-Nor-Sor-Sam-Jor\"><img alt=\"Real Example of a Red Chanote (Nor Sor 4 Jor)\" class=\"wp-image-17327 tlo-responsive-img\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/example-of-red-chanotte.webp\" style=\"width:500px;height:auto\" title=\"Example of a Red Chanote (Nor Sor 4 Jor)\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">Example of a Red Chanote, or full Chanote, also called Nor Sor 4 Jor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Full Ownership Rights:<\/strong>\u00a0The holder has complete legal ownership\u00a0<strong>(\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c)<\/strong>, not merely a possessory right. The owner can sell, subdivide, mortgage,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/lease-agreement-in-thailand\/\">lease<\/a>, grant\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/\">usufructs<\/a>, and grant\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/superficies-in-thailand\/\">superficies<\/a>, all registrable at the Land Office. For a comparison of these real rights, see\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-vs-lease-vs-superficies-thailand\/\">Lease, Usufruct, and Sap Ing Sith in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reading the Chanote: The front page shows the Red Garuda, deed number, and land area in Rai-Ngan-Wah (\u0e44\u0e23\u0e48-\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19-\u0e15\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e07\u0e27\u0e32). It also lists the survey map and the registered owner. The back page is just as important. It has the encumbrance index (\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19). This list shows all registered rights, mortgages, leases, seizures, and notes. For a detailed walkthrough, see our guide on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/how-to-read-title-deed-in-thailand\/\">how to read a title deed in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A key feature of the Chanote is its high level of boundary accuracy. The land is surveyed with modern tools like GPS. Boundaries are marked with permanent, numbered concrete posts. This precision greatly reduces the risk of future <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/title-deeds-in-thailand\/\">boundary disputes<\/a> with neighbors. Banks accept Chanote titles for financing because they are clear and secure. This makes transactions easier for both buyers and sellers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Adverse Possession Warning:<\/strong>\u00a0Even Chanote land is subject to adverse possession\u00a0<strong>(\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e4c)<\/strong>\u00a0under\u00a0CCC Section 1382. If someone else openly possesses your Chanote land for 10 continuous years, they acquire ownership by law, and a court order is what lets them register it. Until it is registered, that ownership cannot be raised against a buyer who paid for the land and registered in good faith (CCC Section 1299 paragraph two), but a buyer who could see someone else in possession may not be in good faith. Never leave Chanote land unattended and unfenced. Consider protecting your property through proper\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thailand-inheritance-guide-for-foreigners\/\">Thai inheritance law<\/a>\u00a0and a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/last-will-in-thailand\/\">last will in Thailand<\/a>. See Supreme Court authority below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ns3g\">3.2. Nor Sor 3 Gor\u00a0<strong>(\u0e19.\u0e2a.3 \u0e01.)<\/strong>, Confirmed Right of Possession<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u26a0\ufe0f Verdict: VIABLE with Conditions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NS3G confers a strong possessory right and allows registration of real rights. It is often upgradeable to Chanote. However, these boundaries rely on aerial surveys, not concrete marker posts. This creates a risk of differences between the documented and actual boundaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Nor Sor 3 Gor\u00a0<strong>(\u0e19.\u0e2a.3 \u0e01.)<\/strong>\u00a0carries the\u00a0<strong>Green Garuda emblem<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>(\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e23\u0e38\u0e11\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e40\u0e02\u0e35\u0e22\u0e27)<\/strong>\u00a0and represents a confirmed right of possession\u00a0<strong>(\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07)<\/strong>. It is a significant step below Chanote in legal weight because it confers\u00a0<em>possession<\/em>, not\u00a0<em>ownership<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Boundaries:<\/strong>\u00a0NS3G boundaries are derived from aerial photograph survey points rather than GPS ground surveys. There are no physical concrete marker posts. This creates a measurable risk of boundary discrepancy when the aerial coordinates are translated to ground level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Registrable Rights:<\/strong>\u00a0Despite being a possessory document, the Land Office will register\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/lease-agreement-in-thailand\/\">leases<\/a>, mortgages,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/\">usufructs<\/a>, and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/superficies-in-thailand\/\">superficies<\/a>\u00a0on NS3G land. Unlike the lower Nor Sor 3, NS3G transactions are exempt from the mandatory 30-day public notice period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Upgrade Path:<\/strong>\u00a0NS3G can be upgraded to Chanote by petitioning the Land Department for a GPS ground survey. If no boundary objections are raised by adjoining landowners, the upgrade typically proceeds. However, upgrades are\u00a0<em>not guaranteed<\/em>\u00a0and depend on land status, neighbor cooperation, and the local Land Office\u2019s processing queue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Deal Structuring Tip:<\/strong>\u00a0If purchasing NS3G land with an upgrade promise, never pay the full Chanote-equivalent price. The Sale and Purchase Agreement should include a pro-rata price adjustment clause based on the GPS-verified area. Any upgrade promise should be treated as potential upside, not guaranteed value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ns3\">3.3. Nor Sor 3\u00a0<strong>(\u0e19.\u0e2a.3)<\/strong>, Right of Possession (Unsurveyed)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u26a0\ufe0f Verdict: HIGH RISK, Proceed Only with Extreme Caution<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NS3 has unsurveyed boundaries and a high risk of boundary disputes.Any transaction requires a mandatory 30-day public notice. Best treated as a risk-discounted asset requiring upgrade before closing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Nor Sor 3\u00a0<strong>(\u0e19.\u0e2a.3)<\/strong>\u00a0carries the\u00a0<strong>Black Garuda emblem<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>(\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e23\u0e38\u0e11\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e14\u0e33)<\/strong>\u00a0and represents a basic right of possession. The main problem is that NS3 boundaries are not surveyed. They rely on rough, often vague descriptions, such as natural landmarks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mandatory 30-Day Notice: Any NS3 land transaction (sale, lease, or mortgage) needs a 30-day public notice (\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e28 30 \u0e27\u0e31\u0e19). The notice must be posted at the Land Office. It must also be posted at the District Office (\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e40\u0e20\u0e2d). It must also be posted at the property site. During this period, any third party may file an objection, immediately freezing the transaction. For example, you can register a usufruct on this kind of title deed but you must make a 30-Day notice first. They notifications are normally public and placed according to the regulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Supreme Court Authority: In \u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 4423\/2534 (Decision No. 4423\/2534), the Supreme Court addressed an NS3 land boundary dispute. Both parties claimed the disputed area was within their NS3 boundaries. Each side genuinely believed the disputed trees stood on their own land, and on that basis the Court held the matter civil rather than criminal. The wider point about unsurveyed NS3 boundaries is ours, not the Court\u2019s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One-Year Dispossession Rule: Under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-1375\/\">CCC Section 1375<\/a>, possessory rights under NS3 can be lost after one year. This period is much shorter than the 10-year adverse possession period for Chanote. This is a critical risk for absentee owners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sk1\">3.4. Sor Kor 1\u00a0<strong>(\u0e2a.\u0e04.1)<\/strong>, Notification of Possession (Legacy Claim)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u274c Verdict: NOT a Title Deed, Walk Away from Purchases<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sor Kor 1 is a notification of land use from the 1950s-1970s. It does NOT grant ownership. You cannot transfer it at the Land Office. You cannot register real rights on it. This includes leases and mortgages. The Land Department stopped issuing new SK1 documents in 1972.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Sor Kor 1\u00a0<strong>(\u0e2a.\u0e04.1)<\/strong>\u00a0is a historical notification document from the\u00a0Land Code Act B.E. 2497\u00a0era. It was issued to occupants who claimed possession of land before formal surveying programs reached their area. Boundaries are described using vague geographical references (\u201cfrom the large tree to the riverbank\u201d), making verification nearly impossible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img alt=\"Example of Sor Kor 1 Title Deed\" class=\"wp-image-9922 tlo-responsive-img\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/sor-kor-1.jpeg\" style=\"width:545px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">Example of a Sor Kor 1 notification of possession.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Transfer Limitations:<\/strong>\u00a0SK1 cannot be transferred through the Land Office registration system. Possession passes by handing over the land itself (CCC Section 1378), not the paper. Nothing is registered, so the buyer gets no registered title, although a person who took over possession from the holder can later apply for a title under Land Code sections 58 bis and 59.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Upgrade Process:<\/strong>\u00a0A holder of a Sor Kor 1, or someone who took over possession from the holder, can apply to the Land Office for a Chanote under Land Code sections 58 bis and 59, and no court order is needed to apply. The official issues it only if the land qualifies, so the outcome is not guaranteed, and a party unhappy with the Land Office&#8217;s ruling on a dispute has 60 days to go to court (section 60).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"category-2\">4. Category 2: Agricultural Reform Land\u00a0<strong>(\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e2a.\u0e1b.\u0e01. 4-01)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u274c Verdict: PROHIBITED for Foreigners, Non-Starter<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/spk\/\">SPK 4-01 land is allocated<\/a> exclusively to qualifying Thai farmers by ALRO. It cannot be sold, leased to foreigners, mortgaged commercially, or used for non-agricultural purposes. Even the 2024-2026 \u201cagricultural Chanote\u201d conversions retain these restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\" id=\"Sor-Por-Kor-Title-deed\"><img alt=\"Old Sor Por Kor with a red Garuda\" class=\"wp-image-17332 tlo-responsive-img\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/old-sor-por-kor-title-deed-red-chanotte.webp\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.7129012854501303;width:500px;height:auto\" title=\"Sor Por Kor Title deed\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">This is an example of Sor Por Kor 4-01. (\u0e2a.\u0e1b.\u0e01. 4-01).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SPK 4-01\u00a0<strong>(\u0e2a.\u0e1b.\u0e01. <\/strong>4-01) is issued under the Agricultural Land Reform Act B.E. 2518.It is managed by the Agricultural Land Reform Office (\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e23\u0e39\u0e1b\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \/ \u0e2a\u0e1b\u0e01.). This land was originally state-owned forest or public land allocated to impoverished Thai farmers for agricultural use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"strict-transfer-and-use-restrictions\">Strict Transfer and Use Restrictions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under Section 39 of the Agricultural Land Reform Act, people who get SPK land rights cannot transfer them to others. The only permitted transfers are by inheritance to statutory heirs, or to a farmers&#8217; institution or the ALRO itself for land-reform purposes. The Supreme Court has upheld these restrictions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Supreme Court Authority:<\/strong>\u00a0In\u00a0\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 9780\/2539\u00a0(Decision No. 9780\/2539), the Supreme Court confirmed that Section 39 of the Agricultural Land Reform Act prohibits the transfer of SPK land rights. The Royal Decree designating agricultural reform zones also operates to withdraw the land from public domain status, placing it under ALRO control with strict usage conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-2024-2026-agricultural-chanote-conversion\">The 2024-2026 \u201cAgricultural Chanote\u201d Conversion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Thai government announced a program to convert approximately 1.62 million SPK documents to\u00a0<strong>\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23<\/strong>\u00a0(\u201cagricultural title deeds\u201d). Despite the \u201cChanote\u201d label, these converted documents\u00a0<strong>retain all agricultural use and transfer restrictions<\/strong>. They are NOT equivalent to regular Chanote deeds. Foreigners cannot legally lease, purchase, or benefit from SPK land in any form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Expat Trap:<\/strong>\u00a0If a broker offers beachfront or prime farmland at an unusually low price, check if it is SPK 4-01 land. Any claimed sale of SPK land to foreigners is illegal. ALRO will confiscate the land. The buyer will have no legal recourse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"category-3\">5. Category 3: Treasury Department Land\u00a0<strong>(\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e38)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u26a0\ufe0f Verdict: LEASE ONLY, Special Government-Owned Land<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ratchaphatsadu (\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e38) land is owned by the Thai state and managed by the Treasury Department. It cannot be purchased, but can be leased under strictly regulated terms. Many prominent properties in Bangkok sit on Ratchaphatsadu land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Treasury land\u00a0<strong>(\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e38)<\/strong>, governed by the\u00a0Ratchaphatsadu Land Act B.E. 2518 (1975)\u00a0and its successor\u00a0B.E. 2562 (2019), is state-owned property managed by the\u00a0<strong>Treasury Department<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>(\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e18\u0e19\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e4c)<\/strong>\u00a0under the Ministry of Finance. This category includes government buildings, military installations, and commercial land leased to private parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lease Terms: Under the Ministerial Regulation on the Exploitation of Ratchaphatsadu B.E. 2564 (clause 9), a lease may not exceed 30 years. The exception is a commercial or industrial lease under the Lease of Immovable Property for Commercial and Industrial Purposes Act B.E. 2542, which may run up to 50 years but needs the Minister&#8217;s prior approval. Leases are granted by the Treasury Department, normally by auction; the Ratchaphatsadu Land Committee\u00a0<strong>(\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e38)<\/strong>\u00a0must approve a deal only where the land is worth more than 500 million baht (Ratchaphatsadu Land Act B.E. 2562, Section 28; Ministerial Regulation B.E. 2564, clauses 9 and 15).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Foreigners and Ratchaphatsadu:<\/strong>\u00a0Neither the Ratchaphatsadu Land Act nor its 2021 regulation bars a foreigner from leasing; each lease invitation sets its own qualifications. Foreign-majority companies with Board of Investment (BOI) promotion may also negotiate commercial leases with Treasury approval.Joint ventures with Thai majority control may also negotiate these leases. For more on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/foreign-ownership-restrictions-in-thailand\/\">foreign ownership restrictions in Thailand<\/a>, see our dedicated guide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Read More:<\/strong>\u00a0For a comprehensive guide to Ratchaphatsadu land law including lease procedures, fees, Supreme Court decisions, and the 99-year lease proposal, see our dedicated article:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/ratchaphatsadu-land-in-thailand\/\">Ratchaphatsadu Land in Thailand: Complete Legal Guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"category-4\">6. Category 4: Land Without Title Deeds\u00a0<strong>(\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u274c Verdict: AVOID ENTIRELY, Zero Legal Protection<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Land in this category has no Land Department title deed. The most common document encountered is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/por-bor-tor-5\/\">the Por Bor Tor 5<\/a> (\u0e20.\u0e1a.\u0e17.5), which is a local tax receipt, NOT a land title. The Land Department will refuse to register any transaction on such documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pbt5\">6.1. Por Bor Tor 5\u00a0<strong>(\u0e20.\u0e1a.\u0e17.5)<\/strong>, The \u201cGrass Tax\u201d Receipt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Por Bor Tor 5 (\u0e20.\u0e1a.\u0e17.5) is issued by the Subdistrict Administrative Organization (\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e15\u0e33\u0e1a\u0e25 \/ \u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e15.). It is a record of local maintenance tax payments. It is\u00a0<strong>NOT a title deed<\/strong>\u00a0and does\u00a0<strong>NOT prove land ownership<\/strong>. It merely records that someone paid a nominal \u201cgrass tax\u201d\u00a0<strong>(\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e35\u0e1a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e38\u0e07\u0e17\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48)<\/strong>\u00a0on a piece of land. For an in-depth analysis, read our dedicated guide on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/por-bor-tor-5-in-thailand\/\">Por Bor Tor 5 in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ResultWhat PBT5 Cannot Do: The Land Department will not register these for PBT5 land. It will not register a sale. It will not register a lease. It will not register a mortgage. It will not register a usufruct. It will not register a superficies. There is no back-page encumbrance index. Transfer is done informally by crossing out one taxpayer\u2019s name and writing another at the SAO office. This process has no legal weight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Island Scam: PBT5 scams are common on tourist islands like Koh Samui, Koh Chang, and Koh Phangan. Cheap \u201csea-view land\u201d is often offered to unsuspecting foreigners. Agents promise that government upgrades to Chanote are \u201cimminent.\u201d In reality, much PBT5 land overlaps with national park, forest reserve, or military zones, making any upgrade legally impossible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-2-nor-kor-3-\u0e19\u0e04-3-old-surveyed-plots\">6.2. Nor Kor 3\u00a0<strong>(\u0e19\u0e04.3)<\/strong>, Old Surveyed Plots<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nor Kor 3 documents represent old survey-based land records that pre-date the modern titling system. They are encountered infrequently and carry similar limitations to SK1 documents in terms of registrability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"comparison-table\">7. Master Comparison Table: All Thai Land Documents<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Document<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Thai Name<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Garuda Color<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Issuing Authority<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Legal Nature<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Survey Type<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Registrable Rights<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Public Notice<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Upgrade Path<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Expat Risk<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Chanote (NS4J)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19<br\/>\u0e19.\u0e2a.4 \u0e08.<\/td><td>Red \ud83d\udd34<\/td><td>Dept. of Lands<\/td><td>Full Ownership<br\/>(\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c)<\/td><td>GPS + Concrete markers<\/td><td>All (sale, lease, mortgage, usufruct, superficies)<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>N\/A (highest)<\/td><td><strong>Lowest<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>NS3G<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0e19.\u0e2a.3 \u0e01.<\/td><td>Green \ud83d\udfe2<\/td><td>Dept. of Lands<\/td><td>Confirmed Possession<br\/>(\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07)<\/td><td>Aerial survey points<\/td><td>All (sale, lease, mortgage, usufruct, superficies)<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>Chanote (petition + GPS survey)<\/td><td><strong>Low-Med<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>NS3<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0e19.\u0e2a.3<\/td><td>Black \u26ab<\/td><td>Dept. of Lands<\/td><td>Right of Possession<br\/>(\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07)<\/td><td>Unsurveyed<\/td><td>Yes (with 30-day notice)<\/td><td><strong>Yes (30 days)<\/strong><\/td><td>NS3G \u2192 Chanote<\/td><td><strong>High<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>SK1<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0e2a.\u0e04.1<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>Dept. of Lands (ceased 1972)<\/td><td>Notification only<br\/>(\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c)<\/td><td>Vague description<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><td>Land Office application (Land Code ss.58 bis, 59)<\/td><td><strong>Extreme<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>SPK 4-01<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0e2a.\u0e1b.\u0e01. 4-01<\/td><td>Blue\/Red<\/td><td>ALRO (\u0e2a\u0e1b\u0e01.)<\/td><td>Agricultural allotment<br\/>(\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19)<\/td><td>Varies<\/td><td>No (sale\/lease prohibited)<\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><td>\u201cAgri Chanote\u201d (restricted)<\/td><td><strong>Prohibited<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ratchaphatsadu<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e38<\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><td>Treasury Dept.<br\/>(\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e18\u0e19\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e4c)<\/td><td>Government-owned<br\/>(lease only)<\/td><td>Government registry<\/td><td>Lease only (max 30-50 yrs)<\/td><td>Treasury Dept.; Committee if land over 500M baht<\/td><td>N\/A (state land)<\/td><td><strong>Special<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>PBT5<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0e20.\u0e1a.\u0e17.5<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>SAO (\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e15.)<\/td><td>Tax receipt only<br\/>(\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c)<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><td>Uncertain (usually impossible)<\/td><td><strong>Scam Risk<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"garuda-colors\">8. Understanding the Garuda Emblem Colors\u00a0<strong>(\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e23\u0e38\u0e11)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Garuda\u00a0<strong>(\u0e04\u0e23\u0e38\u0e11)<\/strong>\u00a0is the mythical half-bird, half-human emblem of the Thai government. Its color on a land document serves as an immediate visual indicator of the document\u2019s legal standing:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Garuda Color<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Document<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Meaning<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Quick Guide<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\ud83d\udd34 Red Garuda<\/td><td>Chanote (NS4J)<\/td><td>Full freehold ownership, GPS surveyed<\/td><td>The only document conferring\u00a0<strong>\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c<\/strong>\u00a0(ownership)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\ud83d\udfe2 Green Garuda<\/td><td>NS3G<\/td><td>Confirmed possessory right, aerial surveyed<\/td><td>Strong but not ownership; upgradeable to Chanote<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u26ab Black Garuda<\/td><td>NS3<\/td><td>Basic possessory right, unsurveyed<\/td><td>High risk; requires 30-day notice for any transaction<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Documents without a Garuda emblem (SK1, PBT5) are\u00a0<strong>not title deeds<\/strong>\u00a0and should be treated with extreme caution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"registration-rules\">9. Land Office Registration Rules Expats Must Know<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"9-1-transfers-must-be-registered-\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\">9.1. Transfers Must Be Registered\u00a0<strong>(\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under Land Code Section 4 bis, any transfer of ownership or possessory rights to land must be in writing. This rule applies to land with a Title Deed or Utilization Certificate. The transfer must also be registered with the proper official. A private contract or MOU alone is not legally enough. The official Tor Dor 13 (\u0e17.\u0e14.13) transfer agreement must be signed at the Land Office. The registrar must be present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"9-2-leases-over-3-years-must-be-registered-\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19-3-\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\">9.2. Leases Over 3 Years Must Be Registered\u00a0<strong>(\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19 3 \u0e1b\u0e35\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under CCC Section 538, a lease of immovable property for more than three years is enforceable for only three years. This applies unless the lease is in writing and registered by the proper official. This is critical for expatriates relying on 30-year leases, an unregistered lease protects you for only three years. Be aware that\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/90-year-lease-in-thailand-myth-vs-reality\/\">90-year leases are a myth<\/a>, and understand the reality of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/automatic-renewal-of-a-lease-in-thailand\/\">automatic lease renewals in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"9-3-usufructs-and-superficies-must-be-registered\">9.3. Usufructs and Superficies Must Be Registered<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/\">usufruct<\/a>\u00a0<strong>(\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19)<\/strong>\u00a0under\u00a0CCC Section 1417\u00a0and a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/superficies-in-thailand\/\">right of superficies<\/a>\u00a0<strong>(\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19)<\/strong>\u00a0under\u00a0CCC Section 1410\u00a0are registered real rights used by foreigners to secure long-term use of land. Without registration, these rights are not complete as real rights (CCC Section 1299): they can bind the parties who signed, but not a third party such as a later buyer. Also consider the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/right-of-habitation-in-thailand\/\">right of habitation<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/rights-of-servitudes-in-thailand\/\">servitude<\/a>, and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/sap-ing-sith-in-thailand\/\">Sap Ing Sith<\/a>\u00a0as additional real rights available to foreigners. For a cost breakdown, see\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/\">usufruct agreement costs for foreigners<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Supreme Court Authority: In Supreme Court Decision No. 895\/2510 (\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 895\/2510), the Court ruled that, \u201ca right of superficies is a real right (\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34).\u201d It must be registered with the proper official to be legally valid<em> Without registration, a person who builds on another\u2019s land has no right of superficies and no real right in that land.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0Thailand has no formal rule of binding precedent, but this ruling is persuasive authority that every expatriate building on leased land must understand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"9-4-fees-and-taxes-at-transfer\">9.4. Fees and Taxes at Transfer<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Department of Lands publishes fee and tax guidance for land transactions. Common parts include a 2% transfer fee, a business tax or stamp duty based on holding time, and withholding tax. A reduced rate of 0.01% applies until 30 June 2027 on qualifying residential property up to 7 million baht, but only where the buyer is an individual Thai national, so foreign buyers should budget the full 2%. Exact amounts depend on the seller type, holding period, and property classification. Always confirm at the local Land Office using the Department of Lands fee calculator as a starting point. For step-by-step guidance, see our article on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/transferring-property-in-thailand\/\">transferring property in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"due-diligence\">10. The Essential Due Diligence Workflow for Expatriates<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the full methodology, read our comprehensive\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/due-diligence-in-thailand\/\">due diligence guide for Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-1-identify-the-document-and-issuing-authority\">Step 1: Identify the Document and Issuing Authority<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Use the comparison table above. If the document is anything other than a Chanote or NS3G, apply heightened due diligence or walk away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-2-preliminary-map-check-lands-maps-not-legal-proof\">Step 2: Preliminary Map Check (LandsMaps, Not Legal Proof)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Department of Lands\u2019 LandsMaps system shows parcel shapes and basic information. However, the Department explicitly warns that LandsMaps is\u00a0<strong>not legal evidence<\/strong>. It is a useful starting point, nothing more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-3-land-office-registry-verification-\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\">Step 3: Land Office Registry Verification\u00a0<strong>(\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Department of Lands will confirm who holds the rights. It will confirm how the owner acquired them. It will list all registered encumbrances, like mortgages, leases, and usufructs. It will confirm any court seizures. It will confirm if it issued a replacement deed. This applies to Chanote and utilization certificates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-4-scrutinize-the-back-page-encumbrance-index\">Step 4: Scrutinize the Back-Page Encumbrance Index<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The back of a Chanote or NS3G reveals the complete registration history. Look for registered mortgages (\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e07) and registered leases (\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32). Look for lifetime usufructs (\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19) and court seizures (\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e22\u0e31\u0e14). Also look for any notes that restrict transfer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-5-physical-boundary-verification\">Step 5: Physical Boundary Verification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For Chanote land, physically locate the concrete boundary markers and verify they match the deed map. If markers are missing or displaced, request a resurvey from the Land Office before proceeding. For NS3G land, an independent surveyor should correlate the aerial survey points with the physical ground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When to Walk Away: End the transaction right away if: (1) the seller refuses a Land Office search. (2) The deed shows unpaid mortgages or seizures. (3) Boundary markers are missing, and the seller pushes closing without a new survey. (4) The encumbrance index shows a lifetime usufruct for someone else. (5) The claimed owner does not match the registered owner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"supreme-court\">11. Supreme Court Decisions: Legal Authority on Title Deeds<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following Thai Supreme Court\u00a0<strong>(\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32)<\/strong>\u00a0decisions are highly persuasive authority on key title deed issues (Thailand has no formal rule of binding precedent). These rulings strengthen the guidance in this article and demonstrate the real-world consequences of property law violations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"11-1-adverse-possession-on-chanote-land\">11.1. Adverse Possession on Chanote Land<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 3035\/2526<\/strong><br\/><em>Topic: Adverse Possession (\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e4c) on Chanote-titled Land<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The plaintiff owned Chanote-titled land (deed No. 310) and sued to remove the defendant\u2019s fence encroaching on the property. The defendant counterclaimed adverse possession, stating they had openly occupied the disputed area for over 20 years with the intention of ownership. The Supreme Court held that where a defendant pleads adverse possession of the disputed land, that counterclaim is directly related to the owner&#8217;s claim and must be accepted, so ownership is decided in the same case. The ten-year rule itself is CCC Section 1382, and it applies to Chanote land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Practical Lesson:<\/strong>\u00a0Even Chanote ownership is not absolute. Expatriates must physically inspect and maintain their land. Fencing, signage and regular visits show whether anyone else is occupying the land, but they do not stop the ten-year period running against you. Only a lawsuit, or the occupier&#8217;s written acknowledgement of your title such as a signed lease, interrupts it (Civil and Commercial Code sections 1386 and 193\/14).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"11-2-foreign-national-land-ownership\">11.2. Foreign National Land Ownership<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 981\/2524<\/strong><br\/><em>Topic: Foreigner\u2019s Right to Acquire Land (\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court held that a foreigner may own land with the Minister\u2019s permission. This is allowed under Land Code Section 86, paragraph 2. A contract to buy land is not void just because permission is pending. However, the foreigner cannot transfer ownership without the Minister\u2019s approval. The Court also confirmed that the foreigner\u2019s unmarried partner living on the property was a \u201cservant\u201d (\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e27\u0e32\u0e23).The partner was not seen as an independent occupant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Practical Lesson:<\/strong>\u00a0Land purchase contracts by foreigners are legally valid but cannot result in ownership without rare ministerial approval. This is why foreigners use registered\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/lease-agreement-in-thailand\/\">leases<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/\">usufructs<\/a>, and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/superficies-in-thailand\/\">superficies<\/a>\u00a0instead of attempting outright purchase. For the full picture, see\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/foreigners-buying-land-in-thailand\/\">foreigners buying land in Thailand<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/can-foreigners-own-a-house-in-thailand\/\">can foreigners own a house in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"11-3-right-of-superficies-requires-registration\">11.3. Right of Superficies Requires Registration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 895\/2510<\/strong><br\/><em>Topic: An Unregistered Superficies Is Not a Real Right (\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The plaintiff claimed a right of superficies to build on temple land (Wat Yuan, Sam Sen). However, the plaintiff never registered this right with the proper official. The Supreme Court ruled clearly: a right of superficies is a real right (\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34).It must be registered to be legally valid. Without registration, the builder has no real right in the land. When the building was seized and sold at auction, the plaintiff had no standing to prevent its removal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Practical Lesson:<\/strong>\u00a0Expatriates who build villas on leased land MUST register both the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/lease-agreement-in-thailand\/\">lease<\/a>\u00a0AND the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/superficies-in-thailand\/\">superficies<\/a>\u00a0at the Land Office. Verbal permission from the landowner provides zero legal protection. Learn more about\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/building-permits-as-proof-of-ownership-for-foreign-property-owners-in-thailand\/\">building permits as proof of ownership for foreigners<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"11-4-ns-3-title-fraud\">11.4. NS3 Fraud by Impersonation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 863\/2513<\/strong><br\/><em>Topic: Impersonating the Registered Owner of NS3 Land (\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e15\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 \u0e19.\u0e2a.3)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The defendants worked together to defraud the plaintiff. The second defendant held himself out to the plaintiff as Mr Ch. Sae Phu (the judgment gives only the initial of his first name), the registered owner of the NS3 land. <strong>No document was forged.<\/strong> Believing him, the plaintiff issued a property guarantee certificate, which was then used to obtain bail for a third party before the court. The Supreme Court noted that the defendants gained no property themselves, and held that obtaining the benefit for someone else is dishonest just the same. They were convicted of fraud by impersonation under\u00a0Criminal Code Sections 341, 342 and 1(1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Practical Lesson:<\/strong>\u00a0Always verify the seller\u2019s identity against the Land Office registry. Never accept photocopies of title deeds as proof, demand to see the original at the Land Office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"11-5-forged-chanote-title-deed\">11.5. Forged Chanote Title Deed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 5048\/2530<\/strong><br\/><em>Topic: Use of Forged Chanote to Obtain Money (\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e21)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The defendants used a forged Chanote title deed to trick the victim into lending 300,000 Baht. The recorded decision says they used a deed that had been forged; it does not say who forged it. They took the fake deed as collateral. The Supreme Court convicted the defendants for using a forged official document (\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e21). It also found that they committed fraud. The Court ruled it was one act that broke several laws. This falls under Criminal Code Section 90.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Practical Lesson:<\/strong>\u00a0Title deed forgery is a criminal offense in Thailand. Always verify deed authenticity at the Land Office before transferring any money. A Tor Dor 15 title search will reveal discrepancies between a presented deed and the official registry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"11-6-spk-alro-land-transfer-prohibition\">11.6. SPK\/ALRO Land Transfer Prohibition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 9797\/2558<\/strong><br\/><em>Topic: ALRO Land Reform Zone Does Not Extinguish Pre-Existing Rights<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court ruled that declaring an agricultural reform zone under Section 26 is valid. This section is part of the Agricultural Land Reform Act B.E. 2518. It gives ALRO the power to manage the land.But it does not cancel rights lawfully gained before the Act took effect. However, persons who\u00a0<em>received<\/em>\u00a0SPK allottees have no authority to transfer those allotments outside the ALRO framework. Only ALRO itself can initiate title challenges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Practical Lesson:<\/strong>\u00a0If land existed as private property before the ALRO zone was declared, the original rights survive. But land allocated\u00a0<em>by<\/em>\u00a0ALRO under SPK 4-01 remains permanently restricted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"11-7-ns-3-boundary-disputes\">11.7. NS3 Boundary Disputes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 4423\/2534<\/strong><br\/><em>Topic: Boundary Dispute on NS3 Land (\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e17\u0e40\u0e02\u0e15\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e19.\u0e2a.3)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The plaintiff claimed bamboo trees on their NS3 land were cut by the defendant. The defendant had a long-standing dispute over the same boundary and believed the trees were on their own land. Because each side genuinely claimed the trees as their own, the Supreme Court held the matter to be a civil dispute over ownership rather than a criminal one, and that cutting the trees was therefore not theft under Section 334 of the Penal Code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Practical Lesson:<\/strong>\u00a0NS3 boundaries are inherently unreliable. Before purchasing NS3 land, require a boundary confirmation with all adjoining landowners. If any neighbor refuses, walk away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"summary-of-supreme-court-authority\">Summary of Supreme Court Authority<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Decision No.<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Year (B.E.)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Topic<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Key Ruling<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>3035\/2526<\/td><td>2526<\/td><td>Adverse Possession<\/td><td>An adverse-possession counterclaim is directly related to the owner&#8217;s claim and must be accepted<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>981\/2524<\/td><td>2524<\/td><td>Foreigner Land<\/td><td>Contract valid but transfer requires ministerial permission<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>895\/2510<\/td><td>2510<\/td><td>Superficies<\/td><td>Must be registered to be a real right; no registration = no real right<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>863\/2513<\/td><td>2513<\/td><td>NS3 Fraud<\/td><td>Impersonating the registered owner of NS3 land is fraud under ss.341 and 342, even where the defendant gains nothing himself<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5048\/2530<\/td><td>2530<\/td><td>Forged Chanote<\/td><td>Forged Chanote used for collateral = criminal fraud + forgery<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>9797\/2558<\/td><td>2558<\/td><td>ALRO Land<\/td><td>ALRO zone does not extinguish pre-existing private rights<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>9780\/2539<\/td><td>2539<\/td><td>SPK Transfer<\/td><td>Section 39 prohibits transfer of SPK allotments<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4423\/2534<\/td><td>2534<\/td><td>NS3 Boundary<\/td><td>Where both sides genuinely claim ownership, cutting the disputed trees is a civil matter and not theft under s.334<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>997\/2531<\/td><td>2531<\/td><td>Farm Lease<\/td><td>Pre-existing tenant rights survive sale of leased farmland<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"measurements\">12. Thai Land Measurements: Rai, Ngan, Wah\u00a0<strong>(\u0e44\u0e23\u0e48, \u0e07\u0e32\u0e19, \u0e15\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e07\u0e27\u0e32)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All Thai title deeds express land area using the traditional Thai measurement system. Understanding this system is essential for\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/how-to-read-title-deed-in-thailand\/\">reading title deeds<\/a>\u00a0and negotiating property transactions. For a complete reference, see our\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/measurements-in-thailand\/\">measurements in Thailand<\/a>\u00a0guide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Thai Unit<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Thai Script<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Equals<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Metric Equivalent<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Imperial Approx.<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1 Square Wah<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u0e15\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e07\u0e27\u0e32<\/td><td>1 sq wah<\/td><td>4 sqm<\/td><td>43 sq ft<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1 Ngan<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u0e07\u0e32\u0e19<\/td><td>100 sq wah<\/td><td>400 sqm<\/td><td>0.099 acres<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1 Rai<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u0e44\u0e23\u0e48<\/td><td>4 Ngan = 400 sq wah<\/td><td>1,600 sqm<\/td><td>0.395 acres<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Quick Conversion:<\/strong>\u00a01 acre \u2248 2.53 Rai. 1 hectare = 6.25 Rai. These measurements appear on the front page of every Chanote and NS3G document in the format: [X] Rai [Y] Ngan [Z] Square Wah.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"scams\">13. Common Property Scams Targeting Expatriates<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"13-1-selling-pbt-5-as-a-title-deed\">13.1. Selling PBT5 as a \u201cTitle Deed\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unscrupulous agents sell PBT5 tax receipts as real title deeds. They promise, \u201cthe government will upgrade it to Chanote soon.\u201d This is almost always false. This is especially true on tourist islands, where land often overlaps protected forests or national park boundaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"13-2-spk-4-01-offered-for-sale\">13.2. SPK 4-01 Offered \u201cFor Sale\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Agricultural reform land is promoted as cheap investment opportunities. Any claimed sale of SPK land breaks the Agricultural Land Reform Act. It may lead to confiscation and criminal prosecution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"13-3-forged-title-deeds\">13.3. Forged Title Deeds<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court has convicted defendants for using a forged Chanote as loan security in Decision 5048\/2530. Decision 863\/2513 is a different offence on the same theme: no document was forged there, the defendant simply impersonated the registered owner of NS3 land. These are serious offenses under\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/criminal-law-thailand\/\">Thai criminal law<\/a>. Always verify deed authenticity at the Land Office before transferring any money.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"13-4-nominee-company-structures\">13.4. Nominee Company Structures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Using Thai shell companies (nominee structures) to hold land for foreigners breaks the Land Code. A company with more than 49% foreign capital, or a foreign majority of shareholders, counts as a foreigner for land (section 97). A person who acquires land as agent for a foreigner faces up to two years in prison, a fine of up to 20,000 baht, or both (section 113), and the Director-General can sell land held on a foreigner&#8217;s behalf (section 96). Holding shares for a foreigner so that he can run a business in breach of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/foreign-business-act\/\">Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/a> is a separate offence: up to three years in prison, a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht, or both (section 36). Read about\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/recent-crackdowns-on-nominees-in-thailand-the-law-and-court-cases\/\">Thai nominee shareholders<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/recent-crackdowns-on-nominees-in-thailand-the-law-and-court-cases\/\">recent crackdowns on nominees in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"13-5-pre-agreed-30-30-30-lease-renewals\">13.5. Pre-Agreed \u201c30+30+30\u201d Lease Renewals<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For decades, agents sold the concept of three consecutive 30-year leases totaling 90 years. However, pre-agreed lease renewals have no legal enforceability under Thai law.\u00a0CCC Section 540\u00a0caps the maximum lease term at 30 years. Each renewal requires a new agreement between willing parties and fresh registration. See our detailed analysis:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/90-year-lease-in-thailand-myth-vs-reality\/\">90-Year Lease in Thailand: Myth vs Reality<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-to-obtain-land-documents-in-thailand\">14. How to check a title deeds in Thailand and Obtaining Land Documents from the Land Department<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Thailand, the official government body is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/property-guide-for-foreigners-in-thailand\/\">Land Department, known formally in Thai as\u00a0<strong>Krom Teedin (\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19)<\/strong><\/a>. When talking about the local or provincial offices where you do business, people often use the term Samnak Ngan Tee Din (\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19). This means \u2018Land Office\u2019. They issue official title deeds. They keep land records and oversee land surveys. They handle property transfers and ensure compliance with land laws. Any registration or transfer of land must go through a Land Office. For land with a Chanote, an inquiry sheet or a Nor Sor 3, Land Code section 72 lets you file at the Department of Lands or at any Land Office, unless the registration needs a public notice or a survey. Check first that the office can take your file.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Obtaining land documents in Thailand involves a formal procedure that requires interaction with the land department. Interested parties must request the land documents they need. These may include <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/title-deeds-in-thailand\/\">title deeds<\/a> in Thailand, survey maps, and ownership history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img alt=\"How to Secure Land Documents in Thailand\" class=\"wp-image-16053 tlo-responsive-img\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/how-to-obtain-land-documents-in-thailand.png\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:600px;height:500px\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The land department issues a variety of documents to support land ownership and transactions in Thailand. These include title deeds in Thailand, land surveys, and official maps that delineate the boundaries of the land. Each document is important for defining the rights and duties of landowners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/transferring-property-in-thailand\/\">Transferring land ownership<\/a> requires a formal process at the Land Department. Both buyer and seller must be present (or represented by power of attorney). Key steps include submitting the original title deed, sale agreement, ID documents, and paying applicable transfer fees and taxes. The Land Department reviews the documents. They register the transfer. Then, they update the title deeds in Thailand with the new owner\u2019s name. This officially recognizes their right to the land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you want the deed verified before you commit, our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/title-deed-check-thailand\/\">Title Deed Check<\/a> obtains a certified copy from the Land Office, both sides, with an English translation and a lawyer&#8217;s report, for 4,900 THB in 3 business days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p data-no-translation style=\"background:#fffaf0;border:1px solid #c2a25a;border-radius:8px;padding:12px 14px;color:#33485c;font-size:14.5px;margin:0 0 12px\"><strong>\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e21\u0e31\u0e14\u0e08\u0e33 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14<\/strong> \u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19: \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e40\u0e19\u0e32\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e04\u0e33\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e22\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e17\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21 \u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32 \u0e3f4,900 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/product\/title-deed-check-thailand\/\" style=\"color:#0f2542;font-weight:600\">\u0e14\u0e39\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14 \u2192<\/a> \u00b7 \u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e02\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19 \u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32 \u0e3f990 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/product\/land-house-sale-purchase-thailand-english\/\" style=\"color:#0f2542;font-weight:600\">\u0e14\u0e39\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32 \u2192<\/a><br\/><span style=\"color:#7a8694;font-size:13px\">Title Deed Check: certified Land Office copy, translation and lawyer&#8217;s report, 4,900 THB. Bilingual land and house sale agreement, 990 THB.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">15. Frequently Asked Questions About Title Deeds in Thailand<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1771865248364\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can a foreign national legally own land in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Under the Land Code Act B.E. 2497, foreigners cannot own land.They can only own land with ministerial approval under Section 86.This approval is extremely rare. The Supreme Court confirmed in Decision No. 981\/2524 that a foreigner\u2019s purchase contract is valid. However, ownership cannot transfer without the minister\u2019s permission. In practice, foreigners use registered\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/lease-agreement-in-thailand\/\">leases<\/a>\u00a0(max 30 years),\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/\">usufructs<\/a>, or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/superficies-in-thailand\/\">rights of superficies<\/a>\u00a0on Chanote-titled land. See our guide on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/foreigners-buying-land-in-thailand\/\">foreigners buying land in Thailand<\/a>. There are other special laws allowing foreigners to buy land, like a 40 million baht investment or under the BOI.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1771865249951\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the difference between a Red Garuda and a Green Garuda title deed?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The Red Garuda (\u0e04\u0e23\u0e38\u0e11\u0e41\u0e14\u0e07) appears on Chanote deeds and signifies full freehold ownership with GPS-surveyed boundaries. The Green Garuda (\u0e04\u0e23\u0e38\u0e11\u0e40\u0e02\u0e35\u0e22\u0e27) appears on NS3G documents and represents a confirmed possessory right based on aerial surveys. Chanote confers \u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c (ownership); NS3G confers \u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07 (possessory right). Both allow registration of real rights.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1771865251534\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What happens to a 30-year registered lease if the Thai landowner dies?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>A registered lease under<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-538\/\"> CCC Section 538<\/a> survives the death of the lessor, and CCC Section 569 binds anyone who takes ownership of the land. This is precisely why registration is essential: an unregistered lease over three years can be enforced for only three years.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1771865438041\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can a foreign spouse inherit Chanote land?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes, a foreign spouse can inherit land under Thai succession law, but unless the Minister permits a statutory heir to keep it within the limits of Section 87 (Land Code Section 93), the land must be disposed of within the period the Director-General sets, not less than 180 days and not more than one year (Section 94). Meanwhile the foreigner cannot retain it permanently. Typically, the land is sold and the proceeds kept, or\u00a0transferred to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/transferring-land-to-a-thai-child\/\">Thai child<\/a>. See our\u00a0guide to inheriting property as a foreign hei.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1771865471855\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Is Por Bor Tor 5 (PBT5) a real title deed?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>No. PBT5 is a local tax receipt issued by the SAO (\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e15.), not a title deed. The Land Department will not register any transaction on PBT5 land. It provides zero legal proof of ownership and zero protection for buyers. Do note that since Thailand\u2019s Land and Building Tax Act B.E. 2562 (2019), this replaced older property tax systems. So Por Bor Tor is now called Por Dor Sor 3 (PTD3).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1771865472651\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can foreigners lease or buy SPK 4-01 land?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Q: Can foreigners lease or buy SPK 4-01 land?<br \/>No. SPK 4-01 is agricultural reform land controlled by ALRO, strictly allocated to qualifying Thai farmers. Sale, lease to foreigners, and commercial use are all prohibited. The Supreme Court (Decision 9780\/2539) confirmed these transfer restrictions under Section 39 of the Agricultural Land Reform Act.<\/br><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1771865733000\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Is the LandsMaps online system sufficient for due diligence?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>No. The Department of Lands explicitly states that LandsMaps provides basic preliminary information only and is not legal evidence. A proper search requires physical verification at the Land Office to confirm ownership, encumbrances, seizures, and document authenticity.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1771865733772\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is adverse possession and how does it affect Chanote land?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Under CCC Section 1382, peaceful, open possession of Chanote land for 10 continuous years gives the possessor ownership by law; a court order is needed to register it, and until registration that ownership cannot be raised against a buyer who paid and registered in good faith (Section 1299 paragraph two). In Supreme Court Decision 3035\/2526 the Court held that where a defendant pleads adverse possession of the disputed land, that counterclaim is directly related to the owner&#8217;s claim and must be accepted, so ownership is decided in the same case. For NS3 land, the risk is even greater: CCC Section 1375 allows loss of possessory rights after just one year of dispossession. It is also called acquisition by prescription in some legal systems including some civil law systems.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1771865929697\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Must a Right of Superficies be registered at the Land Office?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. The Supreme Court ruled in Decision No. 895\/2510 that a right of superficies must be registered to be legally valid. Without registration, a person building on another\u2019s land has no legal right of superficies and no real right in the land. This applies even if the landowner gave verbal permission.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1771865930486\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the Tor Dor 13 and why is it essential?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The Tor Dor 13 (\u0e17.\u0e14.13) is the official Garuda-stamped Land Office Sale and Purchase Agreement. Under Land Code Section 4 bis, land transfer must be in writing and registered by the competent official. A private sale contract is legally insufficient, only the Tor Dor 13 executed at the Land Office effects a valid transfer.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1771865977890\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is Ratchaphatsadu (\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e38) land?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Ratchaphatsadu is government-owned land managed by the Treasury Department (\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e18\u0e19\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e4c). It cannot be purchased, only leased. Many prime properties in Bangkok sit on Ratchaphatsadu land. Residential leases are capped at 30 years, commercial at 50 years. See our\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/ratchaphatsadu-land-in-thailand\/\">complete Ratchaphatsadu guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"understanding-encumbrances-and-registered-rights\">Understanding Encumbrances and Registered Rights<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Title deeds also record important limitations or third-party rights, known as encumbrances. These can include mortgages (<em>Jumnong<\/em>), leases (<em>Chao<\/em>), rights of habitation (<em>Sithi Ar-sai<\/em>), or usufructs (<em>Sithi Keb Kin<\/em>). It\u2019s important to check the back of the title deed during due diligence. This is because registered rights can affect the owner\u2019s control and the property\u2019s value. Rights such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/\">usufruct rights<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/superficies-in-thailand\/\">superficies rights in Thailand<\/a> can be registered on a Chanote and on a Nor Sor 3 Gor or Nor Sor 3 certificate, but not on a Sor Kor 1 or Por Bor Tor 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In summary, Thai land title deeds show different levels of rights and security. Chanote (NS4J) provides the best protection. Understanding the specific type of deed associated with a property is fundamental to making an informed purchase decision. Always prioritize comprehensive due diligence and seek professional legal advice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For expert assistance with property due diligence, title deed verification, and secure land acquisition in Thailand,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/online-consultation-with-a-thai-lawyer\/\"> contact ThaiLawOnline today.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Links:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dol.go.th\/_layouts\/15\/start.aspx#\/dol\/default.aspx\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Department of Lands in Thailand<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"border-left:5px solid #1a7f4b;background:#f4faf6;padding:16px 18px;margin:26px 0;border-radius:6px;\">\n<p style=\"margin:0;\"><strong>Reading a deed is one thing, verifying it at the Land Office is another.<\/strong> Title due diligence is the first item in our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/condo-lawyer-in-thailand\/\">fixed-fee property packages<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Last reviewed: 5 September 2026. Checked against primary sources and corrected: the one-year rule for losing possession of Nor Sor 3 land is Civil and Commercial Code <strong>section 1375<\/strong>, not section 1374 (s.1374 governs disturbance of possession, s.1375 governs dispossession), and the adverse-possession case was cited by a number whose two components had been transposed, so it now reads <strong>3035\/2526<\/strong>. That case was also read to its disposition and does not hold what it was cited for: the Supreme Court decided that a defendant&#8217;s adverse-possession counterclaim is directly related to the owner&#8217;s claim and must be accepted, not that ten years&#8217; possession transfers ownership. Verified as correct and left alone: CCC ss.538, 540, 1382, 1410 and 1417, and Penal Code s.90. <strong>Not verified against a primary source, and stated here so the date above does not imply more than it should:<\/strong> the Land Code section numbers, the Agricultural Land Reform Act references, the Ratchaphatsadu Land Act reference, the deed-type descriptions, and the transfer-cost figures. <strong>One of those needs a reader&#8217;s care in the meantime:<\/strong> the 0.01% transfer and mortgage fee applies only where the buyer is an individual Thai national, so a foreign buyer registering under the foreign quota budgets the full 2%, which this page already says and which is worth not losing.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What changed: Transfer and mortgage registration fees are cut to 0.01% on qualifying residential property up to 7 million baht. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":11609,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"","tlo_reviewed_on":"","tlo_reviewed_by":"","tlo_edited_by":"","tlo_changelog":"[{\"date\":\"2026-10-31\",\"note\":\"Added the statute box with Thai, English and French text and checked the page against the official text\"},{\"date\":\"2026-11-06\",\"note\":\"French title, description and breadcrumb now carry the French keyword \\\"titre de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 tha\u00eflande\\\"\"}]","tlo_authority_on":"1","tlo_box_sections":"","tlo_box_cases":"","rank_math_focus_keyword":"title deed thailand","rank_math_title":"Thai Title Deeds: Chanote, Nor Sor 3 Gor and the Rest","rank_math_description":"Which Thai land titles can be sold, mortgaged or built on, Chanote, Nor Sor 3 Gor, Nor Sor 3, Sor Kor 1 and Por Bor Tor 5 compared in one table.","rank_math_breadcrumb_title":"Title Deed Thailand","rank_math_canonical_url":""},"class_list":["post-300","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/300","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=300"}],"version-history":[{"count":37,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/300\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12088,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/300\/revisions\/12088"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11609"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=300"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u0e14\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e25\u0e22\u0e39\u0e1e\u0e35","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}