{"id":1719,"date":"2025-01-10T16:02:02","date_gmt":"2025-01-10T09:02:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-nominee-shareholders\/"},"modified":"2026-11-02T17:20:58","modified_gmt":"2026-11-02T10:20:58","slug":"thai-nominee-shareholders","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-nominee-shareholders\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35: \u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e07 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e25\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The landscape of business ownership in Thailand has seen a fundamental shift as of April 1, 2026. The Department of Business Development (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/dbd\/\">DBD<\/a>) has moved from a \u201cform-based\u201d (paper) compliance model to a \u201csubstance-based\u201d reality. It is no longer enough to have 51% Thai names on a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/shareholder\/\">shareholder<\/a> list; the government now uses AI and mandatory financial verification to ensure those shareholders are genuine .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"tlo-hublink wp-block-paragraph\">The lawful alternatives to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/nominee\/\">nominee<\/a> structure are set out in our guide to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/business-setup-in-thailand\/\">setting up a business in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img alt=\"Thai Nominee Shareholders\" class=\"wp-image-14741 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/thai-nominee-shareholders.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:500px;height:400px\"\/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Thai Nominee Shareholders\" class=\"wp-image-14741 lazyload\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"768\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/thai-nominee-shareholders.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/thai-nominee-shareholders.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/thai-nominee-shareholders-1000x750.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/thai-nominee-shareholders-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/thai-nominee-shareholders-768x576.jpg 768w\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:500px;height:400px\" width=\"1024\"\/><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#introduction-to-thai-nominee-shareholders\">Introduction to Thai Nominee Shareholders<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#supreme-court-decisions-on-nominee-shareholders-and-foreign-land-ownership-in-thailand\">Supreme Court Decisions on Nominee Shareholders and Foreign Land Ownership in Thailand<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#fa-qs-on-thai-nominee-shareholders\">FAQs on Thai Nominee Shareholders<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#links\">Links:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"introduction-to-thai-nominee-shareholders\">Introduction to Thai Nominee Shareholders<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nominee shareholders in Thailand are used to disguise foreign participation in the local market. A nominee shareholder is usually a Thai person or company. They hold shares for a foreigner. This is often done to get around rules on foreign ownership. Where it is done to get around the Foreign Business Act, it is a criminal offence for both sides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A nominee shareholder is a person or entity that holds shares in a company. They do this for the benefit of someone else, often a foreign investor. These shareholders are not a lawful route for foreigners who want to set up a Thai <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/company-limited\/\">limited company<\/a>. The legal rules about nominee shareholding are complicated. Misunderstandings can result in serious legal trouble for both the nominee and the foreigner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thai nominee structures have helped connect foreign investors with the limits set by Thai law on foreign ownership. These structures help foreigners access some parts of the Thai business world that are usually off-limits. None of this makes a nominee lawful: holding shares for a foreigner so that the foreigner can carry on a restricted business is itself an offence under section 36 of the Foreign Business Act, for the Thai holder and for the foreigner who consents to it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The shareholding structure of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/register-a-company-in-thailand\/\">Thai company<\/a> is dictated by the requirements set forth in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/foreign-business-act\/\">Foreign Business Act<\/a>. The Act does not fix a Thai shareholding: it treats a company as a foreigner when foreigners hold half or more of its capital (section 4) and then restricts the listed businesses (section 8). This rule has led to the use of Thai nominee shareholders. It is important to understand how voting rights are distributed. This is especially true for those doing business in Thailand. Knowing the effects of having a partly foreign-owned company is also key.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-regulatory-landscape-in-thailand\"><strong>The Regulatory Landscape in Thailand<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The regulatory landscape governing nominee businesses in Thailand is intricate and subject to frequent changes. Thai law mandates specific requirements for foreign ownership, particularly under the Foreign Business Act. Understanding these rules is important for foreign investors who want to enter the Thai market. They must also manage the challenges of business registration and compliance. The rules about nominee shareholding aim to protect the local economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The main laws that affect nominee businesses in Thailand are the Foreign Business Act and parts of the Thai <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/thai-civil-and-commercial-code\/\">Civil and Commercial Code<\/a>. These laws set the rules for foreign investors. They do not permit nominee arrangements in any form. Foreign investors must know these laws. This helps them avoid non-compliance. Non-compliance can lead to legal action against the foreigner and the Thai nominee shareholder in the nominee structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Department of Business Development (DBD) is important for managing business registration. It also makes sure businesses follow Thai law. It monitors the activities of Thai nominee shareholders. It also enforces rules about foreign ownership in Thailand. The DBD has been paying more attention in recent years. This has led to a crackdown on businesses that use nominee structures. Foreign investors need to work closely with the DBD. This helps them follow the laws and rules. By doing this, they can protect their investments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The implications of foreign ownership regulations in Thailand are significant for those looking to invest in the country. A company with half or more foreign capital cannot carry on a listed business without a licence, certificate or BOI promotion. This has led to many Thai nominee shareholders being used. The growing enforcement of these laws means foreign investors need to think carefully about their business structures. They should also consider the risks of using Thai nominees. Failure to comply can jeopardize not only the business registration but also the entire investment strategy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To eliminate nominee structures, the DBD introduced four screening orders covering registrations and amendments; only the first is tied to foreign participation. Three of them remain in force unchanged; the first has since been repealed and replaced by a stricter order:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Order 2\/2568, repealed and replaced by Order 2\/2569 on 1 August 2026:<\/strong> Thai shareholders had to provide personal bank statements for the <strong>three months<\/strong> prior to share payment to prove they used \u201cseasoned\u201d funds from their own accounts. Clause 3 of Order 2\/2569 carries that requirement and goes further: it also requires a statement from the account that <em>received<\/em> the payment, and an Investment Explanation Letter on the annexed form.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Order 3\/2568:<\/strong> Automated screening against the Anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/money-laundering\/\">Money Laundering<\/a> Office (AMLO) list; high-risk individuals must appear in person for verification.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Order 4\/2568 (The Rule of Five):<\/strong> Where the registrar finds that <strong>five or more<\/strong> partnerships or companies are already registered at the same premises, the applicant must file a letter of consent from the person entitled to allow use of the head office, together with a copy of the evidence of that right to use.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Order 5\/2568:<\/strong> Screening of State Welfare Card holders to prevent the use of low-income \u201cmoney mules\u201d as front-men.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style data-noptimize=\"1\">.tlo-lb{border:2px solid #1E3455;background:#fff;margin:28px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;color:#1b1b1b}.tlo-lb h2.tlo-lb-h{background:#1E3455;color:#fff;font-size:19px;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:12px 16px}.tlo-lb-tabs{position:relative;padding-top:44px;background:#fff}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:absolute;top:0;width:33.334%;height:44px;line-height:44px;text-align:center;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;list-style:none;background:#eef0f4;color:#1E3455;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:3px solid #1E3455}.tlo-lb-tab>summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(1)>summary{left:0}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(2)>summary{left:33.333%}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(3)>summary{left:66.666%}.tlo-lb-tab[open]>summary{background:#fff;border-bottom-color:#FECB01}.tlo-lb summary:focus-visible,.tlo-lb a:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #FECB01;outline-offset:-3px}.tlo-lb-sec{padding:14px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-sec h3{font-size:17px;line-height:1.35;margin:0 0 4px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-sec h3 small{font-weight:400;color:#555;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-sec p{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-text{white-space:pre-line;border-left:3px solid #FECB01;padding-left:12px;margin:0 0 6px}.tlo-lb-note{font-size:13px;color:#555;font-style:italic}.tlo-lb-badge{display:inline-block;background:#FECB01;color:#1E3455;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;padding:1px 7px;margin-left:6px}.tlo-lb-fold{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-fold>summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:6px}.tlo-lb-links a{margin-right:14px;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-cases,.tlo-lb-src{padding:14px 16px;background:#f6f7f9;border-top:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-cases h3,.tlo-lb-src h3{font-size:15px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-cases ul,.tlo-lb-src ul{margin:0;padding:0 0 0 18px;font-size:14px}.tlo-al{font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:#444;margin:0 0 18px}.tlo-al details{margin-top:4px}.tlo-al summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455}.tlo-al ul{margin:6px 0 0 18px;padding:0}@media print{.tlo-lb{border:1px solid #000}.tlo-lb-tabs{padding-top:0}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:static;width:auto;height:auto;line-height:1.4;text-align:left;background:none;border:0}.tlo-lb details::details-content{content-visibility:visible;display:block}.tlo-lb-links a{color:#000}}<\/style><script data-noptimize=\"1\" data-no-optimize=\"1\">document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){(function(){var b=document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb-tabs\");b.forEach(function(g){var t=g.querySelectorAll(\":scope>details\");t.forEach(function(d){d.firstElementChild.addEventListener(\"click\",function(e){if(d.open){e.preventDefault()}})})});var s=[];addEventListener(\"beforeprint\",function(){s=[];document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb details\").forEach(function(d){s.push([d,d.open,d.getAttribute(\"name\")]);d.removeAttribute(\"name\");d.open=true})});addEventListener(\"afterprint\",function(){s.forEach(function(x){x[0].open=x[1];if(x[2]){x[0].setAttribute(\"name\",x[2])}})})})();});<\/script><section class=\"tlo-lb notranslate\" data-no-translation data-no-dynamic-translation translate=\"no\" aria-label=\"\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\"><h2 class=\"tlo-lb-h\">\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49<\/h2><div class=\"tlo-lb-tabs\"><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"en\" data-no-translation><summary>English<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 36 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">A person of Thai nationality or a juristic person that is not an alien under this Act who assists or supports, or joins in operating, a business of an alien that is a business specified in the Lists annexed to this Act, where that alien has not been permitted to operate that business, or who joins in operating a business of an alien while representing it as being their business alone, or who holds shares on behalf of an alien in a partnership, limited company or any juristic person so that the alien may operate a business by evading or violating the provisions of this Act, and likewise an alien who consents to a person of Thai nationality or a juristic person that is not an alien under this Act doing such an act, shall be liable to imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, or a fine from 100,000 baht to 1,000,000 baht, or both, and the court shall order the assistance or support to cease, or the joint operation of the business to cease, or the shareholding or partnership to cease, as the case may be. A person who fails to comply with the court&#039;s order shall be liable to a fine of 10,000 baht to 50,000 baht per day for as long as the violation continues.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 4 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">In this Act: &quot;alien&quot; means: (1) a natural person who does not have Thai nationality; (2) a juristic person not registered in Thailand; (3) a juristic person registered in Thailand and having the following characteristics: (a) a juristic person in which shares representing half or more of its capital are held by persons under (1) or (2), or a juristic person in which persons under (1) or (2) have invested a value of half or more of its total capital; (b) a limited partnership or registered ordinary partnership whose managing partner or manager is a person under (1); (4) a juristic person registered in Thailand in which shares representing half or more of its capital are held by persons under (1), (2) or (3), or in which persons under (1), (2) or (3) have invested a value of half or more of its total capital. For the purposes of this definition, shares of a limited company for which bearer share certificates are issued are deemed to be shares of an alien, unless otherwise prescribed in a Ministerial Regulation. &quot;capital&quot; means the registered capital of a limited company, the paid-up capital of a public limited company, or the money contributed as shares by partners or members to a partnership or juristic person; &quot;minimum capital&quot; means the capital of an alien where the alien is a juristic person registered in Thailand, and, where the alien is a juristic person not registered in Thailand or a natural person, the foreign currency the alien brings in for use on commencing business in Thailand; &quot;business&quot; means engaging in agriculture, industry, handicraft, commerce, services or other activities, for trade; &quot;licence&quot; means a licence to operate a business; &quot;licensee&quot; means an alien who has received a licence; &quot;certificate&quot; means a certificate to operate a business; &quot;certificate holder&quot; means an alien who has received a certificate; &quot;Committee&quot; means the Foreign Business Committee; &quot;competent official&quot; means a person appointed by the Minister to act under this Act; &quot;Registrar&quot; means a person appointed by the Minister as Registrar of Foreign Business Operations; &quot;Director General&quot; means the Director General of the Department of Business Development; &quot;Minister&quot; means the Minister in charge of this Act.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 37 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">An alien who carries on a business in violation of section 6, 7 or 8 shall be punished with imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, or a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht, or both, and the court shall order the cessation of the business, the dissolution of the undertaking, or the termination of the shareholding or partnership, as the case may be. A person who fails to comply with the court&#039;s order shall be punished with a fine of 10,000 to 50,000 baht per day for as long as the violation continues.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 86 <small>Limitation of Aliens Right in Land<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">An alien may acquire land only by virtue of the provisions of a treaty which provides that ownership of immovable property may be held, and subject also to the provisions of this Code.\n Subject to section 84, such an alien may acquire land for residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, cemetery, public charity or religious purposes only in accordance with the conditions and procedure prescribed by ministerial regulation, and permission must be obtained from the Minister.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">Unofficial translation by the Office of the Council of State<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-86\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 96 <small>Limitation of Aliens Right in Land<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">When any person appears to have acquired any land as an owner on behalf of an alien or juristic person under Section 97 or Section 98, the Director- General shall have the power to dispose of such land and the provisions of Section 94 shall apply mutatis mutandis.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">Unofficial translation by the Office of the Council of State<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-96\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 94 <small>Limitation of Aliens Right in Land<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Land acquired by an alien unlawfully or without permission shall be disposed of by that alien within the period prescribed by the Director-General, which shall be not less than one hundred and eighty days and not more than one year. If the land is not disposed of within the prescribed period, the Director-General shall have power to dispose of the land, and the provisions on forced disposal of land in Chapter 3 shall apply mutatis mutandis.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">Unofficial translation by the Office of the Council of State<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-94\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 113 <small>Penalties<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Any person who acquires land as an agent of an alien or of a juristic person under section 97 or section 98 shall be liable to a fine not exceeding twenty thousand baht or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, or to both.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">Unofficial translation by the Office of the Council of State<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-12\/#section-113\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 150<\/h3><p>Any agreement, gift or other juristic act whose object is expressly prohibited by law, impossible, or against public order or good morals has no legal effect from the start.<\/p><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">An act the object of which is expressly prohibited by law, or is impossible, or is contrary to public order or good morals, is void.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-150\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"th\" data-no-translation open><summary>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 36 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e38\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e48\u0e27\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e17\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e48\u0e27\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e15\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e14\u0e35\u0e22\u0e27\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e46 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\u0e23\u0e27\u0e21\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e22\u0e34\u0e19\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e35 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\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35 \u0e2b\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e33\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17\u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 4 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\u201c\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\n(\u0e51) \u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e14\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\n(\u0e52) \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\n(\u0e53) \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e21\u0e35\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n(\u0e01) \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e52) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e52) \u0e25\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e21\u0e35\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e14\u0e43\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\n(\u0e02) \u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19 \u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51)\n(\u0e54) \u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 \u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) (\u0e52) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e53) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21 (\u0e51) (\u0e52) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e53) \u0e25\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19 \u0e21\u0e35\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e14\u0e43\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\n\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e04\u0e33\u0e19\u0e34\u0e22\u0e32\u0e21\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e23\u0e27\u0e07\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\n\u201c\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e30\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e08\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e01\u0e19\u0e33\u0e21\u0e32\u0e25\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\n\u201c\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e02\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e33\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e08\u0e14\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e14\u0e32\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e19\u0e33\u0e21\u0e32\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e23\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e15\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\n\u201c\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e2d\u0e38\u0e15\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e2b\u0e31\u0e15\u0e16\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19 \u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32\n\u201c\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\n\u201c\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\n\u201c\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\n\u201c\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\n\u201c\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\n\u201c\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\u201c\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\n\u201c\u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e12\u0e19\u0e32\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32*\n\u201c\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u201d \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 37 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2542<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e56 \u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e57 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e58 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e25\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e08\u0e33\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e25\u0e34\u0e01\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35 \u0e2b\u0e32\u0e01\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e33\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17\u0e15\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 86<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e01\u0e47\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e28\u0e31\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e18\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e17\u0e18\u0e34\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e17\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\n\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e15\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e58\u0e54 \u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e27\u0e08\u0e30\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e28\u0e31\u0e22 \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e2d\u0e38\u0e15\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e40\u0e01\u0e29\u0e15\u0e23\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e19 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e38\u0e28\u0e25\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e18\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e30 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e28\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e32 \u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e07\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e44\u0e02\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e23\u0e27\u0e07 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-86\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 96<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e0f\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e14\u0e43\u0e19\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e59\u0e57 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e59\u0e58 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e17\u0e33\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e19\u0e33\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e59\u0e54 \u0e21\u0e32\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e42\u0e25\u0e21<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-96\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 94<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e08\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49 \u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e19\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e01\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e08\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e08\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e19\u0e33\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e08\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e27\u0e14 \u0e53 \u0e21\u0e32\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e42\u0e25\u0e21<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-94\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 113<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e21\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e59\u0e57 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e59\u0e58 \u0e21\u0e35\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e35 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e08\u0e33<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-12\/#section-113\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 150<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e14\u0e21\u0e35\u0e27\u0e31\u0e15\u0e16\u0e38\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e14\u0e41\u0e08\u0e49\u0e07\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e49\u0e19\u0e27\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e22 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e02\u0e31\u0e14\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e28\u0e35\u0e25\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e14\u0e35\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e19 \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e42\u0e21\u0e06\u0e30<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-150\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"fr\" data-no-translation><summary>Fran\u00e7ais<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 36 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><p>Le Tha\u00eflandais ou la personne morale non \u00e9trang\u00e8re, pr\u00eate-nom ou aidant un \u00e9tranger non autoris\u00e9 pour une activit\u00e9 des listes, et l&#039;\u00e9tranger consentant, encourent jusqu&#039;\u00e0 3 ans de prison et\/ou 100 000 \u00e0 1 000 000 bahts. Cessation ordonn\u00e9e, sous peine de 10 000 \u00e0 50 000 bahts par jour.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 4 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><p>Est \u00e9trang\u00e8re la personne physique sans nationalit\u00e9 tha\u00eflandaise, la personne morale non enregistr\u00e9e en Tha\u00eflande, ou celle enregistr\u00e9e dont des \u00e9trangers d\u00e9tiennent au moins la moiti\u00e9 du capital ou, pour une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de personnes, dont le g\u00e9rant est une personne physique \u00e9trang\u00e8re. L&#039;article d\u00e9finit notamment capital et activit\u00e9 commerciale.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 37 <small>Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/small><\/h3><p>Un \u00e9tranger exer\u00e7ant en violation des articles 6, 7 ou 8 encourt jusqu&#039;\u00e0 3 ans de prison, ou 100 000 \u00e0 1 000 000 de bahts d&#039;amende, ou les deux; le tribunal ordonne la cessation ou la fin de la participation. Inex\u00e9cution: 10 000 \u00e0 50 000 bahts par jour.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 86<\/h3><p>Un \u00e9tranger ne peut acqu\u00e9rir un terrain qu&#039;en vertu des dispositions d&#039;un trait\u00e9 qui permet d&#039;avoir la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 d&#039;un bien immobilier, et sous r\u00e9serve \u00e9galement des dispositions du pr\u00e9sent Code.\n\nSous r\u00e9serve de l&#039;article 84, cet \u00e9tranger ne peut acqu\u00e9rir un terrain \u00e0 usage d&#039;habitation, d&#039;activit\u00e9 commerciale, industrielle ou agricole, de cimeti\u00e8re, de bienfaisance publique ou de culte que conform\u00e9ment aux conditions et \u00e0 la proc\u00e9dure fix\u00e9es par r\u00e8glement minist\u00e9riel, et il doit obtenir l&#039;autorisation du Ministre.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-86\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 96<\/h3><p>Lorsqu&#039;une personne acquiert un terrain en qualit\u00e9 de propri\u00e9taire pour le compte d&#039;un \u00e9tranger ou d&#039;une personne morale vis\u00e9e \u00e0 l&#039;article 97 ou 98, le directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral a le pouvoir de l&#039;ali\u00e9ner, l&#039;article 94 s&#039;appliquant par analogie.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-96\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 94<\/h3><p>Tout terrain acquis par un \u00e9tranger de mani\u00e8re illicite ou sans autorisation doit \u00eatre ali\u00e9n\u00e9 par cet \u00e9tranger dans le d\u00e9lai fix\u00e9 par le Directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, qui ne peut \u00eatre inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 cent quatre-vingts jours ni sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 un an. Si le terrain n&#039;est pas ali\u00e9n\u00e9 dans le d\u00e9lai fix\u00e9, le Directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral a le pouvoir d&#039;ali\u00e9ner ce terrain, et les dispositions relatives \u00e0 l&#039;ali\u00e9nation forc\u00e9e de terrains pr\u00e9vues au chapitre 3 s&#039;appliquent mutatis mutandis.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-94\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 113<\/h3><p>Quiconque acquiert un terrain en qualit\u00e9 de mandataire d&#039;un \u00e9tranger ou d&#039;une personne morale vis\u00e9e \u00e0 l&#039;article 97 ou \u00e0 l&#039;article 98 est passible d&#039;une amende n&#039;exc\u00e9dant pas vingt mille bahts ou d&#039;un emprisonnement n&#039;exc\u00e9dant pas deux ans, ou de ces deux peines.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-12\/#section-113\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 150<\/h3><p>Est nul l&#039;acte dont l&#039;objet est express\u00e9ment prohib\u00e9 par la loi, est impossible, ou est contraire \u00e0 l&#039;ordre public ou aux bonnes m\u0153urs.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-150\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-cases\"><h3>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/2690-2538-nominee-land-void\/\">2690\/2538<\/a> (1995): \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27 \u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e14 \u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e15\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e04\u0e38\u0e49\u0e21\u0e04\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/5457-2560-nominee-shareholders-void\/\">5457\/2560<\/a> (2017): \u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e01\u0e39\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0b\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e19\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19 \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e42\u0e21\u0e06\u0e30 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e04\u0e37\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/supreme-court-decisions\/2252-2560-corporate-veil-pierced\/\">2252\/2560<\/a> (2017): \u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e22\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e19\u0e34\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e31\u0e22 \u0e08\u0e36\u0e07\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-src\"><h3>\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e32<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/NkJ3Wk1GODFreHdkS25wNzRUOTkvUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 31 \u0e15\u0e38\u0e25\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2569<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/KytlTGlrQzIrQlpQcWxZYWl2cm5IUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19, Office of the Council of State<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 31 \u0e15\u0e38\u0e25\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2569<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e4c, Office of the Council of State<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 31 \u0e15\u0e38\u0e25\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2569<\/li><li>deka.supremecourt.or.th, Supreme Court of Thailand decisions database (copy held in our library), \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 19 \u0e01\u0e38\u0e21\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\u0e18\u0e4c 2569<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"understanding-the-crackdown-on-nominee-structures\">Understanding the Crackdown on Nominee Structures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The recent crackdown on nominee structures in Thailand shows the government\u2019s commitment to enforcing laws. These laws protect local businesses and ensure that foreign ownership rules are followed. This increased attention comes from a wish to keep the economy strong and support fair competition in the Thai market. Foreign investors must understand the implications of this crackdown, as it may significantly impact their ability to operate within the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The current crackdown is driven by the <strong>Intelligence Business Analytic System (IBAS)<\/strong>, an AI-powered platform used by the DBD since late 2025. IBAS automatically cross-references the corporate registry with the Revenue Department and Land Department to detect \u201cfinancial implausibility.\u201d For example, if a Thai national with a modest income is listed as a majority shareholder in a company holding multi-million baht property, the system triggers an immediate investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The results are now measured in land, not press releases. On Koh Phangan the Interior Ministry identified 112 juristic persons whose foreign shareholding exceeded the legal threshold, holding 124 land plots (about 86 rai 3 ngan 42.4 square wah); 104 were newly detected, 8 already had court judgments, and the Surat Thani Governor ordered 8 entities to dispose of 9 plots. The figures were first announced on 25 August 2026 and restated by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thaigov.go.th\/th\/news\/168756\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Government Spokesman on 10 September 2026<\/a>, who added that company registrations in the DBD&#8217;s nominee-risk category fell from 894 in August 2025 to 163 in August 2026. The disposal order is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/land-code\/\">Land Code<\/a> consequence for land held through a Thai front: the company must sell within the period set, or the Department of Lands sells for it. Our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thailand-nominee-company-crackdown-2026\/\">nominee crackdown 2026<\/a> article follows the enforcement timeline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several case studies illustrate the legal action taken against businesses found to be in violation of nominee regulations. Foreign companies using Thai nominee shareholders for unfair benefits have faced penalties. These penalties include fines and company dissolutions. These cases highlight the importance of adhering strictly to Thai law and understanding the risks associated with using nominees. Foreign investors need to know that not following these laws can lead to serious problems. This includes losing business licenses and facing legal issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The crackdown on nominee structures has profound implications for both foreign investors and the broader Thai business community. For foreign investors, it necessitates a reevaluation of existing business strategies and compliance measures to align with the stricter regulatory environment. For Thai businesses, it boosts competition by reducing the benefits from non-compliant nominee arrangements. This regulatory change aims to create a clearer and fairer business environment in Thailand. It will benefit everyone involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"best-practices-for-compliance\"><strong>Best Practices for Compliance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Establishing legitimate shareholding structures is essential for foreign investors aiming to navigate the complexities of business in Thailand. A good shareholding setup follows Thai law, especially the Foreign Business Act. It also reduces risks linked to nominee arrangements. Hiring a qualified legal advisor can help you understand the rules for majority Thai ownership. They can guide you in setting up a Thai limited company that meets all legal requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is no compliant way to run a nominee arrangement, and a written agreement between a foreigner and a Thai nominee does not protect anyone: it is evidence of the section 36 offence, and the arrangement it records is void under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-150\/\">section 150<\/a> of the Civil and Commercial Code. The lawful routes are genuine Thai shareholders who invest their own money, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/foreign-business-licence\/\">Foreign Business Licence<\/a>, a Foreign Business Certificate under a treaty, BOI promotion, or a structure that stays outside the restricted lists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Utilizing Thai shareholders effectively involves understanding their role within the shareholding structure of a Thai company. Foreign investors should work with Thai nationals. They should be compliant and have good knowledge of the local market. This partnership can enhance the foreign business\u2019s operational capabilities while ensuring compliance with foreign ownership regulations. Building a real partnership with Thai shareholders can strengthen business ties. This can improve the chances of long-term success in the competitive Thai market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recent trends in Thai nominee policies reflect a tightening of regulations aimed at enhancing compliance and protecting local businesses. The government\u2019s action against non-compliant nominee structures shows a shift towards stricter enforcement of the Foreign Business Act. Foreign investors need to stay updated on changing policies. This helps them manage shareholding complexities. It also helps avoid legal issues. Staying informed ensures their business operations are legal and successful in Thailand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Foreign investors who want to enter the Thai market should understand the laws about nominee shareholding. It is a good idea to get help from a lawyer who knows Thai law. They can help you with business registration and compliance. Additionally, fostering genuine relationships with Thai shareholders can provide valuable insights and enhance the overall success of foreign business endeavors in Thailand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Navigating the Thai market requires a strategic approach that emphasizes compliance with local laws and regulations surrounding nominee shareholding. Foreign investors should stay alert and flexible. They need to adjust to the rules and laws in Thailand. This will help ensure their business practices follow Thai legal standards. Foreign investors can reduce risks and find growth opportunities in Thailand. They can do this by understanding proper shareholding structures and working well with Thai nationals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Update (in force 1 August 2026):<\/strong> The <strong>Order of the Central Partnership and Company Registrar No. 2\/2569<\/strong> now governs. Clause 1 of that order expressly repealed both <strong>Order 1\/2569<\/strong> and <strong>Order 2\/2568<\/strong> with effect from <strong>1 August 2026<\/strong>. Under clause 4, a company whose authorized <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/director\/\">directors<\/a> are all Thai, and which then registers a foreigner as an authorized or co-signing director, must file an <strong>Investment Confirmation Letter<\/strong> on the form annexed to the order. That closes the previous \u201cloophole\u201d where companies were incorporated as 100% Thai and then amended later to avoid scrutiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It bites on new registrations and on amendment filings in two situations: where a foreign shareholder or partner holds <strong>less than 50%<\/strong> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/registered-capital\/\">registered capital<\/a>, and where there is <strong>no foreign shareholder at all<\/strong> but a foreign director holds sole or joint signing authority. That second limb catches companies their owners assume are outside the rules entirely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On establishment (clause 3), three documents are required:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For each Thai shareholder or partner, bank statements covering the <strong>three months preceding the payment<\/strong>, showing withdrawals that match the contribution.<\/li>\n\n<li>A statement of the <strong>receiving account of the managing partner or director<\/strong>, showing the money arriving from every shareholder. This is what closes the recycled-funds loophole.<\/li>\n\n<li>The prescribed <strong>Investment Explanation Letter<\/strong>, tracing the flow of funds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On an amendment admitting a foreign partner or foreign authorised director (clause 4) the filing is a different document, the Investment Confirmation Letter. Only where that amendment comes within one year of incorporation (clause 5) is a bank statement added, showing that the entity received its full subscribed capital.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Order No. 2\/2569 prescribes documents and payment evidence. It does not itself state that every mismatch must lead to outright rejection without an opportunity to correct the filing. Reconcile the records before submission and respond to any registrar query. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dbd.go.th\/storage\/law\/e402a35e-d320-406c-9347-25bc89b5b741.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the order and prescribed forms<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"supreme-court-decisions-on-nominee-shareholders-and-foreign-land-ownership-in-thailand\">Supreme Court Decisions on Nominee Shareholders and Foreign Land Ownership in Thailand<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At ThaiLawOnline, we regularly advise clients about the legal risks of using nominee shareholders in Thailand. The law on this issue is clear, even though the reported case law is thinner than many sites suggest: a structure designed to conceal foreign ownership of land through Thai \u201cnominees\u201d breaches the Land Code, the agreement behind it is void, and both sides commit offences. The Supreme Court decision this page relies on, discussed below, also shows that the consequences are not always the simple ones people expect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under Thai law, foreigners are generally prohibited from owning land (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-86\">Land Code Section 86<\/a>). Some people try to get around this by setting up a Thai company. They make it look like it is mostly Thai-owned. Thai nationals hold 51% or more of the shares. If the Thai shareholders are acting as nominees, they hold shares for a foreigner. This foreigner provides the funds and controls the company. In this case, the true ownership belongs to the foreigner. This violates the law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-court-focuses-on-substance-over-form\">The Court Focuses on Substance Over Form<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Thai Supreme Court looks past the paperwork to what the arrangement actually does. Where the money and the control come from a foreigner, a Thai name on a share register or on a title deed does not change the analysis. It is worth naming the provisions separately, because they do different jobs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Land Code section 86<\/strong> is the prohibition. Apart from the investment route in section 96 bis, a foreigner may acquire land only under a treaty allowing it and, subject to section 84, only for residence or defined commercial, industrial, agricultural, burial, charitable or religious purposes on the conditions set by ministerial regulation and with the Minister\u2019s permission.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-96\">Land Code section 96<\/a><\/strong> is the nominee provision, and it is specific: where a person acquires land <em>as owner on behalf of a foreigner<\/em>, or of a juristic person treated as foreign under section 97 or 98, the Director-General of the Department of Lands has power to dispose of that land.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thailand-land-code\/chapter-8\/#section-94\">Land Code section 94<\/a><\/strong> supplies the timetable that section 96 borrows. Land acquired unlawfully or without permission must be disposed of within a period fixed by the Director-General, <strong>not less than 180 days and not more than one year<\/strong>, and if it is not, the Director-General may dispose of it.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Section 150 of the Civil and Commercial Code<\/strong> voids any juristic act whose object is expressly prohibited by law, or is impossible, or is contrary to public order or good morals. That is what makes the contract behind the structure worthless, not merely unenforceable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Supreme Court Decision No. 2690\/2538 a foreigner had a Thai national hold the title deed to land on his behalf, and the Court said that arrangement was void under section 86 of the Land Code. The important part is what the Court did <strong>not<\/strong> hold. Section 94 requires a foreigner who has acquired land unlawfully to dispose of it within a period fixed by the Director-General of the Department of Lands, not less than 180 days and not more than one year, failing which the Director-General may sell it. Because that machinery exists, the Court said in terms that the acquisition <strong>was not wholly void and still had legal effect<\/strong>. The foreigner did lose the land, but for a narrower reason than any general rule about foreigners: a third party had taken a registered transfer in good faith and for value, and under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/section-806\/\">section 806 of the Civil and Commercial Code<\/a> a principal who lets his agent appear to the world as the owner cannot defeat the rights such a person acquired before learning of the agency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Enforcement at first instance has moved the same way, with prosecutions reported in Phuket in 2024 in which foreign owners and their Thai nominees were fined and given suspended prison terms over nominee land holding. Read those reports as evidence of enforcement rather than as authority: judgments of the provincial and criminal courts are not published in any citable series, so a red case number circulating online cannot be checked against anything, and nothing on this page rests on one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What is citable is the penalty. <strong>Section 36 of the Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542<\/strong> reaches both sides of the arrangement, the Thai national or non-foreign juristic person who holds shares for a foreigner so the foreigner can carry on a business the Act restricts, and the foreigner who consents to it. It carries imprisonment of up to three years, or a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht, or both. The court must also order the shareholding, the partnership or the assistance to end, and if that order is disobeyed the fine runs at 10,000 to 50,000 baht for every day the breach continues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"legal-consequences-of-nominee-use-in-thailand\">Legal Consequences of Nominee Use in Thailand<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Void Agreements<\/strong>: The agreement behind a nominee arrangement is void under section 150 of the Civil and Commercial Code. The land acquisition itself is not necessarily void: in Decision 2690\/2538 the Court held it still had legal effect, because the Land Code&#8217;s disposal procedure deals with it instead.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Forced Disposal<\/strong>: The Land Department may compel the sale of land held via nominee structures.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Criminal Charges<\/strong>: Both the Thai nominee and the foreign investor may face fines and imprisonment.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Criminal Charges:<\/strong> These sit on top of the Foreign Business Act penalties above, which under section 36 are imprisonment of up to three years, or a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht, or both. Signing a false Investment Explanation Letter engages two further offences, and they are not the same size. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-penal-code\/section-137\/\">Criminal Code Section 137<\/a><\/strong>, giving a false statement to an official where it is likely to cause injury, carries imprisonment of up to six months, or a fine of up to 10,000 baht, or both. <strong>Section 267<\/strong>, causing an official to record a false statement in an official document intended as evidence, is the heavier one at up to three years, or a fine of up to 60,000 baht, or both.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Company Dissolution<\/strong>: Where the company is itself a foreigner under the Foreign Business Act and carries on a restricted business without a licence, the court sentencing it must also order the business to stop or the company to be wound up (section 37).<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Loss of Investment<\/strong>: Foreigners risk losing their entire investment in the property.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"thai-law-online-legal-strategies-that-work\">ThaiLawOnline: Legal Strategies That Work<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At ThaiLawOnline, we have never had a client\u2019s land deal or company structure canceled for using nominee shareholders. This is because we do not use them. We educate our clients and build their structures on solid legal ground. We help foreigners invest legally and safely in Thailand. This includes lease agreements, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/superficies-right\/\">superficies<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/usufruct\/\">usufructs<\/a>, and condominium ownership under the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/foreign-quota\/\">foreign quota<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our team keeps up with the latest Supreme Court decisions and changing legal interpretations. If you\u2019re thinking about acquiring property in Thailand, speak with us first. We\u2019ll help you avoid costly mistakes and stay compliant with Thai law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"fa-qs-on-thai-nominee-shareholders\"><strong>FAQs on Thai Nominee Shareholders<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1740061226405\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the use of Thai nominee shareholders in a company?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The use of Thai nominee shareholders involves appointing Thai nationals to hold shares on behalf of foreigners to circumvent foreign ownership restrictions in Thailand. This is often seen in sectors where foreign ownership is limited under the Foreign Business Act.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1740061244739\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How does the Department of Business Development define a foreigner in the context of company ownership?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The definition is in section 4 of the Foreign Business Act, and it has four limbs, not one: a natural person without Thai nationality; a juristic person not registered in Thailand; a juristic person that IS registered in Thailand but has half or more of its capital shares held by, or half or more of its capital invested by, persons in either of the first two limbs, or a registered partnership whose managing partner is a foreign individual; and a Thai-registered juristic person half held or half funded by persons in any of the first three limbs, which catches layered holding companies. It is the third and fourth limbs that makes a Thai-registered company count as a foreigner, and it is the reason nominee shareholding is attempted at all.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1740061245753\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is a nominee company?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>A nominee company is a business that uses Thai nominee shareholders. These shareholders represent foreign investors. It is an attempt to get around the legal limits on foreign ownership, and it is an offence under section 36 of the Foreign Business Act.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1740061246874\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What are the legal implications for shareholders in a Thai company who are involved in a nominee arrangement?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Shareholders in nominee arrangements may face legal issues and penalties. These arrangements often try to avoid Thai laws on foreign ownership limits. The Thai authorities have intensified efforts to crack down on such practices.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1740061294310\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What constitutes a majority Thai owned company?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>A majority Thai owned company is one where more than 50% of the shares are owned by Thai nationals. This structure is significant as it determines the level of foreign participation allowed in specific business sectors.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1740061295299\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can a partly foreign owned Thai limited company legally use nominee shareholders?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>No. While a company can be partly foreign-owned, using Thai nationals to \u201chold\u201d shares for a foreigner is a criminal offense. As of 2026, the DBD requires a <strong>3-month bank statement<\/strong> history for Thai shareholders to prove the investment came from their own savings and not as a temporary loan from the foreigner.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1740061338467\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What are the ownership restrictions for a foreign owned Thai limited company under the Foreign Business Act?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The Foreign Business Act does not require Thai nationals to hold any particular percentage. What it does is define a company as a foreigner when foreigners hold half or more of its shares, and then prohibit foreigners outright from List 1 businesses and restrict List 2 and List 3 businesses to foreigners who hold a licence, a Foreign Business Certificate or a Board of Investment promotion. Keeping Thai holdings above half is simply how a company stays outside that definition; it is a consequence of section 4, not a rule imposed by the Act, and a company may be wholly foreign owned if it does not carry on a listed business or if it is properly licensed.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1740061339461\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How does the Land Code impact foreign ownership in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Section 86 of the Land Code prohibits a foreigner from acquiring land except under a treaty or on the limited statutory routes it allows. It does not permit, and certainly does not require, the use of a Thai nominee. Holding land in a Thai name to get around section 86 is the arrangement the courts strike down, and section 96 then gives the Director-General of the Department of Lands power to dispose of land acquired by someone as owner on behalf of a foreigner or of a juristic person treated as foreign under section 97 or 98, on the section 94 timetable of not less than 180 days and not more than one year.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1740061367412\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What role does the Board of Investment play in the use of Thai nominee shareholders?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>BOI promotion is one lawful route for foreigners to own and control a business in a restricted sector without a Thai partner; the others are a Foreign Business Licence and a Foreign Business Certificate under a treaty such as the US Treaty of Amity. A majority foreign-owned BOI company also falls outside the anti-nominee screening in Order 2\/2569, which applies where foreigners hold less than half of the capital, or hold none but a foreign director has sole or joint signing authority.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1740061394800\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why is the nominee problem a concern for the Thai government?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The nominee problem is a concern. It weakens Thai ownership laws and can allow foreign control over important sectors. The government seeks to ensure compliance with ownership restrictions to protect the economy.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"links\">Links:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dbd.go.th\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">DBD<\/a><\/li>\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/regulatory-reform-for-companies-in-thailand\/\">The 2026 DBD regulatory reforms explained<\/a>, the January, April and August 2026 orders in sequence, including the April in-person rule that was repealed on 1 August 2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Last reviewed: 8 September 2026. Further corrected 4 October 2026: passages that presented nominee use as workable, including one advising a written nominee agreement, now say plainly that it is an offence; the &#8216;any nominee arrangement is void&#8217; line was aligned with Decision 2690\/2538; and a FAQ that called BOI the only lawful route now names the licence and treaty certificate routes too. Section 4 and section 36 of the Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542 were read in Thai from the primary text, including the definition of a foreigner in its four limbs and the disjunctive penalty of imprisonment of up to three years or a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht or both. Sections 86, 94 and 96 of the Land Code were checked against this firm&#8217;s verified reference copy of the Code, the Land Code being published in no database we can query directly. Supreme Court Decision 2690\/2538 was read in full in Thai to its disposition, and this page&#8217;s account of it is accurate, including that the acquisition was held not to be wholly void and that the third party was protected under section 806 of the Civil and Commercial Code. The Orders of the Central Partnership and Company Registrar numbered 2\/2569, 3\/2568 and 4\/2568 were checked against the Royal Gazette published order held by this firm, including that Order 2\/2569 came into force on 1 August 2026 and repealed Orders 2\/2568 and 1\/2569. Every link on this page was confirmed to resolve. <strong>Not verified:<\/strong> the daily fine for continuing a breach after a court order, and the reports of prosecutions in Phuket, which this page already and rightly presents as evidence of enforcement rather than as authority, because judgments of the provincial courts are not published in any citable series. Re-checked on 10 October 2026: Decision 2690\/2538 re-read in Thai, and the opening of its paragraph corrected to say the Court held the nominee arrangement void under section 86 while holding the acquisition not wholly void; an introduction that described consistent Supreme Court rulings was reworded to rest on the one decision cited; the company dissolution point now cites section 37 of the Foreign Business Act, read in Thai.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0e20\u0e39\u0e21\u0e34\u0e17\u0e31\u0e28\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e18\u0e38\u0e23\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e19\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e21\u0e32\u0e01 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