{"id":70,"date":"2026-03-08T11:28:41","date_gmt":"2026-03-08T04:28:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-condominium-thailand\/"},"modified":"2026-09-30T08:41:42","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T01:41:42","slug":"usufruct-condominium-thailand","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/usufruct-condominium-thailand\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22: \u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e14\u0e08\u0e36\u0e07\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e21"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"background:#0f2542;border-radius:14px;padding:16px 20px;margin:0 0 20px;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between\"><div style=\"flex:1 1 300px\"><div style=\"color:#c2a25a;font-weight:600;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase\">Bilingual template \u00b7 \u0e41\u0e21\u0e48\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32<\/div><div style=\"color:#fff;font-size:16px;font-weight:600\">Download the Usufruct Agreement (\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19), \u0e3f890, free for Silver members<\/div><div style=\"color:#9fb0c9;font-size:13.5px\">\u0e14\u0e32\u0e27\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e42\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19, \u0e3f890 \u0e1f\u0e23\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e01 Silver \u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e1b<\/div><\/div><a href=\"\/product\/usufruct-agreement-template-bilingual-en-th\/\" style=\"flex:0 0 auto;background:#c2a25a;color:#3a2c08;font-weight:600;padding:11px 20px;border-radius:10px;text-decoration:none\">Get the template \u2192<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#f5f7fb;border:1px solid #e6eaf1;border-radius:10px;padding:12px 16px;margin:10px 0 18px\">\ud83d\udcc4 <strong>Need the contract?<\/strong> <a href=\"\/product\/usufruct-agreement-template-bilingual-en-th\/\"><strong>Download our bilingual usufruct agreement template<\/strong><\/a>, the English\/Thai contract sample drafted as an addendum to the registered usufruct, with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/land-office\/\">Land Office<\/a> registration guide. Free download for Silver members, or \u0e3f890 once.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"key-takeaways\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Yes, <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" class=\"glossaryLink\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Usufruct&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;usufruct&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thai property law is a legal right that allows a person (&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;usufructuary&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;) to use, live on, and benefit from someone else\u2019s property for a specified period - typically for their lifetime - without owning it. The usufructuary can reside on the land, lease it to others, or use it for agriculture or business, depending on the terms of the agreement. However, the property itself remains under the ownership of the landowner, and the usufruct &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;automatically ends upon the usufructuary\u2019s death&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, making it non-inheritable.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/usufruct\/\" role=\"link\" tabindex=\"0\">usufruct<\/a> can be registered on condo units<\/strong>\u00a0under the <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" class=\"glossaryLink\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Civil and Commercial Code&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai Civil and Commercial Code (TCCC)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a fundamental body of law in Thailand that governs a wide range of legal matters, including civil rights, obligations, property, contracts, family, and inheritance. It serves as the primary legal framework for resolving disputes and regulating commercial transactions in the country.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/thai-civil-and-commercial-code\/\" role=\"link\" tabindex=\"0\">Civil and Commercial Code<\/a>. Special considerations apply because the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/condominium-act\/\">Condominium Act<\/a> also governs the property.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Usufruct does not count toward the 49% foreign ownership quota<\/strong>. This makes it an excellent workaround when the building\u2019s foreign allocation is exhausted.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Registration occurs at the Land Office,<\/strong>\u00a0not at the condo <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" class=\"glossaryLink\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Juristic Person&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A legal entity, like a company or foundation, has rights and duties. It is separate from individuals. This entity is governed by Book I of the Civil and Commercial Code. (Thai: \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25, pronounced &amp;quot;ni-ti-bu-khon&amp;quot;).&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/juristic-person\/\" role=\"link\" tabindex=\"0\">juristic person<\/a> office. Though you should notify the juristic person afterward.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>The <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" class=\"glossaryLink\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Usufructuary&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;usufructuary&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a person who is granted the legal right to use, live on, and benefit from someone else\u2019s property under a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;usufruct agreement&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thailand. While the usufructuary can enjoy the land, rent it out, or use it for business or agriculture, they &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;do not own the property itself&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;. Their rights are temporary and typically last for their lifetime, meaning the usufruct automatically &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;expires upon their death&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; and cannot be inherited. The usufructuary is responsible for maintaining the property and ensuring it is used in a way that does not diminish its value. To be legally enforceable, the usufruct must be registered at the &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Land Department&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; and recorded on the property\u2019s &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;title deed (Chanote)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/usufruct\/\" role=\"link\" tabindex=\"0\">usufructuary<\/a> pays the running costs<\/strong>\u00a0(CAM fees, utilities, ordinary maintenance and taxes, Civil and Commercial Code section 1426); extraordinary expenses stay with the owner (section 1425). But voting rights remain with the registered owner.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Usufruct provides lifetime or extended security<\/strong>\u00a0without the complexity of ownership transfer. A lifetime usufruct has no 30-year cap; a fixed-term one is capped at 30 years, like a lease (sections 1418 and 1403).<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Thai banks rarely finance usufruct rights<\/strong>. Most foreign usufructuaries pay cash or arrange offshore financing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#key-takeaways\">Key Takeaways<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#can-you-register-usufruct-over-a-condo-unit\">Can You Register Usufruct Over a Condo Unit?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#when-does-usufruct-make-sense-for-a-condo\">When Does Usufruct Make Sense for a Condo?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#registration-process-for-condo-usufruct\">Registration Process for Condo Usufruct<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#usufruct-vs-ownership-vs-lease-for-condos\">Usufruct vs. Ownership vs. Lease for Condos<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#maintenance-fees-and-common-area-responsibilities\">Maintenance Fees and Common Area Responsibilities<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#special-considerations-for-foreign-usufructuaries\">Special Considerations for Foreign Usufructuaries<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#supreme-court-decision-1463-2542-1999-condo-related-usufruct\">Supreme Court Decision 1463\/2542 (1999): a Tax Case About Condo Usufruct Contracts<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"can-you-register-usufruct-over-a-condo-unit\">Can You Register Usufruct Over a Condo Unit?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"yes-but-there-are-special-considerations\">Yes. But There Are Special Considerations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Foreigners can own a condominium unit outright, which makes a usufruct over a unit a narrower tool than it is over land. For how the right works in general, start with our complete guide to <a href=\"\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/\">usufruct in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Usufruct is expressly governed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-1417\/\">Sections 1417-1428 of the Civil and Commercial Code (CCC)<\/a>. It applies to immovable property, including condominium units. A condo unit is registered as immovable property at the Land Office under the unit\u2019s separate title deed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To register a usufruct over a condo unit, you need:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A valid condominium ownership certificate (title deed).<\/li>\n\n<li>The owner\u2019s written consent in a usufruct deed.<\/li>\n\n<li>Both owner and usufructuary must execute and register the deed at the Land Office.<\/li>\n\n<li>Pay the registration fee to the Land Office. (\u00a01% fee plus + 0.5% <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/property-transfer-taxes\/\">stamp duty<\/a> calculated on the consideration amount. If no consideration, a fixed fee of 50 baht per title is charged).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once registered, the usufruct binds all later owners of the unit. It runs with the land and is enforceable against anyone who later acquires ownership.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"condo-act-vs-civil-and-commercial-code\">Condo Act vs. Civil and Commercial Code<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Condominium Act B.E. 2522 (1979) and the Civil and Commercial Code apply simultaneously to condo units. The Condo Act establishes the framework for managing condominium buildings. It includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The 49% foreign ownership quota:<\/strong>\u00a0No more than 49% of the combined area of all the units in the building may be owned by foreigners. This applies to ownership only, not to usufruct.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Juristic person governance:<\/strong>\u00a0Each condo building has a registered juristic person (legal entity). It manages common areas and enforces building rules.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Common area management:<\/strong>\u00a0Owners and usufructuaries must comply with the juristic person\u2019s rules and regulations.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Transfer restrictions:<\/strong>\u00a0Foreign ownership transfers are monitored by the juristic person. This ensures the 49% quota is not exceeded.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Civil and Commercial Code governs the usufruct right itself. It covers how it is created, registered, what rights and obligations it imposes, and how it terminates. Both laws work together. The CCC provides the usufruct framework. The Condo Act provides condo-specific rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"when-does-usufruct-make-sense-for-a-condo\">When Does Usufruct Make Sense for a Condo?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"thai-owned-unit-with-foreign-occupant\">Thai-Owned Unit with Foreign Occupant<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most common scenario is when a foreigner wants long-term security over a unit owned by a Thai spouse, business partner, family member, or local investor. The Thai owner retains title. The foreigner receives a usufruct for life or a fixed term.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This structure allows the foreigner to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Legally occupy and use the unit without owning it.<\/li>\n\n<li>Enforce the usufruct against the owner and later owners.<\/li>\n\n<li>Avoid the complications of foreign ownership transfer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"estate-planning-between-family-members\">Estate Planning Between Family Members<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Usufruct is valuable for intergenerational planning. A parent might own a condo and grant a usufruct to a child without transferring ownership. This arrangement provides:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Security for the child\u2019s living arrangement.<\/li>\n\n<li>Tax efficiency (no transfer fees or inheritance complications during the parent\u2019s lifetime).<\/li>\n\n<li>Flexibility: the parent keeps ownership. They can still <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" class=\"glossaryLink\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Mortgage&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;mortgage (\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e07)&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; under &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Thai law&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a legal agreement in which a &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;borrower (mortgagor) pledges immovable property&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, such as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;land, a house, or a condominium&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;security for a loan&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; without transferring ownership to the lender (mortgagee). The lender holds the right to claim the property if the borrower fails to &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;repay the debt&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; as agreed. The mortgage must be &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;registered at the Land Department&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to be legally enforceable. Unlike some countries, Thai law does not allow lenders to automatically seize the mortgaged property upon default; they must go through &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;court proceedings&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; to enforce their rights and recover the debt.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/mortgage\/\" role=\"link\" tabindex=\"0\">mortgage<\/a>, sell, or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/gift\/\">gift<\/a> the property if necessary (subject to the usufruct).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"when-the-49-foreign-quota-is-full\">When the 49% Foreign Quota Is Full<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is perhaps the most strategic use of usufruct for condo purchases. If a building has reached its 49% foreign ownership limit, a foreigner cannot buy a unit in their own name. However, they can receive a usufruct from a Thai owner. The usufruct does not consume any portion of the 49% <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/foreign-quota\/\">foreign quota<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This advantage makes usufruct especially popular in prime Bangkok locations (Thonglor, Ploenchit, Lumphini). Many buildings have already hit the foreign cap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"investment-and-rental-income-protection\">Investment and Rental Income Protection<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An investor managing a unit for rental income can use usufruct to secure management rights. It ensures the income stream is protected. The usufruct deed can require the owner not to sell the unit. It can also specify conditions (e.g., the owner cannot change rental agreement terms).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"registration-process-for-condo-usufruct\">Registration Process for Condo Usufruct<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"required-documents-condo-specific\">Required Documents (Condo-Specific)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Land Office requires the following documents to register a condo usufruct:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Document<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Description<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Condominium Ownership Certificate<\/td><td>The condo unit\u2019s title deed<\/td><td>Must be current. Must show the unit owner as registered owner.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Usufruct Deed<\/td><td>A written agreement creating the usufruct right<\/td><td>Must specify duration (lifetime, 10 years, etc.). Must include any conditions. Signed and registered before the Land Office official; no notarisation is required (section 1299).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Owner\u2019s ID Card \/ Passport<\/td><td>Proof of identity of the unit owner<\/td><td>Copy certified or original<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Usufructuary\u2019s ID \/ Passport<\/td><td>Proof of identity of the usufructuary<\/td><td>For foreigners: passport required. Work permit or valid visa may be requested.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Condo Juristic Person Letter<\/td><td>Letter from the building\u2019s juristic person confirming the unit is properly registered and owned<\/td><td>Reduces delays. Not always required but recommended.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a aria-describedby=\"tt\" class=\"glossaryLink\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Marriage Certificate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;A &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;marriage certificate&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; in Thailand (Thai: &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;) is an official legal document issued by a district office (&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;amphur&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;) that proves a couple is lawfully married under Thai law. It is a pink paper with official stamps and signatures, typically issued immediately after the marriage registration. This certificate is required for many legal processes, including visa applications, name changes, and sometimes property matters between spouses.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:paragraph --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:image {&amp;quot;id&amp;quot;:9930,&amp;quot;sizeSlug&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;full&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;linkDestination&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;none&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;align&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;} --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;figure class=&amp;quot;wp-block-image aligncenter size-full&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;figcaption class=&amp;quot;wp-element-caption&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Marriage certificate in Thailand&amp;lt;\/figcaption&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/figure&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:image --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/marriage-certificate\/\" role=\"link\" tabindex=\"0\">Marriage Certificate<\/a> (if applicable)<\/td><td>If the owner and usufructuary are spouses<\/td><td>Thai marriage certificate (or certified English translation)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Building Diagram \/ Unit Plan<\/td><td>A certified plan showing the unit\u2019s location in the building<\/td><td>Usually provided by the developer or juristic person<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"fees-and-costs\">Fees and Costs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Land Office charges 1% plus 0.5% stamp duty on the consideration stated in the agreement. Where no consideration is stated, which is the norm, you pay only the fixed fee of 50 baht per title under Ministerial Regulation No. 47 (B.E. 2541). A lease is charged differently: 1% of the total rent plus 0.1% stamp duty. Both are lower than an ownership transfer (2% plus transfer taxes).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additional costs may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Lawyer\u2019s fees:<\/strong>\u00a05,000-15,000 THB if using a local lawyer to prepare and manage the registration.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Juristic person letter and coordination:<\/strong>\u00a0Usually 500-1,000 THB.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"juristic-person-notification\">Juristic Person Notification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After registering the usufruct at the Land Office, notify the condo\u2019s juristic person. While the usufruct registration at the Land Office is legally sufficient, the juristic person needs to know about it. They need to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Update building records and access cards.<\/li>\n\n<li>Direct utility bills and CAM fee notices to the correct party.<\/li>\n\n<li>Recognize the usufructuary as the party responsible for payment and building compliance.<\/li>\n\n<li>Avoid disputes about who can attend meetings or make decisions about the unit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notification is not a legal requirement for validity. But it is a practical necessity for smooth building management. In practice many buildings now require it for access cards, voting proxies, or rule enforcement. Non-compliance can lead to practical lockouts or fines even if legally unenforceable. A well-drafted usufruct agreement can include a proxy-voting clause. Note also that CAM and sinking-fund bills are often issued to the titled owner rather than the usufructuary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"usufruct-vs-ownership-vs-lease-for-condos\">Usufruct vs. Ownership vs. Lease for Condos<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following table compares these three options specifically for condominium units in Thailand:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Criterion<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Usufruct<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Ownership<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Lease<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Legal Basis<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-1417\/\">CCC Sections 1417-1428<\/a><\/td><td>Condo Act + CCC property law<\/td><td>Called \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-537\/\">Hired of Property\u201d into the CCC Sections 537-571<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Foreign Eligibility<\/strong><\/td><td>Yes (does not count toward 49% quota)<\/td><td>Yes (counts toward 49% quota)<\/td><td>Yes (does not count toward quota)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Duration<\/strong><\/td><td>Lifetime or fixed term (maximum 30 years if fixed)<\/td><td>Permanent (inheritable)<\/td><td>Maximum 30 years (renewable)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Registration<\/strong><\/td><td>Land Office (formal registration)<\/td><td>Land Office (title deed)<\/td><td>Land Office (optional but recommended)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Registration Cost<\/strong><\/td><td>1% fee plus 0.5% stamp duty calculated on the consideration amount. If no consideration, a fixed fee per plot is charged (50 baht per title)<\/td><td>Transfer fee 2% (0.01% until 30 June 2027 for an individual Thai-national buyer, residential property up to 7 million baht) + Stamp Duty + Sometimes Specific Business Tax + Withholding Tax.<\/td><td>1% registration fee plus 0.1% stamp duty, both calculated on the total rent.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Voting Rights at Condo Meetings<\/strong><\/td><td>Owner retains rights (unless proxied to usufructuary)<\/td><td>Full voting rights<\/td><td>None (unless specified in lease)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Mortgage \/ Financing<\/strong><\/td><td>Limited (few Thai banks offer mortgages)<\/td><td>Readily available from Thai banks<\/td><td>Generally not available<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Upon Death of User<\/strong><\/td><td>Usufruct terminates. Ownership reverts to owner.<\/td><td>Inheritable to heirs<\/td><td>Lease normally ends on the lessee\u2019s death unless the contract provides for succession<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Foreign Quota Impact<\/strong><\/td><td>No impact<\/td><td>Counts toward 49% foreign limit<\/td><td>No impact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Security \/ Enforceability<\/strong><\/td><td>High (Land Office registration, binding on future owners)<\/td><td>Highest (full ownership with title deed)<\/td><td>Moderate (depends on lease registration and terms)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"summary\">Summary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Usufruct bridges the gap between ownership and lease. It offers the security and enforceability of registration. It provides the flexibility of a fixed or lifetime term. And it avoids consuming the foreign quota. For many foreign investors, especially when the 49% quota is full, usufruct is the optimal choice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"maintenance-fees-and-common-area-responsibilities\">Maintenance Fees and Common Area Responsibilities<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"who-pays-the-cam-fees\">Who Pays the CAM Fees?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under Section 1426 of the Civil and Commercial Code, the usufructuary pays the expenses of managing the property and its taxes, and Section 1427 lets the owner require the usufructuary to insure it. Extraordinary expenses stay with the owner under Section 1425, so agree in the deed who pays sinking-fund calls for major works. In a condominium context, the usufructuary\u2019s share usually includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Common Area Maintenance (CAM) fees.<\/li>\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/common-area-fees\/\">Sinking fund<\/a> contributions (for major repairs and common element replacement).<\/li>\n\n<li>Utilities (electricity, water, gas) if billed separately.<\/li>\n\n<li>Property taxes on the unit.<\/li>\n\n<li>Annual building insurance contributions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In practice, the condo juristic person may continue billing the registered owner. This requires a private arrangement between the owner and usufructuary. You should ensure the usufructuary reimburses the owner for these costs. The usufruct agreement should clarify this arrangement. It should specify monthly or annual payment terms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"voting-rights-at-condo-meetings\">Voting Rights at Condo Meetings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The right to vote at Annual General Meetings (AGMs) belongs to the registered owner, not the usufructuary. However, the owner can grant proxy authority to the usufructuary in writing. This allows the usufructuary to vote on the owner\u2019s behalf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Best practice is to address this in the usufruct agreement. Common arrangements include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Automatic proxy:<\/strong>\u00a0The owner automatically grants proxy to the usufructuary for all condo meetings.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Limited proxy:<\/strong>\u00a0The usufructuary may vote on routine matters (e.g., CAM fee increases) but major decisions (e.g., sale of common property) require the owner\u2019s direct approval.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>No voting:<\/strong>\u00a0The owner retains voting rights. The usufructuary may attend meetings to observe but not vote.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some juristic persons may allow the usufructuary to attend meetings and participate in discussions. This occurs even without formal voting rights, especially if the usufructuary is the resident occupant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"building-rules-and-regulations\">Building Rules and Regulations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The usufructuary is fully bound by the condo juristic person\u2019s rules and regulations. These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pet policies and restrictions.<\/li>\n\n<li>Noise and nuisance restrictions.<\/li>\n\n<li>Renovation and remodeling limitations.<\/li>\n\n<li>Subletting restrictions (some condos prohibit or limit short-term rentals).<\/li>\n\n<li>Common area usage rules.<\/li>\n\n<li>Parking and vehicle restrictions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Violations can result in warnings, fines, or legal action by the juristic person. The owner may also be held liable if the usufructuary breaches the building rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"special-considerations-for-foreign-usufructuaries\">Special Considerations for Foreign Usufructuaries<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-49-quota-advantage\">The 49% Quota Advantage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the primary reason many foreigners choose usufruct over ownership. Under the Condominium Act, no more than 49% of the combined area of all the units in a building may be owned by foreign nationals or companies. This quota is strict and monitored by the juristic person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, usufruct does not count toward the 49% quota. A foreigner can hold a usufruct even if the building is 100% occupied by foreign usufructuaries or foreign owners. This makes usufruct an excellent workaround in buildings where the foreign ownership cap has been reached.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"work-permit-and-visa-considerations\">Work Permit and Visa Considerations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/work-permit\/\">work permit<\/a> is required to register a usufruct in Thailand. The Land Office only requires:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A valid passport.<\/li>\n\n<li>A valid visa or permit to stay (tourist visa, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/retirement-visa\/\">retirement visa<\/a>, non-immigrant visa, etc.).<\/li>\n\n<li>An address in Thailand (can be the condo unit itself).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Foreigners should ensure their visa status is valid at the time of registration. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/border-run\/\">Visa runs<\/a> and border bounces are not necessary. Any visa or stamp that allows legal presence is sufficient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"financing-limitations\">Financing Limitations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thai banks rarely provide mortgage financing against a usufruct right. Most lenders prefer ownership with a clear title deed. Usufruct is viewed as a limited or secondary right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Foreigners using usufruct typically:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pay cash from personal funds.<\/li>\n\n<li>Arrange financing from offshore banks (e.g., Singapore, Hong Kong).<\/li>\n\n<li>Seek alternative financing from non-bank lenders (less common and more expensive).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is an important consideration if you plan to leverage financing to acquire a condo usufruct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"supreme-court-decision-1463-2542-1999-condo-related-usufruct\">Supreme Court Decision 1463\/2542 (1999): a Tax Case About Condo Usufruct Contracts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This decision is sometimes cited as authority on condo usufructs. It is a tax case, and it decides less than is usually claimed. A condominium developer had signed contracts it called usufruct contracts (\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19) that let foreign customers use and manage units, at a time when the law did not allow foreigners to own them. The Revenue Department taxed the payments as receipts from a sale of immovable property under section 77 of the Revenue Code. The Supreme Court disagreed: the contracts only handed over possession and use while ownership stayed with the developer, so they were not a sale and the payments were not taxable as sale proceeds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That is the whole of its usufruct holding. The judgment does not rule on whether a juristic person can refuse or revoke a registered usufruct, or on enforceability against later owners. Those points rest on the Code itself: under section 1299 a real right over immovable property is complete only when it is made in writing and registered with the official, and once registered it binds later owners of the unit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788700000000\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q1: Can a foreigner register usufruct over a condo unit in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. Usufruct under the Civil and Commercial Code applies to all immovable property, including condo units. A foreigner can be a usufructuary as long as they have a valid passport and visa. The usufruct is registered at the Land Office in the same manner as for land. No work permit is required.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788700000001\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q2: Does usufruct count toward the 49% foreign ownership quota?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>No. Usufruct does not consume any portion of the 49% foreign ownership quota. This is one of the major advantages of usufruct over ownership. Even if a building has reached its foreign ownership limit, a foreigner can still acquire a usufruct.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788700000002\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q3: Who pays the Common Area Maintenance (CAM) fees. Owner or usufructuary?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Under Sections 1426 and 1427 of the Civil and Commercial Code, the usufructuary bears the running costs of the unit and its taxes; extraordinary expenses stay with the owner (Section 1425). In practice, the condo juristic person bills the registered owner. So a private arrangement between owner and usufructuary is needed. You must ensure the usufructuary reimburses the owner. The usufruct agreement should specify payment terms.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788700000003\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q4: Can the usufructuary vote at condo meetings?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Voting rights belong to the registered owner. However, the owner can grant proxy authority to the usufructuary in writing. This allows the usufructuary to vote on the owner\u2019s behalf. This arrangement should be specified in the usufruct agreement. Some buildings allow usufructuaries to attend meetings and participate in discussions. This occurs even without formal voting rights.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788700000004\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q5: What happens to the usufruct when the usufructuary dies?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The usufruct terminates upon the death of the usufructuary. Usufruct rights do not pass to heirs or beneficiaries. The underlying ownership reverts entirely to the owner with no further obligation or claim. This is a key difference from ownership, which is inheritable.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788700000005\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q6: Is usufruct better than a 30-year lease for a condo unit?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Both have merits depending on your situation. A usufruct can last for the usufructuary\u2019s lifetime; a fixed-term usufruct is capped at 30 years, the same as a lease (Sections 1418 and 1403). It does not count toward the 49% quota. It provides stronger enforceability through Land Office registration. Leases are sometimes simpler to negotiate and cheaper upfront. See the comparison table for a detailed breakdown of all differences. Consult a Thai lawyer to determine which option suits your circumstances.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Last reviewed: 30 September 2026. Read in Thai: Civil and Commercial Code sections 538, 540, 1299, 1403, 1417 to 1419, 1421, 1423, 1425 to 1428; Supreme Court Decision 1463\/2542 in full; the Department of Lands fee schedule under Ministerial Regulation No. 47 (B.E. 2541) and its stamp-duty guidance. The Land Office document list, the juristic person practice, financing availability and professional fees are practice, not read in a primary.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/\">Need Help With Your Usufruct?<br\/>ThaiLawOnline has registered hundreds of usufruct agreements since 2006. We know the law, the Land Office process, and the Supreme Court decisions that protect your rights.<br\/><strong>Call us today: +66 (0) 87 225 1340<\/strong>\u00a0or email\u00a0<strong>info@thailawonline.com<\/strong><br\/>Book a Consultation<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Buying or holding a condo unit?<\/strong> Our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/condo-lawyer-in-thailand\/\">condo lawyer service<\/a> covers title and foreign-quota checks, the sale and purchase agreement, and registration at the Land Office, including registering a usufruct where it is the right tool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"getting-your-usufruct-agreement\">Getting Your Usufruct Agreement: Three Routes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All three produce the same underlying document, the bilingual usufruct agreement this firm uses for its own clients. Download the <a href=\"\/product\/usufruct-agreement-template-bilingual-en-th\/\">editable template<\/a> at 890 THB and complete it yourself, let the <a href=\"\/legal-document-maker\/\">Document Maker<\/a> build a finished personalised version if you are a Gold member, with translation available, or send us your details and we draft it around your facts in English and Thai for a fixed <strong>3,900 THB<\/strong>, guiding you through registration at the Land Office. They are <a href=\"\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/#three-ways\">compared side by side in our complete guide<\/a>, with our published fees.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bilingual template \u00b7 \u0e41\u0e21\u0e48\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32 Download the Usufruct Agreement (\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19), \u0e3f890, free for Silver members \u0e14\u0e32\u0e27\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e42\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19, \u0e3f890 \u0e1f\u0e23\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e01 Silver \u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e1b Get [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"","rank_math_focus_keyword":"usufruct condo thailand","rank_math_title":"Usufruct on a Condo in Thailand: Is It Possible? (2026)","rank_math_description":"Can you register a usufruct over a Thai condominium? The Condominium Act, CCC 1417-1428, the 49% foreign quota, common fees, voting and Dika 1463\/2542.","rank_math_breadcrumb_title":"Usufruct Condo Thailand","rank_math_canonical_url":""},"class_list":["post-70","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/70","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=70"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/70\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9042,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/70\/revisions\/9042"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=70"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u0e14\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e25\u0e22\u0e39\u0e1e\u0e35","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}