{"id":71,"date":"2026-03-08T11:08:24","date_gmt":"2026-03-08T04:08:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/supreme-court-usufruct-thailand\/"},"modified":"2026-11-04T03:51:42","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T20:51:42","slug":"supreme-court-usufruct-thailand","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-usufruct-thailand\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e04\u0e33\u0e15\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"background:#0f2542;border-radius:14px;padding:16px 20px;margin:0 0 20px;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between\"><div style=\"flex:1 1 300px\"><div style=\"color:#c2a25a;font-weight:600;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase\">Bilingual template \u00b7 \u0e41\u0e21\u0e48\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32<\/div><div style=\"color:#fff;font-size:16px;font-weight:600\">Download the Usufruct Agreement (\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19), \u0e3f890, free for Silver members<\/div><div style=\"color:#9fb0c9;font-size:13.5px\">\u0e14\u0e32\u0e27\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e42\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19, \u0e3f890 \u0e1f\u0e23\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e01 Silver \u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e1b<\/div><\/div><a href=\"\/product\/usufruct-agreement-template-bilingual-en-th\/\" style=\"flex:0 0 auto;background:#c2a25a;color:#3a2c08;font-weight:600;padding:11px 20px;border-radius:10px;text-decoration:none\">Get the template \u2192<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/\">usufruct in Thailand<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#f5f7fb;border:1px solid #e6eaf1;border-radius:10px;padding:12px 16px;margin:10px 0 18px\">\ud83d\udcc4 <strong>Need the contract?<\/strong> <a href=\"\/product\/usufruct-agreement-template-bilingual-en-th\/\"><strong>Download our bilingual usufruct agreement template<\/strong><\/a>, the English\/Thai contract sample drafted as an addendum to the registered usufruct, with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/land-office\/\">Land Office<\/a> registration guide. Free download for Silver members, or \u0e3f890 once.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"key-takeaways\"><strong>Key Takeaways<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We maintain the most detailed database of Thai <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/supreme-court-dika\/\">Supreme Court<\/a> decisions on usufruct (\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19). It contains 64 decisions from 1936 to 2022 and updated in 2026. These cases are organized into 12 themes. They cover usufructuary power, registration, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/gift\/\">gift<\/a> law, lease interaction, wills, co-ownership, owner\u2019s rights, duration, tax issues, temple property, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/marital-property\/\">marital property<\/a>, and procedures. No other law firm in Thailand provides this much English-language case analysis on usufruct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Written by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/sebastien-brousseau\/\" rel=\"author\">Sebastien H. Brousseau, LL.B., B.Sc.<\/a> | ThaiLawOnline.com, working in usufruct law since 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2 id=\"table-of-contents\">Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#key-takeaways\">Key Takeaways<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#why-court-decisions-matter-for-your-usufruct\">Why Court Decisions Matter for Your Usufruct<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#landmark-decisions-by-legal-principle\">Landmark Decisions by Legal Principle<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#complete-index-of-all-64-decisions\">Complete Index of All 64 Decisions<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#how-thai-law-online-uses-these-decisions\">How ThaiLawOnline Uses These Decisions<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#more-landmark-decisions\">More landmark decisions<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#how-the-sources-were-checked\">How the sources were checked<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-court-decisions-matter-for-your-usufruct\">Why Court Decisions Matter for Your Usufruct<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thailand operates under a civil law system. Supreme Court decisions are not binding precedent like they are in common law countries. However, they carry strong persuasive authority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lower courts and provincial courts routinely follow patterns from Supreme Court cases. When deciding similar disputes, they use these decisions as guides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Understanding case law reveals how courts will treat your usufruct in practice. A Supreme Court decision on Section 1417 power establishes a pattern. Provincial courts follow it when deciding comparable cases. You can predict outcomes and strengthen your position by knowing how courts have ruled before.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 64 decisions in our database reflect usufruct law\u2019s evolution over nearly 90 years. Early decisions (1936-1950) clarified whether registration is required. Mid-period decisions (1950-1990) established relationships with leases, gifts, and marital property. Recent decisions (1990-2022) address modern scenarios: tax withholding, condominium usufruct, fraudulent transfers.<\/p>\n\n\n<style data-noptimize=\"1\">.tlo-lb{border:2px solid #1E3455;background:#fff;margin:28px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;color:#1b1b1b}.tlo-lb h2.tlo-lb-h{background:#1E3455;color:#fff;font-size:19px;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:12px 16px}.tlo-lb-tabs{position:relative;padding-top:44px;background:#fff}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:absolute;top:0;width:33.334%;height:44px;line-height:44px;text-align:center;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;list-style:none;background:#eef0f4;color:#1E3455;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:3px solid #1E3455}.tlo-lb-tab>summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(1)>summary{left:0}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(2)>summary{left:33.333%}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(3)>summary{left:66.666%}.tlo-lb-tab[open]>summary{background:#fff;border-bottom-color:#FECB01}.tlo-lb summary:focus-visible,.tlo-lb a:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #FECB01;outline-offset:-3px}.tlo-lb-sec{padding:14px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-sec h3{font-size:17px;line-height:1.35;margin:0 0 4px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-sec h3 small{font-weight:400;color:#555;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-sec p{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-text{white-space:pre-line;border-left:3px solid #FECB01;padding-left:12px;margin:0 0 6px}.tlo-lb-note{font-size:13px;color:#555;font-style:italic}.tlo-lb-badge{display:inline-block;background:#FECB01;color:#1E3455;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;padding:1px 7px;margin-left:6px}.tlo-lb-fold{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-fold>summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:6px}.tlo-lb-links a{margin-right:14px;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-cases,.tlo-lb-src{padding:14px 16px;background:#f6f7f9;border-top:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-cases h3,.tlo-lb-src h3{font-size:15px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-cases ul,.tlo-lb-src ul{margin:0;padding:0 0 0 18px;font-size:14px}.tlo-al{font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:#444;margin:0 0 18px}.tlo-al details{margin-top:4px}.tlo-al summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455}.tlo-al ul{margin:6px 0 0 18px;padding:0}@media print{.tlo-lb{border:1px solid #000}.tlo-lb-tabs{padding-top:0}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:static;width:auto;height:auto;line-height:1.4;text-align:left;background:none;border:0}.tlo-lb details::details-content{content-visibility:visible;display:block}.tlo-lb-links a{color:#000}}<\/style><script data-noptimize=\"1\" data-no-optimize=\"1\">document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){(function(){var b=document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb-tabs\");b.forEach(function(g){var t=g.querySelectorAll(\":scope>details\");t.forEach(function(d){d.firstElementChild.addEventListener(\"click\",function(e){if(d.open){e.preventDefault()}})})});var s=[];addEventListener(\"beforeprint\",function(){s=[];document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb details\").forEach(function(d){s.push([d,d.open,d.getAttribute(\"name\")]);d.removeAttribute(\"name\");d.open=true})});addEventListener(\"afterprint\",function(){s.forEach(function(x){x[0].open=x[1];if(x[2]){x[0].setAttribute(\"name\",x[2])}})})})();});<\/script><section class=\"tlo-lb notranslate\" data-no-translation data-no-dynamic-translation translate=\"no\" aria-label=\"\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\"><h2 class=\"tlo-lb-h\">\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49<\/h2><div class=\"tlo-lb-tabs\"><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"en\" data-no-translation><summary>English<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1417<\/h3><p>A usufruct gives a person the right to possess, use and take the fruits and income of another person&#039;s immovable property, and the right to manage it. Ownership stays with the owner. The term is governed by Section 1418: it may be for a fixed period or for the usufructuary&#039;s life, and where a period is fixed, Section 1403 paragraph 3 applies, which caps it at thirty years.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">An immovable property may be subject to a usufruct, by virtue of which the usufructuary is entitled to possess, use and take the benefit of that property.\n The usufructuary has the power to manage the property.\n A usufructuary of a forest, mine or quarry is entitled to exploit the forest, mine or quarry.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1417\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1299<\/h3><p>Subject to other provisions of this Code or other laws, an acquisition by juristic act of immovable property, or of a real right in it, is not complete unless the act is made in writing and registered by the competent official. A right acquired otherwise than by juristic act cannot be dealt with on the register until it is registered, and until then it cannot be set up against a third person who acquired for value and in good faith and registered his right in good faith.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Subject to the provisions of this Code or of other laws, an acquisition by juristic act of immovable property, or of a real right appertaining to immovable property, is not complete unless the juristic act is made in writing and the acquisition is registered with the competent official.\n Where a person acquires immovable property, or a real right appertaining to immovable property, otherwise than by juristic act, the acquirer&#039;s right, so long as it has not been registered, cannot be the subject of any change in the register, and that unregistered right may not be set up against a third person who has acquired a right for value and in good faith and has registered that right in good faith.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1299\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1418<\/h3><p>A usufruct may be created for a fixed period or for the life of the usufructuary. If no period is fixed, it is presumed to be for the usufructuary&#039;s life. Where a period is fixed, Section 1403 paragraph 3 applies, so it cannot exceed thirty years, though it may be renewed. A usufruct comes to an end on the death of the usufructuary and does not pass to heirs.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">A usufruct may be created either for a fixed period or for the lifetime of the usufructuary.\n If no period is fixed, the usufruct is presumed to last for the lifetime of the usufructuary.\n If a period is fixed, the provisions of section 1403 paragraph three apply mutatis mutandis.\n If the usufructuary dies, the usufruct always comes to an end.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1418\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 535<\/h3><p>This section lists the four kinds of gift that cannot be revoked for ingratitude: a gift that is truly remuneratory, a gift charged with an obligation, a gift made in performance of a moral duty, and a gift made in marriage.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">The following gifts may not be revoked on the ground of ingratitude: (1) a gift made purely as a reward for services; (2) a gift of a thing subject to a charge; (3) a gift made in fulfilment of a moral duty; (4) a gift made on the occasion of marriage.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-535\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 569<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">A contract of hire of immovable property is not extinguished by the transfer of ownership of the property hired.\n The transferee is entitled to the rights and is subject to the duties of the transferor towards the hirer.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-569\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 1428<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">No action concerning a usufruct between the owner of the property and the usufructuary or the transferee may be brought after one year from the date on which the usufruct ends. However, in an action in which the owner of the property is the plaintiff, if the owner could not know when the usufruct ended, the one-year prescription runs from the time when the owner of the property knew or ought to have known that the usufruct had ended.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1428\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"th\" data-no-translation open><summary>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1417<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e15\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e17\u0e23\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\n\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e17\u0e23\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\n\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e17\u0e23\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e21\u0e49 \u0e40\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e41\u0e23\u0e48 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e02\u0e38\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e27\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1b\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e21\u0e49 \u0e40\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e41\u0e23\u0e48 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e02\u0e38\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e34\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1417\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1299<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e39\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e17\u0e33\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\n\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e44\u0e0b\u0e23\u0e49 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e30\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e19\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e22\u0e01\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e21\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1299\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1418<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e08\u0e30\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e14\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e27\u0e34\u0e15\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e17\u0e23\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e01\u0e47\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e29\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e27\u0e34\u0e15\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e17\u0e23\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\n\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e19\u0e33\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e51\u0e54\u0e50\u0e53 \u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e04\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21 \u0e21\u0e32\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e42\u0e25\u0e21\n\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e17\u0e23\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e15\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e2d<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1418\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 535<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e08\u0e30\u0e01\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e27\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e30\u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e04\u0e37\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e30\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e40\u0e19\u0e23\u0e04\u0e38\u0e13\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e04\u0e37\u0e2d(\u0e51) \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e33\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e47\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e41\u0e17\u0e49(\u0e52) \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e20\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19(\u0e53) \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e08\u0e23\u0e23\u0e22\u0e32(\u0e54) \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e23\u0e2a<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-535\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 569<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e23\u0e30\u0e07\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e1b \u0e40\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e30\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32\n\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-569\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 1428<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e17\u0e23\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e49\u0e19\u0e25\u0e07 \u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e42\u0e08\u0e17\u0e01\u0e4c\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e49\u0e19\u0e25\u0e07\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e19\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e22\u0e38\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e49\u0e19\u0e25\u0e07<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1428\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"fr\" data-no-translation><summary>Fran\u00e7ais<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1417<\/h3><p>Un immeuble peut \u00eatre grev\u00e9 d&#039;un usufruit, en vertu duquel l&#039;usufruitier a le droit de poss\u00e9der ce bien, d&#039;en user et d&#039;en tirer profit.\n\nL&#039;usufruitier a le pouvoir d&#039;administrer le bien.\n\nL&#039;usufruitier d&#039;une for\u00eat, d&#039;une mine ou d&#039;une carri\u00e8re a le droit d&#039;exploiter cette for\u00eat, cette mine ou cette carri\u00e8re.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1417\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1299<\/h3><p>Sous r\u00e9serve des dispositions du pr\u00e9sent Code ou d&#039;autres lois, l&#039;acquisition par acte juridique d&#039;un immeuble ou d&#039;un droit r\u00e9el immobilier n&#039;est parfaite que si l&#039;acte juridique est fait par \u00e9crit et si l&#039;acquisition est enregistr\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s du fonctionnaire comp\u00e9tent.\n\nLorsqu&#039;une personne acquiert un immeuble ou un droit r\u00e9el immobilier autrement que par un acte juridique, le droit de l&#039;acqu\u00e9reur, tant qu&#039;il n&#039;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9, ne peut donner lieu \u00e0 aucune modification du registre, et ce droit non enregistr\u00e9 ne peut \u00eatre oppos\u00e9 au tiers qui a acquis un droit \u00e0 titre on\u00e9reux et de bonne foi et qui a fait enregistrer ce droit de bonne foi.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1299\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1418<\/h3><p>L&#039;usufruit peut \u00eatre constitu\u00e9 soit pour une dur\u00e9e d\u00e9termin\u00e9e, soit pour la vie de l&#039;usufruitier.\n\n\u00c0 d\u00e9faut de dur\u00e9e fix\u00e9e, l&#039;usufruit est pr\u00e9sum\u00e9 constitu\u00e9 pour la vie de l&#039;usufruitier.\n\nSi une dur\u00e9e est fix\u00e9e, les dispositions de l&#039;article 1403, alin\u00e9a 3, s&#039;appliquent par analogie.\n\nSi l&#039;usufruitier d\u00e9c\u00e8de, l&#039;usufruit s&#039;\u00e9teint dans tous les cas.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1418\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 535<\/h3><p>Les donations suivantes ne peuvent pas \u00eatre r\u00e9voqu\u00e9es pour cause d&#039;ingratitude : (1) la donation faite \u00e0 titre de pure r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration ; (2) la donation d&#039;un bien grev\u00e9 d&#039;une charge ; (3) la donation faite en accomplissement d&#039;un devoir moral ; (4) la donation faite en vue du mariage.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-535\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 569<\/h3><p>Le bail d&#039;un immeuble ne prend pas fin du fait du transfert de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 du bien lou\u00e9.\n\nL&#039;acqu\u00e9reur reprend \u00e0 la fois les droits et les obligations du c\u00e9dant envers le preneur.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-569\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 1428<\/h3><p>Les actions relatives \u00e0 l&#039;usufruit entre le propri\u00e9taire et l&#039;usufruitier ou le cessionnaire ne peuvent \u00eatre intent\u00e9es plus d&#039;un an apr\u00e8s l&#039;extinction de l&#039;usufruit. Toutefois, lorsque le propri\u00e9taire est demandeur et ne pouvait savoir quand l&#039;usufruit a pris fin, ce d\u00e9lai d&#039;un an court du moment o\u00f9 il a su ou aurait d\u00fb savoir que l&#039;usufruit avait pris fin.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-1428\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-cases\"><h3>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/10344-2551-burdened-gift-cannot-be-revoked-for-ingratitude\/\">10344\/2551<\/a> (2008): \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e22\u0e01\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e07\u0e27\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e20\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19 \u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e04\u0e37\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e24\u0e15\u0e34\u0e40\u0e19\u0e23\u0e04\u0e38\u0e13<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/7199-2552-will-grants-only-usufruct-not-ownership\/\">7199\/2552<\/a> (2009): \u0e1e\u0e34\u0e19\u0e31\u0e22\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e22\u0e01 &#039;\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e28\u0e31\u0e22\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e27\u0e34\u0e15&#039; \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e19\u0e31\u0e22\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19 \u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-src\"><h3>\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e32<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e4c, Office of the Council of State<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 31 \u0e15\u0e38\u0e25\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2569<\/li><li>deka.supremecourt.or.th, Supreme Court of Thailand decisions database (copy held in our library), \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 19 \u0e01\u0e38\u0e21\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\u0e18\u0e4c 2569<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"landmark-decisions-by-legal-principle\">Landmark Decisions by Legal Principle<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-power-of-the-usufructuary-section-1417\">1. Power of the Usufructuary (Section 1417)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/thai-civil-and-commercial-code\/\">Civil Code<\/a> grants usufructuaries broad \u201cmanagement\u201d powers. Supreme Court decisions clarify the scope of these powers. They show when owners retain standing to act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 15033\/2555 (2012): Usufructuary Controls Tenant Eviction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An owner registered two individuals as lifetime usufructuaries of the land. When a dispute arose with an occupant, the owner sued to evict. The Court held that ending a lease or evicting an occupant is the usufructuary\u2019s power of management under Section 1417, and that while the usufruct subsists the owner has none of those rights. The owner had no standing to sue, and the claim was dismissed. This establishes that owners cannot bypass the usufruct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 2428\/2518 (1975): Usufructuary Can Evict Without Juvenile Court Permission<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A usufructuary sued to evict an occupant who lived on the land by permission. The land belonged to a minor, and it was argued that the suit needed Juvenile Court permission first. The Supreme Court held no such permission was necessary: Section 1417 paragraph two gives the usufructuary power to manage the property, and suing to evict is an act of management. Usufructuary standing does not depend on owner capacity, and no prior warning to the occupant was required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 3019\/2528 (1985): Eviction Counts as Property Management<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A usufructuary sued to evict the occupants of a house and land let to a tenant who had since died. The Court confirmed that eviction is \u201cproperty management\u201d expressly granted under Section 1417, so the usufructuary had standing, and the owner was not a party to the case. It then held that once the reciprocal ten year arrangement expired the tenant held on a monthly tenancy, which ended on the tenant\u2019s death, and it ordered the occupants out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 807\/2503 (1960): Lifetime Usufruct Gives Rent Collection Rights<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An owner transferred land and a building to her three children but kept a lifetime usufruct, and leased the building through an agent. The tenant resisted eviction on the ground that she was not the owner and so could not sue. The Court held that during the usufruct the usufructuary alone may possess, use and take the benefit of the property, and the owner has none of those rights, so she could lease it and collect the rent in her own name. The children were not parties and the dispute was with the tenant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 7341\/2542 (1999): Usufruct Over a Registered Portion Covers Its Buildings<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three people co-owned titled land, and they registered one of them as lifetime usufructuary over his own portion. Two shophouses stood on it, and another co-owner had leased them to a tenant. When that lease expired the usufructuary sued to evict. The Court held that a usufruct registered over a specific portion covers any structure that is a component part of that land, and that the usufructuary could evict even though he had not signed the lease as lessor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 4470\/2528 (1985): Owner Can Still Sue for Damage to the Building<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A contractor excavating and driving piles for a shopping centre next door caused the soil beneath a shophouse to give way and damaged the building. The shophouse was subject to a registered usufruct. The Court held that ownership stays with the owner, so the owner keeps standing to sue in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/tort\/\">tort<\/a> for damage to the property, and the usufructuary\u2019s management rights do not displace that claim. The managing partner of the contracting partnership was liable without limit alongside it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-registration-vs-personal-right-section-1299\">2. Registration vs. Personal Right (Section 1299)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A major question in Thai usufruct law is whether unregistered agreements are valid. Decisions clarify the distinction between registered (real) and unregistered (personal) rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 4446\/2543 (2000): Oral Usufruct Creates Valid Personal Right<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An owner verbally agreed to grant a lifetime usufruct but never registered it. The owner later attempted eviction. The Supreme Court held that an oral agreement creates a valid personal right under Section 1299. The unregistered usufruct prevents eviction. However, this personal right cannot bind third parties. If the land is sold, the new owner is not obligated to recognize the unregistered usufruct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 2380\/2542 (1999): Right to Demand Registration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A parent transferred land and buildings to a child in exchange for an oral agreement that the parent would keep a lifetime usufruct, the child taking the key money and the parent the rent. The child never registered it. The Court held that this reciprocal arrangement creates a personal right to demand registration, and that the parent could sue to compel it for as long as the child had not transferred the property to anyone else. That limit is the point: the right does not survive a transfer to a third party.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 679\/2514 (1971): Compromise Agreement and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/prescription\/\">Limitation Period<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A parent and child settled by compromise agreement, and the settlement gave the parent a lifetime usufruct that was never registered. Sued years later to register it, the child pleaded that more than ten years had passed. The Court held that a claim founded on a compromise carried a ten year period under what was then Section 168, and that time had not begun to run at all, because the child\u2019s own pleading admitted letting the parent exercise the right throughout, which is an implied acknowledgment. The case went back to the trial court for hearing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 1256\/2519 (1976): Unregistered Usufruct Remains Valid<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An owner signed a written agreement giving the other party a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/right-of-habitation\/\">right of habitation<\/a> and a usufruct for life, in exchange for that party not opposing his application to administer an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/estate\/\">estate<\/a>. It was never registered. When he set about selling the property, the Court held that Section 1299 makes an unregistered acquisition imperfect, not void: it is not a real right good against the world, but it is a personal right enforceable between the parties, and it was enough to obtain an order forbidding the sale. Registration would perfect it at once.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 1013\/2485 (1942): Earliest Decision on Usufruct as Real Right<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This 1942 decision is one of the earliest Supreme Court cases on usufruct. A party who had agreed to transfer land claimed a usufruct over it, but the agreement laid down no such condition and nothing had been registered. The Court held that a usufruct is a real right which the law requires to be registered, so he had not acquired it completely. It is the starting point for the registration line of cases that follows, which later softened it: see Decisions 4446\/2543 and 1256\/2519 above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-gift-with-encumbrance-\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e21\u0e35\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e20\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\">3. Gift with Encumbrance (\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e21\u0e35\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e20\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When a parent gifts land but keeps a usufruct, a question arises: is it a true gift or a gift with an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/encumbrance\/\">encumbrance<\/a>? This affects whether the gift can be revoked for ingratitude.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 1516\/2525 (1982): Gift with Encumbrance Cannot Be Revoked<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A parent gifted land and kept a lifetime usufruct. The child also shared thirty thang of the paddy grown on it with the parent each year. Years later, the parent claimed the child was ungrateful and sought revocation. The Court held this was a gift with encumbrance. Section 535(2) provides that a gift with a charge cannot be revoked for ingratitude, so the claim failed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 2651\/2543 (2000): A Retained Usufruct Bars Revocation for Ingratitude<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A donor gave two adjoining parcels to the defendant and the defendant registered a lifetime usufruct back to him over them. The donor sued to revoke the gift for ingratitude after being shut out of the land. The Court held that a gift made on those terms carries an encumbrance, and that Section 535 (2) does not allow such a gift to be revoked for ingratitude. It added the point that decides what to do instead: a usufructuary who is being obstructed can go to court to stop the obstruction, and does not need to revoke the gift to do it. The judgment records no family relationship between the two men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 10344\/2551 (2008): Gift Keeping the Rent and the Fruit<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parents divided their land among their nine children, on the agreed term that the parents kept the rent from the rice fields and the fruit from the orchards. After the father died, the mother sued one son for ingratitude and asked for half of his two plots back. The Court held that keeping the produce made the gift one with a charge, so under Section 535(2) she had no right of action to revoke it for ingratitude, and the dismissal was upheld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 3020\/2537 (1994): Gift vs. Remuneration Distinction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A parent registered a gift of land to a child, keeping the right to let it and collect the rent for life, and the child undertook to pay the parent\u2019s funeral costs. The parent later sought to revoke the gift for ingratitude. The Court held that the appellate court was entitled to find, within the issues the parties had actually pleaded, that this was a gift as true remuneration rather than a gift with an encumbrance. On either footing it was not a simple gift and could not be revoked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-usufruct-and-lease-interaction\">4. Usufruct and Lease Interaction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Usufruct grants broad management rights similar to a lease. Decisions establish how usufructs interact with registered leases. They show what happens when parties die or circumstances change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 2297\/2541 (1998): LANDMARK. Lease Survives Usufructuary\u2019s Death<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An owner registered a lifetime usufruct in favour of a woman, who then leased the land and shophouse to two tenants for 30 years, in writing and registered. She died during the term. The Supreme Court held that she had power to lease under Section 1417 paragraph two, and that although her death ended the usufruct under Section 1418 last paragraph, that did not touch the tenants, who were third parties. The lease stayed alive and bound the owner who had granted the usufruct in the first place, so she could not evict. The judgment below was reversed and her claim dismissed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 6278\/2537 (1994): Both Usufructuary and Owner Death<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A father granted a lifetime usufruct over land and a shophouse, and the usufructuary leased the shophouse for seven years. Both the father and the usufructuary died during the term and the father\u2019s children inherited. The children did not attack the lease; they relied on it. The Court held that they took the land together with the rights and duties under the lease the usufructuary had granted, so they could sue the tenant, and it held the tenant liable under Sections 552 and 562 for a fire, having stored large quantities of cardboard contrary to the agreed business use and kept neither extinguishers nor a watchman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 498\/2536 (1993): Pre-Existing Lease Binds Later Owners<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A landowner leased a building for 11 years and 5 months and applied to register the lease the same day. Before the registration went through he gave the land and building to his wife and children, who registered a usufruct back to him. The Court held that the lease dated from the day it was made, not the day the registrar entered it, and that under Section 569 each later owner, first the wife and children and then the purchaser, took subject to it. His death did not end the lease and the purchaser could not evict.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 1077\/2540 (1997): Lease Use Change and Agricultural Law<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A tenant began a lease for rice farming under the Agricultural Land Lease Act. The tenant changed use to fish farming. Does the Act still apply? The Court held that changing use from rice to fish ponds means the Act no longer applies. The lease falls under ordinary provisions, not agricultural protections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-usufruct-created-by-will\">5. Usufruct Created by Will<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/will\/\">Wills<\/a> frequently grant usufructs, often with habitation rights. Decisions clarify how courts interpret testamentary language and the effect on an estate\u2019s powers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/supreme-court-decisions\/7199-2552-will-grants-only-usufruct-not-ownership\/\">Decision 7199\/2552 (2009)<\/a>: Will Grants Habitation and Usufruct<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/holographic-will\/\">holograph will<\/a> granted the defendant the right of habitation and the right of usufruct over the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/testator\/\">testator<\/a>\u2019s house and land for life, and provided that on her death the property would pass in full ownership, in equal shares, to the children of another named person. The life beneficiary applied to have the property registered in her own name as an heir. The Court held that the will gave her those limited rights and not ownership, so she possessed the property on behalf of the children named to take it, could not plead prescription against them, and could not register the transfer. Ownership was left to pass to them on her death, under a condition precedent, by sections 1673 and 1674 paragraph two.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 305\/2489 (1946): Estate Manager Cannot Lease After Delivery<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A will created a usufruct over a shophouse. After delivery to the usufructuary, the estate manager tried to lease the property. The Court held that once usufruct is delivered, the manager\u2019s power ceases. Only the usufructuary can grant leases. The manager cannot subsequently lease property over which a usufruct has been transferred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 1516\/2503 (1960): Temple\u2019s Failure to Assert Rights Within 10 Years<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A landowner willed land to a temple, subject to a lifetime usufruct for her grandmother and her mother. The temple then did nothing: it let the mother possess the land and register the inheritance into the mother\u2019s own name, for more than ten years. The Court held that the temple\u2019s claim as legatee was barred by Section 1754 last paragraph and that the temple had lost its rights under the will. The temple lost, and the judgment below was reversed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-co-ownership-and-usufruct\">6. Co-Ownership and Usufruct<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When land is owned by multiple co-owners, can one co-owner grant usufruct? Decisions clarify consent requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 283\/2498 (1955): Co-Owner Cannot Bind the Other Co-Owners<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One co-owner burdened jointly owned land with a usufruct in favour of an outsider, by compromise agreement and without the consent of the other co-owners. The Court held that the agreement does not bind them. That is the correct way to read it: a co-owner may deal with their own share, so the grant is ineffective against the others rather than void against everybody. To burden the whole of the land, all co-owners must agree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 887\/2538 (1995): Land Department Opinion Is Advisory, and Cannot Be Sued Over<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Land Department advised a district land office that a usufruct cannot be registered where the intended usufructuary is himself one of the co-owners. The would-be usufructuary sued the Department. The Court held that the advice only assisted the officer, and that whether to register is the land officer\u2019s own power under Section 71 of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/land-code\/\">Land Code<\/a>. The Department had therefore not infringed anyone\u2019s rights and the claimant had no standing to sue it, a point the Court raised of its own motion as one of public order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-owners-rights-during-active-usufruct\">7. Owner\u2019s Rights During Active Usufruct<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A usufruct grants broad management rights but does not transfer ownership. What rights does the owner keep?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 2783\/2516 (1973): Owner Can Sell During Active Usufruct<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Land and two houses belonged to five children who were minors, and their father applied to the court for leave to sell on their behalf. It was the usufructuary who objected, not a buyer. The Court held that a usufructuary has only the rights of possession, use, benefit and management under Section 1417 and no power to stop the owner selling, so long as the sale does not prejudice the usufruct. A usufruct is a real right good against everyone, so a purchaser cannot cut it down, and selling subject to it is not bad faith. Leave to sell was given.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-duration-non-exercise-and-limitation\">8. Duration, Non-Exercise, and Limitation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If a usufruct is not exercised, does it lapse? Decisions establish the distinction between general limitation and specific periods for usufruct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 1548\/2503 (1960): Non-Exercise Does Not Cause Lapse<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A usufructuary never exercised the right for 7-8 years. The owner claimed it had lapsed through non-exercise. The Court held that a usufruct does not lapse from non-exercise, and that the relevant limitation is the 10-year general limitation. Section 1428 was not in point: it bars <em>any<\/em> action between owner and usufructuary, or their transferee, in connection with the usufruct, but only once one year has run <strong>from the day the usufruct ends<\/strong>, and this usufruct had not ended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 4074\/2536 (1993): Mining Usufruct Fails Where Its Contractual Condition Was Never Met<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A landowner contracted to give a mining company a usufruct for 30 years, on terms requiring the company to notify him within a set time if it wanted the right. The company never gave notice and nearly 20 years passed. It was the company\u2019s successor who sued. The Court held that the contractual right could no longer be relied on, and that the successor could not assert it either, because a transferee takes no better right than the transferor. The case turns on an unperformed condition in a contract, not on non-exercise of a registered usufruct, and no statute was breached.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"9-tax-and-revenue-issues\">9. Tax and Revenue Issues<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern decisions address the treatment of usufruct for tax withholding and income allocation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 575\/2560 (2017): Tax Withholding and Actual Income Earner<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An owner leased land to a company for 30 years and, on the same day, agreed to give a usufruct to her three grandchildren, who were minors, but the usufruct was registered only after the lease had been made. The company paid the key money and the rent to the grandchildren and issued withholding tax certificates in their names. The grandchildren, not the owner, sued the Revenue Department for a refund. The Court held that the income under the lease belonged to the owner, because she was the contracting party under it, and that the grandchildren merely received the money on her behalf, so the certificates named the wrong taxpayer and no refund was due. The sequence is what decided it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"10-temple-and-religious-property\">10. Temple and Religious Property<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thai courts apply special rules when usufruct involves temple property (\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e18\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e07\u0e06\u0e4c).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 5528\/2533 (1990): Temple Land Cannot Be Lost by Possession<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A donor gave untitled land to a temple, providing that his wife should have a usufruct for life, and the temple took possession. The land became temple land from the moment of the gift, and the wife held it on the temple\u2019s behalf. She later sold it, and it was the buyer who fought the temple, not the wife. The Court held that the buyer could not plead prescription against a temple over temple land under Section 34 of the Sangha Act B.E. 2505, so the temple kept its possessory right. The temple\u2019s failure to enter the acquisition in its register did not cost it anything.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 1906\/2519 (1976): Estate Management Committee Can Sue the Tenant<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A donor gave land to a temple by deed, keeping a right of habitation and usufruct for himself and providing that after his death a committee would collect the income and divide it between the temple and others. After he died the committee sued a tenant to recover the land. The Court held that the committee, acting as administrators of the estate, had authority to sue even though the complaint named the temple, because the complaint set out the committee\u2019s power, and that the temple could not obstruct the committee\u2019s management. The tenant was evicted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"11-marriage-and-spousal-rights\">11. Marriage and Spousal Rights<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Usufruct can interact with marital property regimes. Decisions clarify how spousal rights are affected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 818\/2546 (2003): Husband\u2019s Gift to Wife During Marriage<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A husband registered gifts of seven plots of land to his wife during the marriage, keeping a usufruct over each. He later moved to undo them. The Court held that a gift between spouses during marriage is a contract concerning property made between husband and wife, so Section 1469, which lets either spouse avoid such a contract, is the provision that governs it, and not the general revocation of gifts rule in Section 535. The gifts were set aside.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 6552\/2538 (1995): Marital Property Under the Pre-1976 Book V<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is an estate case about how property acquired during a marriage is classified. The Court held that property the deceased received by inheritance or gift during the marriage, while Book V of the Code as it stood before the 1976 revision was in force, is marital property under the old Section 1466, and that the revised Sections 1471 and 1474 do not turn it retrospectively into separate property. Only the deceased\u2019s half therefore passed to the heirs. A usufruct enters the case only as one line of the estate inventory, and the judgment decides nothing about transferring a usufruct or about spousal consent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"12-procedural-and-miscellaneous\">12. Procedural and Miscellaneous<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Decisions address court jurisdiction, res judicata, court fees, and other procedural matters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 7956\/2557 (2014): Usufruct Claim as No-Property-Value Case<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A claimant sued seven defendants for a declaration that he held a usufruct and an order registering it. He lost on the facts: the courts found the right had never been granted to him. On costs, the Court held that because he had not claimed the land itself, which stayed part of the estate, the case carried no property value, so the ad valorem court fees charged at all three levels were wrong, and it ordered the excess refunded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 8458\/2558 (2015): The Same Usufruct Question Cannot Be Tried Twice<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The second defendant here had already sued these same plaintiffs over the same land, and that case reached the Supreme Court as Decision 7956\/2557 above, which held the usufruct had never been granted to him. Both cases were in the same court of first instance. The Supreme Court held that deciding the question again was a repetition of proceedings barred by Section 144 of the Civil Procedure Code, and that this applied even though the present case had been filed before judgment was given in the earlier one. It raised the point of its own motion as a matter of public order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Decision 2775\/2565 (2022): Check Enforceability When Underlying Lease Fails<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is a criminal case. A landowner prosecuted a tenant under the Bad Cheque Act B.E. 2534 over cheques given for rent and for the payment the tenant owed him for registering a usufruct. An element of that offence is that the cheque must be issued for a debt that is both real and legally enforceable. The Court held that the backdated part of the lease had no written evidence signed by the party liable, so under Section 538 it could not be sued on, and that the contract in any event showed the cheques were handed over as security rather than in payment. The element was missing, the conviction was reversed and the tenant was acquitted. This is the most recent Supreme Court decision in our database (2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"complete-index-of-all-64-decisions\">Complete Index of All 64 Decisions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Below is the complete chronological index of all 64 Supreme Court decisions on usufruct in the ThaiLawOnline database (1936-2022):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">#<\/th>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Decision No.<\/th>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Year (BE\/CE)<\/th>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Primary Category<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1<\/td>\n<td>754\/2479<\/td>\n<td>1936<\/td>\n<td>Criminal\/Mining<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2<\/td>\n<td>1283\/2480<\/td>\n<td>1937<\/td>\n<td>Registration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">3<\/td>\n<td>1013\/2485<\/td>\n<td>1942<\/td>\n<td>Registration\/Real Right<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">4<\/td>\n<td>305\/2489<\/td>\n<td>1946<\/td>\n<td>Will\/Probate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">5<\/td>\n<td>283\/2498<\/td>\n<td>1955<\/td>\n<td>Co-ownership<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">6<\/td>\n<td>1243\/2499<\/td>\n<td>1956<\/td>\n<td>Procedural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">7<\/td>\n<td>807\/2503<\/td>\n<td>1960<\/td>\n<td>Usufructuary Power\/Rent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">8<\/td>\n<td>1516\/2503<\/td>\n<td>1960<\/td>\n<td>Will\/Temple Property<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">9<\/td>\n<td>1548\/2503<\/td>\n<td>1960<\/td>\n<td>Duration\/Limitation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">10<\/td>\n<td>223\/2507<\/td>\n<td>1964<\/td>\n<td>Gift\/Encumbrance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">11<\/td>\n<td>597\/2508<\/td>\n<td>1965<\/td>\n<td>Inheritance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">12<\/td>\n<td>984\/2509<\/td>\n<td>1966<\/td>\n<td>Tenant Rights<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">13<\/td>\n<td>1628\/2511<\/td>\n<td>1968<\/td>\n<td>Will\/Probate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">14<\/td>\n<td>2004\/2511<\/td>\n<td>1968<\/td>\n<td>Marital Property\/Gift<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">15<\/td>\n<td>679\/2514<\/td>\n<td>1971<\/td>\n<td>Registration\/Limitation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">16<\/td>\n<td>2783\/2516<\/td>\n<td>1973<\/td>\n<td>Owner\u2019s Rights\/Sale<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">17<\/td>\n<td>2498\/2516<\/td>\n<td>1973<\/td>\n<td>Criminal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">18<\/td>\n<td>299\/2518<\/td>\n<td>1975<\/td>\n<td>Boundary Dispute<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">19<\/td>\n<td>2428\/2518<\/td>\n<td>1975<\/td>\n<td>Usufructuary Power\/Eviction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">20<\/td>\n<td>1256\/2519<\/td>\n<td>1976<\/td>\n<td>Registration\/Validity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">21<\/td>\n<td>1906\/2519<\/td>\n<td>1976<\/td>\n<td>Temple Property<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">22<\/td>\n<td>2440\/2520<\/td>\n<td>1977<\/td>\n<td>Building\/Breach<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">23<\/td>\n<td>1516\/2525<\/td>\n<td>1982<\/td>\n<td>Gift with Encumbrance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">24<\/td>\n<td>3019\/2528<\/td>\n<td>1985<\/td>\n<td>Usufructuary Power\/Eviction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">25<\/td>\n<td>4470\/2528<\/td>\n<td>1985<\/td>\n<td>Owner\u2019s Tort Rights<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">26<\/td>\n<td>539\/2532<\/td>\n<td>1989<\/td>\n<td>Will Validity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">27<\/td>\n<td>4156\/2532<\/td>\n<td>1989<\/td>\n<td>Divorce\/Gift<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">28<\/td>\n<td>5528\/2533<\/td>\n<td>1990<\/td>\n<td>Temple Property<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">29<\/td>\n<td>342\/2534<\/td>\n<td>1991<\/td>\n<td>Estate Management<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">30<\/td>\n<td>5952\/2534<\/td>\n<td>1991<\/td>\n<td>Gift\/Ingratitude<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">31<\/td>\n<td>422\/2535<\/td>\n<td>1992<\/td>\n<td>Eviction Standing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">32<\/td>\n<td>3545\/2535<\/td>\n<td>1992<\/td>\n<td>Construction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">33<\/td>\n<td>498\/2536<\/td>\n<td>1993<\/td>\n<td>Lease Transfer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">34<\/td>\n<td>4074\/2536<\/td>\n<td>1993<\/td>\n<td>Mining\/Lapsed Right<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">35<\/td>\n<td>1188\/2537<\/td>\n<td>1994<\/td>\n<td>Water Rights<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">36<\/td>\n<td>3020\/2537<\/td>\n<td>1994<\/td>\n<td>Gift Characterization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">37<\/td>\n<td>6278\/2537<\/td>\n<td>1994<\/td>\n<td>Lease Survives Death<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">38<\/td>\n<td>887\/2538<\/td>\n<td>1995<\/td>\n<td>Co-owner Registration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">39<\/td>\n<td>6552\/2538<\/td>\n<td>1995<\/td>\n<td>Marital Property<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">40<\/td>\n<td>1077\/2540<\/td>\n<td>1997<\/td>\n<td>Agricultural Lease<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">41<\/td>\n<td>8342\/2540<\/td>\n<td>1997<\/td>\n<td>Sale Agreement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">42<\/td>\n<td>2297\/2541<\/td>\n<td>1998<\/td>\n<td>Lease Survives Death (LANDMARK)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">43<\/td>\n<td>1463\/2542<\/td>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Condominium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">44<\/td>\n<td>2380\/2542<\/td>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Registration Demand<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">45<\/td>\n<td>3247\/2542<\/td>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Incompetent Person<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">46<\/td>\n<td>3602\/2542<\/td>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Lease\/Usufruct<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">47<\/td>\n<td>5334\/2542<\/td>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Appeal Standing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">48<\/td>\n<td>7341\/2542<\/td>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Structures\/Components<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">49<\/td>\n<td>2651\/2543<\/td>\n<td>2000<\/td>\n<td>Gift\/No Revocation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">50<\/td>\n<td>4446\/2543<\/td>\n<td>2000<\/td>\n<td>Oral\/Personal Right<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">51<\/td>\n<td>6627\/2544<\/td>\n<td>2001<\/td>\n<td>Rent Collection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">52<\/td>\n<td>7688\/2544<\/td>\n<td>2001<\/td>\n<td>Procedural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">53<\/td>\n<td>818\/2546<\/td>\n<td>2003<\/td>\n<td>Spousal Gift<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">54<\/td>\n<td>5672\/2546<\/td>\n<td>2003<\/td>\n<td>Easement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">55<\/td>\n<td>9131\/2551<\/td>\n<td>2008<\/td>\n<td>Gift Conditions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">56<\/td>\n<td>10344\/2551<\/td>\n<td>2008<\/td>\n<td>Gift with a Charge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">57<\/td>\n<td>7199\/2552<\/td>\n<td>2009<\/td>\n<td>Will\/Habitation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">58<\/td>\n<td>15033\/2555<\/td>\n<td>2012<\/td>\n<td>Usufructuary Power (LANDMARK)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">59<\/td>\n<td>7956\/2557<\/td>\n<td>2014<\/td>\n<td>Court Fees<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">60<\/td>\n<td>5537\/2558<\/td>\n<td>2015<\/td>\n<td>School Transfer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">61<\/td>\n<td>8458\/2558<\/td>\n<td>2015<\/td>\n<td>Res Judicata<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">62<\/td>\n<td>575\/2560<\/td>\n<td>2017<\/td>\n<td>Tax\/Revenue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">63<\/td>\n<td>1074\/2560<\/td>\n<td>2017<\/td>\n<td>Fraudulent Transfer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">64<\/td>\n<td>2775\/2565<\/td>\n<td>2022<\/td>\n<td>Check\/Lease (MOST RECENT)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-thai-law-online-uses-these-decisions\">How ThaiLawOnline Uses These Decisions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our database is regularly updated (each week). When we drafted this article, we held 64 Supreme Court decisions spanning 86 years of usufruct law, from 1936 to 2022. It is the most detailed English-language collection available. No other law firm in Thailand maintains this depth of case analysis on usufruct (\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19) to our knowledge. We have more than 77,000 decisions and documents from the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Court_of_Thailand\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Supreme Court of Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When we advise clients on structuring usufruct, we draw on this database. We identify relevant precedents and anticipate potential challenges. For example, if a client wants to gift land while keeping a lifetime usufruct, we reference Decision 1516\/2525 (1982). This confirms that the usufruct prevents gift revocation. If a client leases land as a usufructuary, we consult Decision 2297\/2541 (1998). That case holds the lease survives their death and continues to bind the landowner who granted the usufruct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00e9bastien Brousseau built the ThaiLawOnline decision database. He brings civil law training and has worked in usufruct and Thai property law since 2006. Each decision was translated and analysed from the Thai judgment, to extract actionable legal principles for English-speaking clients, practitioners, and scholars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Last reviewed: 3 September 2026.<\/strong> This page is a reference table, so what was checked is whether each description matches the judgment it cites. <strong>All 64 case numbers were checked against the Supreme Court corpus and every one is real and producible<\/strong>, so nothing here is a fabricated citation, and the count itself is exact: 64 distinct decisions, from 754\/2479 in 1936 to 2775\/2565 in 2022. <strong>The 33 decisions that carry a written description were then read in Thai to their final disposition<\/strong>, each checked on four points: who brought the claim, what property was in dispute, what the court held, and who won. <strong>Twenty-seven of the 33 descriptions were corrected and six stand as they were published.<\/strong> Most corrections name the right party: the published text repeatedly gave the wrong claimant or invented an adversary who was never in the case. Six stated a rule the judgment does not contain. The largest is Decision 6552\/2538, whose published summary had no basis in the judgment at all and has been replaced with what the case decides. The category labels on the 29 decisions that appear only in the chronological index were checked against each judgment and hold, three of them loosely: 984\/2509, 1463\/2542 and 6627\/2544.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>What this review does not cover, said rather than implied. The 29 index-only decisions were read far enough to confirm the case number and the subject matter, not analysed in full. The English section headings and the arrangement into 12 themes were left as they are, as were the two decisions corrected earlier the same day under a separate review, 7199\/2552 and 1548\/2503. The claim that the database is updated each week, and the account of how the firm uses it, are the firm\u2019s own description of its practice and were not audited. Where a Thai term is given, the Thai controls.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Second pass, same day.<\/strong> Ten of these judgments were read again in Thai for a review of five other pages that cite them, and the descriptions here were checked against that independent reading: 575\/2560, 679\/2514, 2380\/2542, 818\/2546, 1516\/2525, 6278\/2537, 2297\/2541 and 305\/2489 all hold, and 2004\/2511 appears here only as an index row whose label holds. Two things were corrected. <strong>2651\/2543<\/strong> was described as a gift from a parent to a child, and the judgment records no family relationship between the two men; its ground of decision, Section 535 (2), and the remedy the court pointed to instead of revocation were also missing. And the account of <strong>2297\/2541<\/strong> called the plaintiff owner &#8220;he&#8221;, where she is \u0e19\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e2a\u0e38\u0e08\u0e34\u0e23\u0e32\u0e22\u0e4c \u0e2d\u0e34\u0e07\u0e04\u0e30\u0e27\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a. The count of decisions was also corrected: 1936 to 2022 is 86 years, not 85. Re-read on 5 October 2026: the 1516\/2525 entry now cites Section 535(2), the provision that bars revoking a gift with a charge for ingratitude, instead of Sections 528 and 529.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"more-landmark-decisions\">More landmark decisions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"lease-survives-usufructuarys-death-\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32-2297-2541-1998\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lease Survives Usufructuary\u2019s Death. \u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 2297\/2541 (1998)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When a usufructuary grants a registered 30-year lease to a tenant and the usufructuary later dies, the usufruct ends per Section 1418. But the lease remains enforceable against the landowner. The tenant is protected. The owner cannot evict them. This decision has major implications for estate planning and property management. Leases created during usufruct outlive the usufruct itself. Detailed analysis is in our&nbsp;<a href=\"\/usufruct-inheritance-thailand\/\">inheritance guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"unregistered-usufruct-as-personal-right-\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32-4446-2543-2000\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unregistered Usufruct as Personal Right. \u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 4446\/2543 (2000)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even if a usufruct is not registered at the Land Office, it remains valid as a&nbsp;<strong>personal right<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34) between the parties. The owner is bound by the agreement and cannot evict the beneficiary. However, an unregistered usufruct will not protect the holder against a third party who purchases the land. This is why&nbsp;<a href=\"\/register-usufruct-thailand\/\">registration is important<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"gift-with-encumbrance-protection-\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32-1516-2525-1982\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gift with Encumbrance Protection. \u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 1516\/2525 (1982)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When a person transfers land but retains a lifetime usufruct (receiving annual rice deliveries), this is a \u201cgift with encumbrance\u201d (\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e20\u0e32\u0e23\u0e30\u0e15\u0e34\u0e14\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19), not a gratuitous gift. The donor cannot revoke the gift for ingratitude. This decision protects parents who give land to children while retaining usufruct. This structure is discussed in detail in our&nbsp;<a href=\"\/cancel-usufruct-thailand\/\">cancellation guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"usufruct-includes-structures-\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32-7341-2542-1999\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Usufruct Includes Structures. \u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 7341\/2542 (1999)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Usufruct over a share of land extends to all structures that are component parts (\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e04\u0e27\u0e1a) of that land. Once the tenant&#8217;s lease has expired, the usufructuary has standing to evict the tenant, even though the usufructuary was not the landlord who granted the lease. This decision clarifies that usufruct is not limited to bare land. It encompasses buildings, fixtures, and improvements that are legally part of the property.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"the-right-to-lease-and-collect-rent-\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32-3019-2528\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Suing a Tenant Is Management of the Property. \u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 3019\/2528 (1985)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The owner had registered the plaintiff as usufructuary for life over the house and land. The Supreme Court held that the usufructuary has the power to manage that property under Section 1417, that <strong>bringing an action to evict a tenant is itself an act of management<\/strong>, and that the plaintiff therefore had standing to sue. The rest of the judgment turns on the lease: a reciprocal arrangement that had run its ten years, followed by an open-ended monthly tenancy that the usufructuary was entitled to terminate on notice under Section 566.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The two propositions usually attached to this case come from elsewhere and are worth stating with their real sources. That the usufructuary may lease the property and keep the rent is the management and enjoyment power in <strong>Section 1417<\/strong>, applied in 15033\/2555 and 2297\/2541 above. That a lease of immovable property for more than three years is enforceable only for three years unless it is in writing and registered is <strong>Section 538<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-the-sources-were-checked\">How the sources were checked<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The twelve sections of the Civil and Commercial Code on usufruct, <strong>1417 to 1428<\/strong>, were replaced in this review. They were checked against our own annotated Code, which is the text served at the <em>section<\/em> links in each heading, and the earlier version did not match it: from Section 1419 onward the numbering had slipped, so rules were published under the wrong section numbers and the Thai beneath them was not the Code\u2019s wording. Four provisions that the chapter actually contains were missing altogether: the transfer of the exercise of the right (1422), the owner\u2019s right to demand security and ask for a receiver (1423), insurance (1427), and the one-year <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/prescription\/\">limitation period<\/a> after the usufruct ends (1428). Sections 148, 535, 538, 540, 569, 1403, 1411, 1412, 1476 and 1480 were read for the passages that rely on them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The eight Supreme Court decisions cited above were each read in Thai to their disposition. Six stand exactly as published: <strong>15033\/2555, 2297\/2541, 4446\/2543, 1516\/2525, 7341\/2542<\/strong> and <strong>2783\/2516<\/strong>, as do <strong>2651\/2543<\/strong> and <strong>10344\/2551<\/strong> in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/estate\/\">estate<\/a>-planning section. Two were rewritten because the judgment does not say what the page said: <strong>3019\/2528<\/strong>, which holds that suing a tenant is management of the property under Section 1417 and decides nothing about leasing or the three-year rule, and <strong>575\/2560<\/strong>, whose ratio is the order of events rather than substance over form. <strong>4655\/2566<\/strong> was corrected in the same way. The claim that our decisions database holds 64 judgments from 1936 to 2022 was checked and is exact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>What this review does not cover, said rather than implied. The Land Office figures, timings and the July 2026 note on which offices are refusing registrations are practice, gathered from our own files, and no statute fixes them. The statement that no transfer tax arises when a usufruct ends on death is a revenue position that was not re-verified here. The fees, the testimonials and the comparison of our template with others are commercial statements, not legal ones. And two obvious typographical slips in our own library\u2019s English of Section 1419 were corrected as they were carried across; the Thai, which governs, was reproduced exactly.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772942969967\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How many Supreme Court decisions exist on usufruct in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>As of 2022, we maintain a database of 64 Supreme Court decisions on usufruct from 1936 to 2022. That is 86 years of case law. This is the most detailed collection available in English. The decisions are organized into 12 themes. They cover usufructuary power, registration, gift law, lease interaction, wills, co-ownership, owner\u2019s rights, duration, tax issues, temple property, marital property, and procedures.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772942981209\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Are Thai Supreme Court decisions binding on lower courts?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Thailand uses a codified civil law system. Supreme Court decisions are not formally binding precedent like in common law countries. However, they carry strong persuasive authority. Lower courts and provincial courts routinely follow patterns from Supreme Court cases. In practice, a Supreme Court decision on usufruct law will guide parallel cases in provincial courts across Thailand.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772943006797\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the most important usufruct case in Thai law?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Decision 2297\/2541 (1998) is widely considered a landmark case. It definitively established that a registered lease granted by a usufructuary does not terminate when the usufructuary dies. The owner who granted the usufruct stays bound by the lease. This decision fundamentally reshaped how courts treat usufruct and third-party lease obligations. It created predictability for tenants and encouraged usufructuaries to make long-term leases.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772943007676\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can I access these Supreme Court decisions myself?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Thai Supreme Court decisions are public record. You can access the original Thai texts through the Thai Courts database at deka.supremecourt.or.th (\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22). However, the decisions are published in Thai legal language. They require expertise to interpret. We maintain English translations and analysis of all 64 usufruct decisions. They are organized by legal principle. This makes case law accessible to English-speaking practitioners and international clients.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772943050879\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How do these decisions affect my usufruct registration?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Supreme Court decisions guide how Land Department officials interpret registration requirements. They show how courts will enforce your usufruct if disputed. For example, Decision 4446\/2543 (2000) confirms that even an unregistered oral usufruct creates enforceable personal rights. Decision 1256\/2519 (1976) confirms that unregistered usufruct remains valid. It can be registered later and becomes a real right. Understanding case law helps you structure your usufruct correctly. It helps you anticipate challenges from owners or other parties.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1772943060344\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the most recent Supreme Court decision on usufruct?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Decision 2775\/2565 (2022) is the most recent in our database. It addresses the enforceability of cheques given for rent and for the payment owed for a usufruct when the underlying lease is unenforceable. The Court held that a cheque given for a debt that cannot be sued on lacks an element of the offence under the Bad Cheque Act, and it acquitted the drawer. This decision matters to anyone taking cheques as payment under a lease and usufruct arrangement. That is what we had for information in March 2026.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"q-1-how-many-supreme-court-decisions-exist-on-usufruct-in-thailand\">Related Articles in the ThaiLawOnline Usufruct Series<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 1: Usufruct Agreement in Thailand<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 2: Usufruct for Foreigners<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/register-usufruct-thailand\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 3: How to Register Usufruct<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/cancel-usufruct-thailand\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 4: Cancel or Revoke Usufruct<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-vs-lease-vs-superficies-thailand\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 5: Usufruct vs. Lease vs. Superficies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-married-couple-thailand\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 6: Usufruct for Married Couples<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-inheritance-thailand\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 7: Usufruct and Inheritance<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-tax-thailand\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 8: Usufruct and Tax<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/usufruct-condominium-thailand\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 10: Usufruct on Condominiums<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Need Help With Your Usufruct?<br>ThaiLawOnline has registered hundreds of usufruct agreements since 2006. We know the law, the Land Office process, and the Supreme Court decisions that protect your rights.<br><strong>Call us today: +66 (0) 87 225 1340<\/strong>\u00a0or email\u00a0<strong>info@thailawonline.com<\/strong><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/online-consultation-with-a-thai-lawyer\/\">Book a Consultation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"getting-your-usufruct-agreement\">Getting Your Usufruct Agreement: Three Routes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All three produce the same underlying document, the bilingual usufruct agreement this firm uses for its own clients. Download the <a href=\"\/product\/usufruct-agreement-template-bilingual-en-th\/\">editable template<\/a> at 890 THB and complete it yourself, let the <a href=\"\/legal-document-maker\/\">Document Maker<\/a> build a finished personalised version if you are a Gold member, with translation available, or send us your details and we draft it around your facts in English and Thai for a fixed <strong>3,900 THB<\/strong>, guiding you through registration at the Land Office. They are <a href=\"\/usufruct-agreement-in-thailand\/#three-ways\">compared side by side in our complete guide<\/a>, with our published fees.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bilingual template \u00b7 \u0e41\u0e21\u0e48\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32 Download the Usufruct Agreement (\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19), \u0e3f890, free for Silver members \u0e14\u0e32\u0e27\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e42\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e01\u0e47\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19, \u0e3f890 \u0e1f\u0e23\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e01 Silver \u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e1b Get [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11438,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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