{"id":1683,"date":"2026-03-21T21:54:32","date_gmt":"2026-03-21T14:54:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/regulatory-reform-for-companies-in-thailand\/"},"modified":"2026-10-19T03:42:42","modified_gmt":"2026-10-18T20:42:42","slug":"regulatory-reform-for-companies-in-thailand","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/regulatory-reform-for-companies-in-thailand\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e23\u0e39\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e14\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e40\u0e21\u0e29\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19 2569: \u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e07\u0e01\u0e25\u0e22\u0e38\u0e17\u0e18\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e27\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e28\u0e31\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The landscape of foreign investment in Thailand is currently navigating its most significant transformation since the original enactment of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/foreign-business-act\/\">Foreign Business Act (FBA) in 1999<\/a>. As the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dbd.go.th\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Department of Business Development (DBD)<\/a> tightened company registration in three steps through 2026 (January, April and August), the era of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-nominee-shareholders\/\">passive \u201cnominee\u201d shareholding<\/a> is being systematically dismantled. This regulatory shift represents a move from form-based oversight to substance-based verification, fundamentally altering how companies are registered, amended, and audited in the Kingdom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img alt=\"Regulatory Reform for Companies in Thailand\" class=\"wp-image-32213 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Regulatory-Reform-for-Companies-in-Thailand.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" style=\"width:800px\"\/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Regulatory Reform for Companies in Thailand\" class=\"wp-image-32213 lazyload\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"393\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 834px) 100vw, 834px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Regulatory-Reform-for-Companies-in-Thailand.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Regulatory-Reform-for-Companies-in-Thailand.jpg 834w, https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Regulatory-Reform-for-Companies-in-Thailand-300x141.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Regulatory-Reform-for-Companies-in-Thailand-768x362.jpg 768w\" style=\"width:800px\" width=\"834\"\/><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As part of the ongoing Regulatory Reform for Companies in Thailand, businesses must adapt to new compliance standards. This article discusses the implications of the Regulatory Reform for Companies in Thailand and the steps necessary for businesses to align with these changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the expatriate community and international corporate entities, understanding these changes is not merely a matter of administrative compliance but a prerequisite for operational survival. This report analyses the January 2026 measures that founded the regime, the April 2026 amendment rules, <strong>which were repealed on 1 August 2026 and are recorded here as history<\/strong>, the Order 2\/2569 regime that replaced them, and the strategic pathways available to maintain a legal and sustainable presence in Thailand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#the-genesis-of-the-2026-crackdown-policy-drivers-and-global-alignment\">The Genesis of the 2026 Crackdown: Policy Drivers and Global Alignment<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#unpacking-the-january-1st-foundation-the-four-pillars-of-scrutiny\">Unpacking the January 1st Foundation: The Four Pillars of Scrutiny<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#the-april-1-2026-amendment-order-closing-the-post-incorporation-loophole\">The April 1, 2026 Amendment Order: Closing the Post-Incorporation Loophole<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#comparative-framework-pre-2026-vs-post-april-2026-rules\">Comparative Framework: Pre-2026 vs. Post-April 2026 Rules<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#impact-on-key-economic-sectors-from-tourism-to-technology\">Impact on Key Economic Sectors: From Tourism to Technology<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#the-liberalization-paradox-10-sectors-opening-to-100-foreign-ownership\">The Liberalization Paradox: Eight Service Businesses Exempted in August 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#risk-mitigation-and-strategic-restructuring-for-2026\">Risk Mitigation and Strategic Restructuring for 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#legal-penalties-and-judicial-climate\">Legal Penalties and Judicial Climate<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#user-friendly-faq-for-expats-and-business-owners\">User-Friendly FAQ for Regulatory Reform for Companies in Thailand<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#final-synthesis-navigating-the-transition\">Final Synthesis: Navigating the Transition<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-genesis-of-the-2026-crackdown-policy-drivers-and-global-alignment\">The Genesis of the 2026 Crackdown: Policy Drivers and Global Alignment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The acceleration of the crackdown on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/nominee\/\">nominee<\/a> structures is the result of a convergence of domestic economic concerns and international transparency mandates. For decades, the \u201c49\/51\u201d split, where a foreigner holds 49% of the shares and Thai nationals hold 51%, was used as a standard template to bypass the restrictions of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/foreign-business-act\/\">Foreign Business Act<\/a>.<sup><\/sup> However, the Thai government has increasingly viewed these arrangements as a threat to economic stability and fair competition, particularly when the Thai partners are \u201csilent\u201d or \u201cpassive\u201d nominees with no real capital contribution or management role.<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The implementation of the Common Reporting Standard (CRS) in late 2023 marked a turning point for Thailand, signaling a commitment to exchanging financial account information with other participating jurisdictions (Thailand is not an OECD member).<sup><\/sup> This global alignment provided the technological and legal impetus for the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/dbd\/\">DBD<\/a> to cross-check shareholding data against other agencies&#8217; records to identify suspicious patterns.<sup><\/sup> The current initiative is further bolstered by the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC), which in late 2025 recommended comprehensive measures to address foreign encroachment in reserved sectors like tourism and agriculture.<sup><\/sup> Consequently, the 2026 measures are characterized by an unprecedented level of inter-agency cooperation, involving many government agencies, including the Revenue Department, the Anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/money-laundering\/\">Money Laundering<\/a> Office (AMLO), and the Department of Special Investigation (DSI).<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n<style data-noptimize=\"1\">.tlo-lb{border:2px solid #1E3455;background:#fff;margin:28px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;color:#1b1b1b}.tlo-lb 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8px}.tlo-lb-text{white-space:pre-line;border-left:3px solid #FECB01;padding-left:12px;margin:0 0 6px}.tlo-lb-note{font-size:13px;color:#555;font-style:italic}.tlo-lb-badge{display:inline-block;background:#FECB01;color:#1E3455;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;padding:1px 7px;margin-left:6px}.tlo-lb-fold{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-fold>summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:6px}.tlo-lb-links a{margin-right:14px;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-cases,.tlo-lb-src{padding:14px 16px;background:#f6f7f9;border-top:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-cases h3,.tlo-lb-src h3{font-size:15px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-cases ul,.tlo-lb-src ul{margin:0;padding:0 0 0 18px;font-size:14px}.tlo-al{font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:#444;margin:0 0 18px}.tlo-al details{margin-top:4px}.tlo-al summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455}.tlo-al ul{margin:6px 0 0 18px;padding:0}@media print{.tlo-lb{border:1px solid #000}.tlo-lb-tabs{padding-top:0}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:static;width:auto;height:auto;line-height:1.4;text-align:left;background:none;border:0}.tlo-lb details::details-content{content-visibility:visible;display:block}.tlo-lb-links a{color:#000}}<\/style><script data-noptimize=\"1\" data-no-optimize=\"1\">document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){(function(){var b=document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb-tabs\");b.forEach(function(g){var t=g.querySelectorAll(\":scope>details\");t.forEach(function(d){d.firstElementChild.addEventListener(\"click\",function(e){if(d.open){e.preventDefault()}})})});var s=[];addEventListener(\"beforeprint\",function(){s=[];document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb details\").forEach(function(d){s.push([d,d.open,d.getAttribute(\"name\")]);d.removeAttribute(\"name\");d.open=true})});addEventListener(\"afterprint\",function(){s.forEach(function(x){x[0].open=x[1];if(x[2]){x[0].setAttribute(\"name\",x[2])}})})})();});<\/script><section class=\"tlo-lb notranslate\" data-no-translation data-no-dynamic-translation translate=\"no\" aria-label=\"\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\"><h2 class=\"tlo-lb-h\">\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49<\/h2><div class=\"tlo-lb-tabs\"><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"en\" data-no-translation><summary>English<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 36 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">A person of Thai nationality or a juristic person that is not an alien under this Act who assists or supports, or joins in operating, a business of an alien that is a business specified in the Lists annexed to this Act, where that alien has not been permitted to operate that business, or who joins in operating a business of an alien while representing it as being their business alone, or who holds shares on behalf of an alien in a partnership, limited company or any juristic person so that the alien may operate a business by evading or violating the provisions of this Act, and likewise an alien who consents to a person of Thai nationality or a juristic person that is not an alien under this Act doing such an act, shall be liable to imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, or a fine from 100,000 baht to 1,000,000 baht, or both, and the court shall order the assistance or support to cease, or the joint operation of the business to cease, or the shareholding or partnership to cease, as the case may be. A person who fails to comply with the court&#039;s order shall be liable to a fine of 10,000 baht to 50,000 baht per day for as long as the violation continues.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 4 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">In this Act: &quot;alien&quot; means: (1) a natural person who does not have Thai nationality; (2) a juristic person not registered in Thailand; (3) a juristic person registered in Thailand and having the following characteristics: (a) a juristic person in which shares representing half or more of its capital are held by persons under (1) or (2), or a juristic person in which persons under (1) or (2) have invested a value of half or more of its total capital; (b) a limited partnership or registered ordinary partnership whose managing partner or manager is a person under (1); (4) a juristic person registered in Thailand in which shares representing half or more of its capital are held by persons under (1), (2) or (3), or in which persons under (1), (2) or (3) have invested a value of half or more of its total capital. For the purposes of this definition, shares of a limited company for which bearer share certificates are issued are deemed to be shares of an alien, unless otherwise prescribed in a Ministerial Regulation. &quot;capital&quot; means the registered capital of a limited company, the paid-up capital of a public limited company, or the money contributed as shares by partners or members to a partnership or juristic person; &quot;minimum capital&quot; means the capital of an alien where the alien is a juristic person registered in Thailand, and, where the alien is a juristic person not registered in Thailand or a natural person, the foreign currency the alien brings in for use on commencing business in Thailand; &quot;business&quot; means engaging in agriculture, industry, handicraft, commerce, services or other activities, for trade; &quot;licence&quot; means a licence to operate a business; &quot;licensee&quot; means an alien who has received a licence; &quot;certificate&quot; means a certificate to operate a business; &quot;certificate holder&quot; means an alien who has received a certificate; &quot;Committee&quot; means the Foreign Business Committee; &quot;competent official&quot; means a person appointed by the Minister to act under this Act; &quot;Registrar&quot; means a person appointed by the Minister as Registrar of Foreign Business Operations; &quot;Director General&quot; means the Director General of the Department of Business Development; &quot;Minister&quot; means the Minister in charge of this Act.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 8 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Subject to sections 6, 7, 10 and 12: (1) An alien shall not operate a business that aliens are not permitted to carry on for special reasons, as specified in List One. (2) An alien shall not operate a business relating to the safety or security of the country, a business affecting art and culture, customs and folk handicrafts, or a business affecting natural resources or the environment, as specified in List Two, unless permitted by the Minister with the approval of the Council of Ministers. (3) An alien shall not operate a business in which Thai nationals are not yet ready to compete with aliens, as specified in List Three, unless permitted by the Director-General with the consent of the Committee.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 37 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">An alien who carries on a business in violation of section 6, 7 or 8 shall be punished with imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, or a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht, or both, and the court shall order the cessation of the business, the dissolution of the undertaking, or the termination of the shareholding or partnership, as the case may be. A person who fails to comply with the court&#039;s order shall be punished with a fine of 10,000 to 50,000 baht per day for as long as the violation continues.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 137<\/h3><p>This section punishes giving false information to an official where it may cause damage to another person or to the public. The penalty is imprisonment not exceeding six months, or a fine not exceeding 10,000 baht, or both.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Whoever gives a false statement to an official, in a manner likely to cause injury to another person or to the public, shall be liable to imprisonment not exceeding six months, or a fine not exceeding ten thousand baht, or both.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-penal-code\/section-137\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/K2dTMURyaDllOXJVWVZqZGJLK09pdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 267<\/h3><p>This section punishes giving a false statement to an official so that it is recorded in a public or official document meant to serve as evidence, when this is likely to cause damage. The penalty is up to three years imprisonment, a fine up to 60,000 baht, or both.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Whoever gives information to an official acting in the course of duty, causing the official to record a false statement in a public document or an official document intended to serve as evidence, in a manner likely to cause damage to another person or to the public, shall be liable to imprisonment not exceeding three years, or a fine not exceeding sixty thousand baht, or both.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-penal-code\/section-267\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/K2dTMURyaDllOXJVWVZqZGJLK09pdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 4 <small>Sap Ing Sith Act B.E. 2562<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">An owner of immovable property who wishes to create a Sap Ing Sith shall file an application with the competent official and present the land title deed or the condominium unit title deed, as the case may be. A Sap Ing Sith may have a term not exceeding 30 years. A Sap Ing Sith may not be created over only part of the immovable property under a land title deed or condominium unit title deed. A Sap Ing Sith over immovable property that is mortgaged, used as security under the law on business security, or subject to any right registered on the land title deed or condominium unit title deed may be created only with the written consent of the mortgagee, the security receiver or the holder of that right, as the case may be.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/emRLQTZ5d3UrUTIxMnRqUVMrTTZDdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 12 <small>Sap Ing Sith Act B.E. 2562<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">A Sap Ing Sith may be transferred, or used as security for the payment of a debt by mortgage under the Civil and Commercial Code. A Sap Ing Sith may pass by inheritance. Any juristic act concerning a Sap Ing Sith must be made in writing and registered with the competent official, and once it is registered the competent official shall promptly notify the owner of the immovable property in writing, in accordance with the types of juristic act and rules prescribed in a Ministerial Regulation.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/emRLQTZ5d3UrUTIxMnRqUVMrTTZDdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"th\" data-no-translation open><summary>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 36 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 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\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e33\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17\u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 4 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\u201c\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\n(\u0e51) \u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e14\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\n(\u0e52) \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\n(\u0e53) \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e21\u0e35\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n(\u0e01) \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e52) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e52) \u0e25\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e21\u0e35\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e14\u0e43\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\n(\u0e02) \u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19 \u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51)\n(\u0e54) \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 \u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) (\u0e52) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e53) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) (\u0e52) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e53) \u0e25\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19 \u0e21\u0e35\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e14\u0e43\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\n\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e04\u0e33\u0e19\u0e34\u0e22\u0e32\u0e21\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e23\u0e27\u0e07\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\n\u201c\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e30\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e01\u0e19\u0e33\u0e21\u0e32\u0e25\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\n\u201c\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e02\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e33\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e14\u0e32\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e19\u0e33\u0e21\u0e32\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e23\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e15\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\n\u201c\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e2d\u0e38\u0e15\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e2b\u0e31\u0e15\u0e16\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\n\u201c\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\n\u201c\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\n\u201c\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\n\u201c\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\n\u201c\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\n\u201c\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\u201c\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\n\u201c\u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e12\u0e19\u0e32\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32*\n\u201c\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 8 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e15\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e56 \u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e57 \u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e51\u0e50 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e51\u0e52\n(\u0e51) \u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e40\u0e28\u0e29\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\n(\u0e52) \u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e20\u0e31\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e31\u0e48\u0e19\u0e04\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28 \u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e28\u0e34\u0e25\u0e1b\u0e27\u0e31\u0e12\u0e19\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e08\u0e32\u0e23\u0e35\u0e15\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e13\u0e35 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e31\u0e15\u0e16\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e32\u0e01\u0e23\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e27\u0e14\u0e25\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21 \u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e21\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\n(\u0e53) \u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e41\u0e02\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e31\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 37 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e56 \u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e57 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e58 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e25\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e08\u0e33\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35 \u0e2b\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e33\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17\u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 137<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e41\u0e08\u0e49\u0e07\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e17\u0e47\u0e08\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19 \u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e17\u0e33\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e01\u0e40\u0e14\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e08\u0e33\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38: [\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29 \u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e44\u0e02\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e34\u0e21\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e54 \u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e44\u0e02\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e34\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e0d\u0e32 (\u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \u0e52\u0e56) \u0e1e.\u0e28. \u0e52\u0e55\u0e56\u0e50]<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e42\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e14\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 (Thai text from our annotated code. Check it against the official text.)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-penal-code\/section-137\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/K2dTMURyaDllOXJVWVZqZGJLK09pdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 267<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e41\u0e08\u0e49\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e14\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e17\u0e47\u0e08\u0e25\u0e07\u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e27\u0e31\u0e15\u0e16\u0e38\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e32\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19 \u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e19\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e14\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e19 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e01\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e08\u0e33\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38: [\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29 \u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e44\u0e02\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e34\u0e21\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e54 \u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e44\u0e02\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e34\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e0d\u0e32 (\u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \u0e52\u0e56) \u0e1e.\u0e28. \u0e52\u0e55\u0e56\u0e50]<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e42\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e14\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 (Thai text from our annotated code. Check it against the official text.)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-penal-code\/section-267\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/K2dTMURyaDllOXJVWVZqZGJLK09pdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 4 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2562<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c\u0e08\u0e30\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e22\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e04\u0e33\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e38\u0e14 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\n\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e1b\u0e35\n\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e40\u0e09\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e08\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e46 \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e42\u0e09\u0e19\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e38\u0e14 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e22\u0e34\u0e19\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/emRLQTZ5d3UrUTIxMnRqUVMrTTZDdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 12 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2562<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e15\u0e01\u0e17\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e21\u0e23\u0e14\u0e01\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e33\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e46 \u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e33\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e08\u0e49\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e17\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e40\u0e23\u0e47\u0e27  \u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e20\u0e17\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e40\u0e01\u0e13\u0e11\u0e4c\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e23\u0e27\u0e07<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/emRLQTZ5d3UrUTIxMnRqUVMrTTZDdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"fr\" data-no-translation><summary>Fran\u00e7ais<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 36 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><p>Le Tha\u00eflandais ou la personne morale non \u00e9trang\u00e8re, pr\u00eate-nom ou aidant un \u00e9tranger non autoris\u00e9 pour une activit\u00e9 des listes, et l&#039;\u00e9tranger consentant, encourent jusqu&#039;\u00e0 3 ans de prison et\/ou 100 000 \u00e0 1 000 000 bahts. Cessation ordonn\u00e9e, sous peine de 10 000 \u00e0 50 000 bahts par jour.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 4 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><p>Est \u00e9trang\u00e8re la personne physique sans nationalit\u00e9 tha\u00eflandaise, la personne morale non enregistr\u00e9e en Tha\u00eflande, ou celle enregistr\u00e9e dont des \u00e9trangers d\u00e9tiennent au moins la moiti\u00e9 du capital ou, pour une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de personnes, dont le g\u00e9rant est une personne physique \u00e9trang\u00e8re. L&#039;article d\u00e9finit notamment capital et activit\u00e9 commerciale.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 8 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><p>Sous r\u00e9serve des articles 6, 7, 10 et 12, l&#039;\u00e9tranger ne peut exercer les activit\u00e9s de la liste un; celles de la liste deux exigent l&#039;autorisation du ministre avec l&#039;approbation du Conseil des ministres; celles de la liste trois, l&#039;autorisation du directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral avec l&#039;accord du Comit\u00e9.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 37 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><p>Un \u00e9tranger exer\u00e7ant en violation des articles 6, 7 ou 8 encourt jusqu&#039;\u00e0 3 ans de prison, ou 100 000 \u00e0 1 000 000 de bahts d&#039;amende, ou les deux; le tribunal ordonne la cessation ou la fin de la participation. Inex\u00e9cution: 10 000 \u00e0 50 000 bahts par jour.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 137<\/h3><p>Quiconque fait une fausse d\u00e9claration \u00e0 un fonctionnaire, susceptible de nuire \u00e0 autrui ou au public, encourt jusqu&#039;\u00e0 six mois d&#039;emprisonnement, 10 000 bahts d&#039;amende, ou les deux.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-penal-code\/section-137\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/K2dTMURyaDllOXJVWVZqZGJLK09pdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 267<\/h3><p>Quiconque fait inscrire par un fonctionnaire agissant dans ses fonctions une fausse mention dans un document public ou officiel destin\u00e9 \u00e0 servir de preuve, de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 pouvoir nuire \u00e0 autrui ou au public, encourt jusqu&#039;\u00e0 trois ans d&#039;emprisonnement, 60 000 bahts d&#039;amende, ou les deux.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-penal-code\/section-267\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/K2dTMURyaDllOXJVWVZqZGJLK09pdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 4 <small>Sap Ing Sith Act B.E. 2562<\/small><\/h3><p>Le propri\u00e9taire d\u00e9pose sa demande avec le titre aupr\u00e8s de l&#039;agent comp\u00e9tent. La dur\u00e9e n&#039;exc\u00e8de pas 30 ans. La cr\u00e9ation ne peut porter sur une partie seulement de l&#039;immeuble. Si l&#039;immeuble est hypoth\u00e9qu\u00e9, grev\u00e9 d&#039;une s\u00fbret\u00e9 ou d&#039;un droit enregistr\u00e9, le consentement \u00e9crit du titulaire est requis.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/emRLQTZ5d3UrUTIxMnRqUVMrTTZDdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 12 <small>Sap Ing Sith Act B.E. 2562<\/small><\/h3><p>Le Sap Ing Sith est cessible, hypoth\u00e9cable selon le Code civil et commercial, et transmissible par succession. Tout acte juridique le concernant doit \u00eatre \u00e9crit et enregistr\u00e9 aupr\u00e8s de l&#039;agent comp\u00e9tent, qui en informe promptement le propri\u00e9taire par \u00e9crit.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/emRLQTZ5d3UrUTIxMnRqUVMrTTZDdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-cases\"><h3>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/5457-2560-nominee-shareholders-void\/\">5457\/2560<\/a> (2017): \u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e01\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0b\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e19\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19 \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e42\u0e21\u0e06\u0e30 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e04\u0e37\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/2252-2560-corporate-veil-pierced\/\">2252\/2560<\/a> (2017): \u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e22\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e31\u0e22 \u0e08\u0e36\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/17923-2557-foreign-funded-company\/\">17923\/2557<\/a> (2014): \u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e41\u0e17\u0e49\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e02\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e0b\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e27\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-src\"><h3>\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e32<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 31 \u0e15\u0e38\u0e25\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2569<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/K2dTMURyaDllOXJVWVZqZGJLK09pdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e0d\u0e32, Office of the Council of State<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 31 \u0e15\u0e38\u0e25\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2569<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/emRLQTZ5d3UrUTIxMnRqUVMrTTZDdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Sap Ing Sith Act B.E. 2562<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 31 \u0e15\u0e38\u0e25\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2569<\/li><li>deka.supremecourt.or.th, Supreme Court of Thailand decisions database (copy held in our library), \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 19 \u0e01\u0e38\u0e21\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\u0e18\u0e4c 2569<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"unpacking-the-january-1st-foundation-the-four-pillars-of-scrutiny\">Unpacking the January 1st Foundation: The Four Pillars of Scrutiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To follow the rules that took effect in 2026, one must first analyze the regulatory foundation established on January 1, 2026. These initial orders effectively \u201cset the trap\u201d by standardizing the evidentiary requirements for new company registrations.<sup><\/sup> Before these rules, a simple bank balance certificate was often sufficient to prove a Thai <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/shareholder\/\">shareholder<\/a>\u2019s capital; today, the requirements are far more intrusive. For a deep dive into the underlying statutes, practitioners should consult our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/foreign-business-act\/\">Foreign Business Act guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"order-no-2-2568-the-three-month-bank-statement-mandate\">Order No. 2\/2568, now replaced by Order No. 2\/2569: The Three-Month Bank Statement Mandate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Order No. 2\/2568 took effect on January 1, 2026. It was repealed on August 1, 2026 by Order No. 2\/2569, which carries the same requirement in a stricter form. Under the order now in force, on incorporation (clause 3) every Thai shareholder in a company with foreign involvement must provide a personal bank statement covering at least the three months prior to the share payment date. This statement must clearly show a withdrawal or transfer that matches the amount of shares subscribed. A simple balance certificate is insufficient. Order 2\/2569 adds two things: a statement from the account that <em>received<\/em> the payment, and an Investment Explanation Letter on the form annexed to the order. The regime applies to the incorporation of any company where foreigners hold less than 50% of the capital, or with no foreign shareholder but a foreign <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/director\/\">director<\/a> with authority to bind it (clause 2). Unlike Order 2\/2568 it also reaches two kinds of amendment (clause 4): a partnership moving under 50% foreign capital with no foreign managing partner, and a company whose signing directors were all Thai adding a foreign signing director. Those amendments need an Investment Confirmation Letter. Where the entity was registered on or after 1 August 2026 and the amendment is filed within a year of incorporation, it must also file an Investment Explanation Letter and a bank statement showing that the entity received the full subscribed capital (clause 5). Where the statements and the letter do not tell the same story, filings are reported to be refused at the counter. That is practice rather than the text: Order 2\/2569 prescribes the documents an application must carry and attaches no rejection or referral consequence of its own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"order-no-3-2568-and-5-2568-screening-for-risk-and-vulnerability\">Order No. 3\/2568 and 5\/2568: Screening for Risk and Vulnerability<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The integration of criminal and social welfare databases has introduced a new layer of screening. Order No. 3\/2568 covers partners, shareholders and directors whom the Anti-Money Laundering Office lists as connected to a predicate offence or as holders of accounts used in one, as notified through the Anti Online Scam Operation Center: they must appear in person before the registrar with identification, and the filing must carry the premises consent and a three-month bank statement showing the share payment.<sup><\/sup> Simultaneously, Order No. 5\/2568 targets the use of \u201cmoney mules\u201d low-income individuals who were historically paid small fees to act as nominee directors or shareholders.<sup><\/sup> Where a partner, shareholder or director holds a State Welfare Card, the order requires that person to appear in person before the registrar with identification, and the filing to carry the premises consent and a three-month bank statement showing the share payment.<sup><\/sup> That makes it much harder to use low-income people as fronts.<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"order-no-4-2568-the-rule-of-five-for-office-addresses\">Order No. 4\/2568: The \u201cRule of Five\u201d for Office Addresses<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The physical substance of a business is now under as much scrutiny as its financial records. Order No. 4\/2568 addresses the proliferation of shell companies registered to virtual offices.<sup><\/sup> If a single address is found to house five or more registered entities, it is flagged as a \u201chigh-density\u201d location.<sup><\/sup> Registrants at such addresses must now provide a letter of consent from the person entitled to allow use of the premises, together with a copy of the evidence of that right to use.<sup><\/sup> This measure is designed to eliminate \u201cdesk-only\u201d companies that exist purely to hold land or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/work-permit\/\">work permits<\/a> without having a genuine operational footprint in Thailand.<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-april-1-2026-amendment-order-closing-the-post-incorporation-loophole\">The April 1, 2026 Amendment Order: Closing the Post-Incorporation Loophole<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The rules that took effect on April 1, 2026, and lasted until 1 August 2026, were the second step. While the January rules focused on <em>new<\/em> registrations, the April order targets <em>amendments<\/em> to existing companies.<sup><\/sup> This addresses the common loophole where investors would register a 100% Thai-owned company, avoiding the initial scrutiny of Order No. 2\/2568, and later amend the structure to add foreign shareholders or directors.<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mandatory-in-person-verification-triggers\">Mandatory In-Person Verification Triggers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>This requirement was repealed on 1 August 2026 and no longer applies.<\/strong> From 1 April 2026, corporate amendments that introduced foreign partners or granted foreigners signatory authority required in-person identity verification: all Thai directors and partners involved had to appear before the DBD registrar to sign a sworn statement declaring average monthly income, and a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/power-of-attorney\/\">power of attorney<\/a> was not accepted for them. Order 1\/2569, which imposed it, was repealed on 1 August 2026 by Order 2\/2569, whose clause 4 requires an <strong>Investment Confirmation Letter<\/strong> on the annexed form for the same class of amendment instead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u26a0\ufe0f <strong>The repeal is not the end of identity checking.<\/strong> The Department\u2019s own published channel list states that identity verification cannot be delegated by anybody, Thai or foreign. Whether a person must still attend a DBD office, or whether verifying inside the DBD e-Service app satisfies it, is not settled by any instrument we can read, because Order 1\/2569\u2019s text is not published anywhere we can reach. Ask the office handling your filing before you plan around it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-sworn-income-declaration-a-trap-for-nominees\">The Sworn Income Declaration: A Trap for Nominees<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perhaps the most significant deterrent in the April order was the requirement for Thai partners and directors to sign a \u201cStatement Record Form\u201d. This form requires the individual to declare their average monthly income. This creates an immediate \u201cfinancial plausibility\u201d check.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If a Thai national with a modest income claims to have invested millions of baht into a company, the registrar has a ready basis for prosecution under Section 36 of the FBA and the Thai Criminal Code (Sections 137 and 267) regarding false statements to officials. By institutionalizing this declaration, the government made a false declaration far easier to prove. The prosecution still carries the burden of proof, but a signed statement that cannot be squared with the money trail is strong evidence, which significantly increases the legal peril for those who provide \u201cfront\u201d services. For more context on the role of Thai partners, see the article on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/recent-crackdowns-on-nominees-in-thailand-the-law-and-court-cases\/\">Thai nominee shareholders<\/a> here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"comparative-framework-pre-2026-vs-post-april-2026-rules\">Comparative Framework: Pre-2026 vs. Post-April 2026 Rules<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following table summarizes the fundamental shifts in the regulatory environment, highlighting the increased evidentiary burden on foreign-linked entities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><td><strong>Regulatory Feature<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Pre-2026 Environment<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Since 1 August 2026 (Order 2\/2569)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Verification Basis<\/strong><\/td><td>Form-based (Paper compliance)<\/td><td>Substance-based (Financial and physical reality)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Scrutiny of &lt;50% Foreign Ownership<\/strong><\/td><td>Often minimal or standard processing<\/td><td>High: Triggers 3-month bank statement audit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Evidentiary Standard for Funds<\/strong><\/td><td>Simple bank balance certificates accepted<\/td><td>Traceable 3-month history matching capital injection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Post-Incorporation Amendments<\/strong><\/td><td>Handled via Power of Attorney<\/td><td>Investment Confirmation Letter for a foreign signing director or a partnership moving under 50% foreign capital (the April 2026 in-person rule was repealed)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Thai Partner Accountability<\/strong><\/td><td>Limited personal exposure<\/td><td>High: signed investment letters and bank statements, with criminal liability for false statements<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Virtual Office Usage<\/strong><\/td><td>Widely used for shell companies<\/td><td>Restrictive: \u201cRule of Five\u201d triggers premises audit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Inter-Agency Data Integration<\/strong><\/td><td>Fragmented or manual<\/td><td>Real-time: DBD linked with AMLO and Welfare records<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Average Processing Time<\/strong><\/td><td>1-2 weeks<\/td><td>3-4 weeks or longer due to enhanced vetting<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"impact-on-key-economic-sectors-from-tourism-to-technology\">Impact on Key Economic Sectors: From Tourism to Technology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2026 crackdown is not uniform in its application; it is a targeted strike against sectors where foreign involvement is most contentious. Understanding these nuances is vital for those operating in the \u201chigh-risk\u201d zones of Phuket, Pattaya, and Samui.<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"tourism-and-hospitality-the-integrated-business-crackdown\">Tourism and Hospitality: The Integrated Business Crackdown<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Ministry of Tourism and Sports is leading a comprehensive review of foreign participation in the tour business.<sup><\/sup> Authorities have discovered that many \u201cfully integrated\u201d businesses, controlling everything from the tour bus to the restaurant and souvenir shop, are operated by foreigners using Thai nominees to avoid the 100,000 to 1,000,000 THB fines associated with illegal service operations.<sup><\/sup> The crackdown also targets \u201czero-dollar\u201d tours and the employment of illegal foreign guides, which are seen as eroding the opportunities for local Thai operators.<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"real-estate-and-land-ownership-a-critical-risk-area\">Real Estate and Land Ownership: A Critical Risk Area<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Foreign ownership of land remains one of the most strictly enforced prohibitions in Thailand. The DBD is currently investigating over 21,000 companies suspected of using Thai nominees to hold land or real estate on behalf of foreign investors.<sup><\/sup> These investigations are particularly intense in Phuket, Koh Samui, and Koh Phangan, where luxury villa developments have frequently used shell companies to circumvent the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/land-code\/\">Land Code<\/a>.<sup><\/sup> Expats should be aware that the courts are increasingly willing to order the disposal of land and impose prison sentences on those found guilty of using sham loan arrangements to disguise foreign control.<sup><\/sup> Detailed information on land rights is in our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/property-guide-for-foreigners-in-thailand\/\">property guide for foreigners<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-cannabis-sector-a-case-study-in-enforcement\">The Cannabis Sector: A Case Study in Enforcement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cannabis industry, which surged following decriminalization, has become a primary target for nominee investigations in 2026. A high-profile raid in Krabi in early 2026 uncovered a cannabis farm that had manipulated its registration structure to conceal majority foreign ownership.<sup><\/sup> The investigation revealed that an Israeli national had become a director and shareholder after the company was initially registered as 100% Thai.<sup><\/sup> This case perfectly illustrates the DBD\u2019s new focus on \u201cintentional manipulation\u201d of corporate structures and the subsequent use of criminal warrants to arrest facilitators, including local lawyers.<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-liberalization-paradox-10-sectors-opening-to-100-foreign-ownership\">The Liberalization Paradox: Eight Service Businesses Exempted in August 2026<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the crackdown on nominees is severe, the Thai government has also liberalized. Ten business categories were proposed for exemption, and eight service businesses were enacted in August 2026.<sup><\/sup> This strategic decoupling aims to push foreign capital away from restricted traditional services and toward innovation-driven sectors.<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-delisting-of-high-tech-and-financial-services\">The 2026 List 3 Exemptions (Ministerial Regulation No. 5)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This was a proposal when the page was first written, and it is now law. Ministerial Regulation No. 5 B.E. 2569, signed on 18 August 2026 and published in the Royal Gazette on 28 August 2026, adds eight service businesses that a foreign company may run without a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/foreign-business-licence\/\">Foreign Business License<\/a> (FBL), and revises the derivatives provision. The enacted list is narrower than the proposal that circulated: <strong>software development is not on it<\/strong>, nor is agricultural trade, so a SaaS or digital agency business still needs an FBL, BOI promotion or a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/treaty-of-amity\/\">Treaty of Amity certificate to operate as a foreign company<\/a>. Our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/foreign-business-act\/\">Foreign Business Act guide<\/a> sets out the conditions of each category.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><td><strong>Business added by Ministerial Regulation No. 5 (2026)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>What it means for foreigners<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Securities-purchase lending<\/strong><\/td><td>A securities service<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Reverse repurchase transactions<\/strong><\/td><td>A securities service<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Type 1 telecommunications (qualifying, without its own network)<\/strong><\/td><td>Eases entry for service providers without infrastructure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Treasury centres<\/strong><\/td><td>Cash pooling and FX for multinational groups<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Intra-group administration, HR and IT (qualifying)<\/strong><\/td><td>Only between related companies meeting the Regulation&#8217;s relationship test<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Intra-group domestic debt guarantees (qualifying)<\/strong><\/td><td>Only between related companies meeting the same test<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Employee-service machine space rental<\/strong><\/td><td>Space for ATMs and vending machines serving employees<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Petroleum drilling under a direct qualifying contract<\/strong><\/td><td>Drilling services for concessionaires<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"risk-mitigation-and-strategic-restructuring-for-2026\">Risk Mitigation and Strategic Restructuring for 2026<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For existing companies, 2026 is the year for a compliance audit. The DBD\u2019s shift toward substance-based verification means that historical \u201csilent\u201d partner arrangements are now high-risk liabilities.<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"auditing-existing-structures\">Auditing Existing Structures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Foreign investors should begin by evaluating the financial capacity of their Thai partners. Can the Thai shareholder prove, through bank records, that they personally funded their shares?.<sup><\/sup> If the answer is no, the company is vulnerable. Furthermore, businesses must review their authorized signatory arrangements. That review is still worth doing, but <strong>the April 1st deadline this paragraph used to urge you to beat no longer exists<\/strong>: the in-person requirement was repealed on 1 August 2026, and an amendment admitting a foreign partner or signatory is now governed by Order 2\/2569 and its Investment Confirmation Letter instead.<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"exploring-fba-compliant-alternatives\">Exploring FBA-Compliant Alternatives<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rather than relying on nominees, investors should seek pathways that grant legal foreign control. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/boi\/\">The Board of Investment (BOI)<\/a> remains the gold standard, offering tax incentives and 100% foreign ownership for promoted projects. Alternatively, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/treaty-of-amity-in-thailand\/\">US-Thai Treaty of Amity<\/a> provides unique protections for American citizens, allowing them to own a majority stake in most service businesses. For those in the real estate sector, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/sap-ing-sith-in-thailand\/\">sap ing sith<\/a> offers a registered land-use right of up to 30 years that can be transferred, mortgaged and inherited (Sap Ing Sith Act B.E. 2562, sections 4 and 12) and does not rely on a company structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"legal-penalties-and-judicial-climate\">Legal Penalties and Judicial Climate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2026 crackdown is backed by significant criminal exposure. Section 36 of the FBA catches both sides of a nominee arrangement: the Thai national who acts as the nominee, and the foreigner who allows that to be done. Section 37 is the separate offence of a foreigner operating a restricted business without the licence or certificate it requires.<sup><\/sup> Penalties include imprisonment for up to three years, fines from 100,000 to 1,000,000 THB, and daily fines for continuing non-compliance with court orders.<sup><\/sup> Crucially, the government is moving toward a policy of asset seizure under anti-money laundering laws, meaning that the financial stakes of participating in a nominee scheme have never been higher.<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"user-friendly-faq-for-expats-and-business-owners\">User-Friendly FAQ for Regulatory Reform for Companies in Thailand<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1774124009818\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong>Does the April 1, 2026 rule apply to my existing company?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Not any more. The April 1, 2026 order was repealed on 1 August 2026. What applies to an amendment of your authorised directors or partnership capital structure today is Order 2\/2569 and its Investment Confirmation Letter. The wider exposure has not gone away: the DBD is using 2026 to audit over 110,000 existing companies for nominee compliance.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1774124024910\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong>My Thai partner is my spouse; do we still need bank statements?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. The DBD does not differentiate based on personal relationships. Any Thai shareholder in a company with foreign participation must be able to demonstrate their own financial capacity and a traceable source of funds.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1774124025678\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><strong>What happens if I can\u2019t attend the DBD in person for a company amendment?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>That requirement came from Order 1\/2569 and was repealed on 1 August 2026, so the question no longer has the answer it had between April and August. Identity verification itself still cannot be delegated under the Department\u2019s published channel list, but whether it must happen at a counter or in the DBD e-Service app is not settled by any instrument we can read. Ask the office handling your filing rather than assuming either way.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q: Is it true that software companies no longer need Thai partners?<\/strong> A: No. Software development was in the proposal but is not among the eight businesses Ministerial Regulation No. 5 of 2026 exempted from the licence requirement. A foreign-majority software company still needs a Foreign Business License, BOI promotion or, for a US company, a Treaty of Amity certificate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q: How does the \u201cRule of Five\u201d affect my virtual office?<\/strong> A: If five or more companies are registered at your virtual office address, you will need to provide a letter of consent from the person entitled to allow use of the premises, together with a copy of the evidence of that right to use. Order 4\/2568 does not require a floor plan.<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q: What are the risks of continuing with a nominee structure in 2026?<\/strong> A: Beyond the risk of imprisonment and heavy fines, registrars now cross-check filings against AMLO and welfare-card records (Orders 3\/2568 and 5\/2568), so a nominee arrangement is far more likely to be noticed than it was.<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Last reviewed: 25 September 2026.<\/strong> Read end to end. Central Registrar Orders 2\/2569 (clauses 1 to 6), 3\/2568 and 5\/2568 were read from the signed scans; Order 4\/2568 is as recorded in our reference file; Foreign Business Act section 36 and Sap Ing Sith Act sections 4 and 12 were read in Thai. The eight exempted businesses follow our Foreign Business Act guide, which was checked against the official text of Ministerial Regulation No. 5. On 6 October 2026 four statements were corrected: Thailand is not an OECD member; the income declaration does not shift the burden of proof; and two unsourced claims about artificial intelligence were replaced with the cross-checks the Orders actually prescribe. Not verified in this review: the enforcement figures and cases (the 21,000 companies under investigation, the Krabi cannabis case, the 110,000 audit) and the processing times, and the text of Order 1\/2569, which we cannot reach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"final-synthesis-navigating-the-transition\">Final Synthesis: Navigating the Transition<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The regulatory landscape of 2026 demands a fundamental paradigm shift for foreign investors in Thailand. The transition from \u201cform\u201d to \u201csubstance\u201d means that the days of using passive Thai shareholders as a legal shield are over. The January 1st rules have established a rigorous financial audit at the point of registration, the April rules closed the amendment loophole, and since 1 August Order 2\/2569 traces the money and requires signed investment letters that carry criminal exposure if false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For investors, the message is clear: the only sustainable way to operate in Thailand is through transparent, FBA-compliant structures. While the eight service businesses exempted in August 2026 offer a silver lining, those operating in traditional services, tourism, and real estate must act now to restructure their businesses or face the full weight of Thailand\u2019s intensified enforcement regime. For comprehensive guidance on maintaining compliance, visit our article on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/foreign-ownership-restrictions-in-thailand\/\">foreign ownership restrictions in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The landscape of foreign investment in Thailand is currently navigating its most significant transformation since the original enactment of the Foreign Business Act (FBA) in 1999. As the Department of Business Development (DBD) prepares to implement a decisive new administrative order on April 1, 2026, the era of passive &ldquo;nominee&rdquo; shareholding is being systematically dismantled. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1749,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"tlo_featured_media_th":0,"tlo_featured_media_fr":0,"footnotes":"","tlo_reviewed_on":"","tlo_reviewed_by":"","tlo_edited_by":"","tlo_changelog":"[{\"date\":\"2026-11-04\",\"note\":\"Added the statute box with Thai, English and French text and checked the page against the official text\"}]","tlo_authority_on":"1","tlo_box_sections":"","tlo_box_cases":"","rank_math_focus_keyword":"regulatory reform for companies in thailand","rank_math_title":"Regulatory Reform for Companies in Thailand (2026) - ThaiLawOnline","rank_math_description":"Thailand's 2026 company registration reforms: DBD orders of January, April and August, what Order 2\/2569 requires now, and the eight FBA exemptions.","rank_math_breadcrumb_title":"Regulatory Reform for Companies in Thailand","rank_math_canonical_url":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1683","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business-law-in-thailand","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1683","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1683"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1683\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12120,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1683\/revisions\/12120"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1749"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1683"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1683"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1683"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u0e14\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e25\u0e22\u0e39\u0e1e\u0e35","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}