{"id":5653,"date":"2026-09-05T04:59:31","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T21:59:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/?p=5653"},"modified":"2026-11-04T03:49:08","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T20:49:08","slug":"are-english-translations-of-thai-law-official","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/are-english-translations-of-thai-law-official\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e04\u0e33\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48: \u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e38\u0e13\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Search for any section of the Thai <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/thai-civil-and-commercial-code\/\">Civil and Commercial Code<\/a> and you will find English translations of Thai law on half a dozen websites, most of them carrying a one line disclaimer that nobody explains. So here is the question every expat eventually asks: is there an official English translation of Thai law? The short answer is no. The Thai text published in the Royal Gazette is the only text with legal force. Every English version, including the ones government bodies publish and the ones we publish, is an aid to understanding, not the law itself. What that means for you depends on which of three situations you are in: reading a statute, signing a contract, or dealing with a court or ministry. This page walks through all three, cites the rules that govern each, and explains what &#8220;certified translation&#8221; actually means in Thailand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/are-english-translations-of-thai-law-official-diagram.png\" alt=\"Official English translation of Thai law compared across statutes, contracts and courts\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">What an English text of Thai law is worth in the three situations where the question bites: reading a statute, signing a bilingual contract, and filing documents in a Thai court.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#why-is-there-no-official-english-translation-of-thai-law\">Why is there no official English translation of Thai law?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#can-you-rely-on-an-english-translation-of-a-thai-statute\">Can you rely on an English translation of a Thai statute?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#bilingual-contracts-which-language-wins-in-thailand\">Bilingual contracts: which language wins in Thailand?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#what-happens-to-english-documents-in-a-thai-court\">What happens to English documents in a Thai court?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#what-does-certified-translation-mean-in-thailand\">What does &#8220;certified translation&#8221; mean in Thailand?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#how-do-you-protect-yourself-a-short-checklist\">How do you protect yourself? A short checklist<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#the-bottom-line\">The bottom line<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-is-there-no-official-english-translation-of-thai-law\">Why is there no official English translation of Thai law?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thai law takes effect through publication in the Royal Gazette (ratchakitcha), and the Gazette publishes in Thai. That single fact settles the status question. The Office of the Council of State (Krisdika), the government&#8217;s own law drafting agency, prepares English translations of major statutes through its Legal Opinion and Translation Section and states that it provides them for information purposes only. The Thai text as adopted and published in the Government Gazette remains the sole authoritative version.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The supply of English versions has actually grown. The Act on Legislative Drafting and Evaluation of Law B.E. 2562 (2019) pushed state agencies to disseminate the laws they administer, and the Office of the Council of State now publishes translation glossaries and standards so that agencies translate consistently. The result is more English text from official sources than ever before, none of it authoritative. An English version on a ministry website carries no more legal force than one on a law firm blog. Both are commentary on the Thai text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is not a Thai peculiarity. Most civil law countries treat the enacted text in the national language as the only binding version. What makes it bite harder in Thailand is the size of the gap between the people the law governs and the language it is written in. Hundreds of thousands of foreign residents own condos, sign leases, marry, run companies and write wills under rules they can only read second hand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"can-you-rely-on-an-english-translation-of-a-thai-statute\">Can you rely on an English translation of a Thai statute?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can rely on it to understand the law. You cannot cite it as the law. If a dispute turns on the exact words of a provision, the Thai text decides it, and a translation that paraphrases or compresses can mislead you at exactly the moment precision matters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Translations also go stale. Thai statutes change through amending acts, and the English versions circulating online often reflect the text as it stood years ago. The Civil and Commercial Code provisions on marriage, for example, changed substantially when the Marriage Equality Act took effect in January 2025, and English versions predating it still describe &#8220;husband and wife&#8221; rules that no longer match the Thai text. Before relying on any translated section, check when it was translated and what has amended the Thai original since.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is why we publish our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-civil-code\/\">Civil and Commercial Code<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-penal-code\/\">Criminal Code<\/a> with the Thai text beside the English, section by section. You should never have to trust a translation alone, ours included. When the two columns sit together, you or your lawyer can always check the words that actually govern. The rest of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/thai-law-library\/\">Thai law library<\/a> follows the same principle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a-worked-example-section-53\">A worked example: two different tests, merged into one phrase<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 53 of the Immigration Act B.E. 2522 decides when a foreigner who already holds residence in Thailand can lose it. The English version circulating online lists the grounds like this: <em>&#8220;persons excluded from entry because of any circumstance as prescribed in Section 12 (7) or (8) or (10) or Section 43 Para.2 or Section 44&#8221;<\/em>. Read that way, every ground is one kind of thing: a circumstance that would have kept you out at the border.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Thai says something different for the last two. It reads:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>&#8220;&#3627;&#3619;&#3639;&#3629;&#3652;&#3617;&#3656;&#3611;&#3599;&#3636;&#3610;&#3633;&#3605;&#3636;&#3605;&#3634;&#3617;&#3619;&#3632;&#3648;&#3610;&#3637;&#3618;&#3610;&#3607;&#3637;&#3656;&#3588;&#3603;&#3632;&#3585;&#3619;&#3619;&#3617;&#3585;&#3634;&#3619;&#3585;&#3635;&#3627;&#3609;&#3604;&#3605;&#3634;&#3617;&#3617;&#3634;&#3605;&#3619;&#3634; &#3668;&#3667; &#3623;&#3619;&#3619;&#3588;&#3626;&#3629;&#3591; &#3627;&#3619;&#3639;&#3629;&#3648;&#3611;&#3655;&#3609;&#3612;&#3641;&#3657;&#3617;&#3637;&#3621;&#3633;&#3585;&#3625;&#3603;&#3632;&#3605;&#3657;&#3629;&#3591;&#3627;&#3657;&#3634;&#3617;&#3605;&#3634;&#3617;&#3617;&#3634;&#3605;&#3619;&#3634; &#3668;&#3668;&#8221;<\/p><cite>Section 53, Immigration Act B.E. 2522<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That is a person who <strong>fails to comply with the regulations<\/strong> the Immigration Commission prescribes under section 43 paragraph 2, or who <strong>has a disqualifying characteristic<\/strong> under section 44. One is something you do or fail to do; the other is a status you hold. The translator folded a compliance test and a status test into the single phrase &#8220;excluded from entry because of any circumstance as prescribed in&#8221;, and the section heads its list with aliens who already have residence, not with people refused entry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nothing here is a translator being careless with a minor clause. This is the section that decides whether a permanent resident keeps <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/permanent-residency\/\">permanent residence<\/a>, and an adviser working from the English alone would look for a border-control ground where the Thai asks whether the person kept to the Commission&#8217;s rules. Check the Thai before you advise on any provision that could cost someone a status they already hold.<\/p>\n\n\n<style data-noptimize=\"1\">.tlo-lb{border:2px solid #1E3455;background:#fff;margin:28px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;color:#1b1b1b}.tlo-lb h2.tlo-lb-h{background:#1E3455;color:#fff;font-size:19px;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:12px 16px}.tlo-lb-tabs{position:relative;padding-top:44px;background:#fff}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:absolute;top:0;width:33.334%;height:44px;line-height:44px;text-align:center;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;list-style:none;background:#eef0f4;color:#1E3455;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:3px solid #1E3455}.tlo-lb-tab>summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(1)>summary{left:0}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(2)>summary{left:33.333%}.tlo-lb-tab:nth-of-type(3)>summary{left:66.666%}.tlo-lb-tab[open]>summary{background:#fff;border-bottom-color:#FECB01}.tlo-lb summary:focus-visible,.tlo-lb a:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #FECB01;outline-offset:-3px}.tlo-lb-sec{padding:14px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-sec h3{font-size:17px;line-height:1.35;margin:0 0 4px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-sec h3 small{font-weight:400;color:#555;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-sec p{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-text{white-space:pre-line;border-left:3px solid #FECB01;padding-left:12px;margin:0 0 6px}.tlo-lb-note{font-size:13px;color:#555;font-style:italic}.tlo-lb-badge{display:inline-block;background:#FECB01;color:#1E3455;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;padding:1px 7px;margin-left:6px}.tlo-lb-fold{margin:0 0 8px}.tlo-lb-fold>summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:6px}.tlo-lb-links a{margin-right:14px;font-size:14px}.tlo-lb-cases,.tlo-lb-src{padding:14px 16px;background:#f6f7f9;border-top:1px solid #dfe2e8}.tlo-lb-cases h3,.tlo-lb-src h3{font-size:15px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#1E3455}.tlo-lb-cases ul,.tlo-lb-src ul{margin:0;padding:0 0 0 18px;font-size:14px}.tlo-al{font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:#444;margin:0 0 18px}.tlo-al details{margin-top:4px}.tlo-al summary{cursor:pointer;color:#1E3455}.tlo-al ul{margin:6px 0 0 18px;padding:0}@media print{.tlo-lb{border:1px solid #000}.tlo-lb-tabs{padding-top:0}.tlo-lb-tab>summary{position:static;width:auto;height:auto;line-height:1.4;text-align:left;background:none;border:0}.tlo-lb details::details-content{content-visibility:visible;display:block}.tlo-lb-links a{color:#000}}<\/style><script data-noptimize=\"1\" data-no-optimize=\"1\">document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){(function(){var b=document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb-tabs\");b.forEach(function(g){var t=g.querySelectorAll(\":scope>details\");t.forEach(function(d){d.firstElementChild.addEventListener(\"click\",function(e){if(d.open){e.preventDefault()}})})});var s=[];addEventListener(\"beforeprint\",function(){s=[];document.querySelectorAll(\".tlo-lb details\").forEach(function(d){s.push([d,d.open,d.getAttribute(\"name\")]);d.removeAttribute(\"name\");d.open=true})});addEventListener(\"afterprint\",function(){s.forEach(function(x){x[0].open=x[1];if(x[2]){x[0].setAttribute(\"name\",x[2])}})})})();});<\/script><section class=\"tlo-lb notranslate\" data-no-translation data-no-dynamic-translation translate=\"no\" aria-label=\"\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\"><h2 class=\"tlo-lb-h\">\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49<\/h2><div class=\"tlo-lb-tabs\"><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"en\" data-no-translation><summary>English<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 14<\/h3><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">English translation of this section is being verified. The Thai text is authoritative.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-14\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 46<\/h3><p>Court proceedings and the case file must be in Thai, written in ink, typed, or printed, with corrections struck through rather than erased. If a document is in a foreign language, the court must order the party filing it to provide a certified Thai translation, in whole or of the essential parts. If a party or person cannot understand Thai, or is mute or deaf and cannot read or write, the party concerned must arrange an interpreter.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">English translation of this section is being verified. The Thai text is authoritative.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-procedure-code\/section-46\/\">Our annotated section<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/VjZQcUR4VG1iVHZGS09TMUMvY2Vsdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 53 <small>Immigration Act B.E. 2522<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Where an alien who has entered and taken up residence in the Kingdom is subsequently found to be a person whose conduct falls under any one of section 12 (7) or (8), or to be a person under section 12 (10), or fails to comply with the regulations prescribed by the Board under section 43 paragraph two, or has a prohibited characteristic under section 44, or has been punished under section 63 or section 64, the Director-General shall submit the matter to the Board. If the Board considers that the permission to reside in the Kingdom should be revoked, it shall submit its opinion to the Minister for an order revoking the permission.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cEVhclA4am5UUUtFTFZXcGZVNmdwUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 43 <small>Immigration Act B.E. 2522<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">Where an alien brings foreign currency into the Kingdom for investment in an amount of not less than 10,000,000 baht and the Committee considers that this does not contravene the provisions of this Act, the Committee, with the approval of the Minister, may permit that alien to have residence in the Kingdom in addition to the number of aliens notified by the Minister under section 40, but in any one year this may not exceed 5 percent of that number. For the purpose of examining the foreign currency brought in for investment, an alien permitted to enter to have residence in the Kingdom under paragraph one shall show financial status in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Committee for a period of not less than 2 years but not exceeding 5 years, as the Committee considers appropriate.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cEVhclA4am5UUUtFTFZXcGZVNmdwUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Section 44 <small>Immigration Act B.E. 2522<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>Full text<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">No alien may enter to take up residence in the Kingdom if it appears that the alien: (1) has received a penalty of imprisonment under a judgment of a Thai court or a lawful order, or under a judgment of a foreign court, except a penalty for a petty offence, an offence committed through negligence, or an offence excepted in ministerial regulations; (2) is unable to earn a living because of physical disability or mental infirmity, or has any disease prescribed in ministerial regulations. (2) does not apply to an alien who is the father, mother, husband, wife or child of a person domiciled in the Kingdom and who are in a position to support one another.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">ThaiLawOnline translation<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cEVhclA4am5UUUtFTFZXcGZVNmdwUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Official text<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"th\" data-no-translation open><summary>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 14<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\" open><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e33\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32 \u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e14\u0e35\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e47\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e21\u0e35\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e01\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e21\u0e34\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e2b\u0e22\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e08\u0e15\u0e19\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e30\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e43\u0e14\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-14\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 46<\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e27\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e08\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e32\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e08\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e32\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e49\u0e02\u0e32\u0e14\u0e15\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e41\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e17\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e17\u0e33\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32\u0e04\u0e33\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e1c\u0e48\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e14\u0e32\u0e29\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e46 \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e17\u0e33\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e27\u0e19\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e02\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e02\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e36\u0e01\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e35\u0e14\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e4c\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e35\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e4c \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e15\u0e01\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e43\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e02\u0e39\u0e14\u0e25\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e01 \u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e02\u0e35\u0e14\u0e06\u0e48\u0e32\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e40\u0e02\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e25\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e48\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e02\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e25\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e34\u0e21\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e14\u0e32\u0e29 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e15\u0e01\u0e40\u0e15\u0e34\u0e21\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e15\u0e01\u0e40\u0e15\u0e34\u0e21\u0e25\u0e07\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e0a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e25\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e04\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e15\u0e49\u0e19\u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e1c\u0e48\u0e19\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e14\u0e32\u0e29\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e43\u0e14 \u0e46 \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e17\u0e33\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e17\u0e33\u0e04\u0e33\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e09\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e30\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e04\u0e31\u0e0d \u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e21\u0e35\u0e04\u0e33\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e15\u0e49\u0e19\u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e43\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e43\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e32\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e43\u0e08\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e43\u0e1a\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e39\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e27\u0e01\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e02\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e21<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-procedure-code\/section-46\/\">\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/VjZQcUR4VG1iVHZGS09TMUMvY2Vsdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 53 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e04\u0e19\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2522<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e16\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e13\u0e32\u0e08\u0e31\u0e01\u0e23\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e20\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e0f\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1e\u0e24\u0e15\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e43\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e51\u0e52 (\u0e57) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d (\u0e58) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e51\u0e52 (\u0e51\u0e50) \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e54\u0e53 \u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e04\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e54\u0e54 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e56\u0e53 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e56\u0e54 \u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e35\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e01\u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e21\u0e35\u0e16\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e13\u0e32\u0e08\u0e31\u0e01\u0e23 \u0e01\u0e47\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e01\u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e1b<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cEVhclA4am5UUUtFTFZXcGZVNmdwUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 43 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e04\u0e19\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2522<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e19\u0e33\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e25\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e13\u0e32\u0e08\u0e31\u0e01\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e27\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e19\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e01\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e25\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e17 \u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e08\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e32\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e08\u0e30\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e19\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e21\u0e35\u0e16\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e13\u0e32\u0e08\u0e31\u0e01\u0e23\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e27\u0e19\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e28\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e54\u0e50 \u0e01\u0e47\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07 \u0e46 \u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e25\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e27\u0e19\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e27\u0e21\u0e34\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e19\u0e33\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e25\u0e07\u0e17\u0e38\u0e19 \u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e16\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e13\u0e32\u0e08\u0e31\u0e01\u0e23\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e04\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e19\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e01\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1b\u0e35  \u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e23<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cEVhclA4am5UUUtFTFZXcGZVNmdwUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>\u0e21\u0e32\u0e15\u0e23\u0e32 44 <small>\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e04\u0e19\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07 \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2522<\/small><\/h3><details class=\"tlo-lb-fold\"><summary>\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/summary><p class=\"tlo-lb-text\">\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e43\u0e14\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35\u0e16\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e13\u0e32\u0e08\u0e31\u0e01\u0e23 \u0e16\u0e49\u0e32\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e32\u0e01\u0e0f\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\n(\u0e51) \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e04\u0e22\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e08\u0e33\u0e04\u0e38\u0e01\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e33\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e33\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28 \u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e25\u0e2b\u0e38\u0e42\u0e17\u0e29\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e33\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e32\u0e17\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e01\u0e40\u0e27\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e27\u0e49\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e23\u0e27\u0e07\n(\u0e52) \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e40\u0e25\u0e35\u0e49\u0e22\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e1e\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 \u0e40\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e32\u0e30\u0e01\u0e32\u0e22\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e08\u0e34\u0e15\u0e1f\u0e31\u0e48\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1f\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e35\u0e42\u0e23\u0e04\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e43\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e23\u0e27\u0e07\n\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19 (\u0e52) \u0e21\u0e34\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e01\u0e48\u0e04\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e14\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e14\u0e32 \u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e32 \u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e35 \u0e20\u0e23\u0e34\u0e22\u0e32 \u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e04\u0e04\u0e25\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e20\u0e39\u0e21\u0e34\u0e25\u0e33\u0e40\u0e19\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e13\u0e32\u0e08\u0e31\u0e01\u0e23 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e21\u0e35\u0e10\u0e32\u0e19\u0e30\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e25\u0e35\u0e49\u0e22\u0e07\u0e14\u0e39\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">\u0e15\u0e23\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e01\u0e34\u0e08\u0e08\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32 \/ \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e13\u0e30\u0e01\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e0e\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32 (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette \/ Office of the Council of State)<\/p><\/details><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cEVhclA4am5UUUtFTFZXcGZVNmdwUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"tlo-lb-tab\" name=\"tlo-lb-1\" lang=\"fr\" data-no-translation><summary>Fran\u00e7ais<\/summary><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 14<\/h3><p>Lorsqu&#039;un document est \u00e9tabli en plusieurs langues, dont le tha\u00ef, en un ou plusieurs exemplaires, et que les versions diff\u00e8rent sans qu&#039;on puisse d\u00e9terminer quelle langue les parties entendaient faire pr\u00e9valoir, la version tha\u00efe fait foi.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-code\/section-14\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 46<\/h3><p>La proc\u00e9dure civile et les pi\u00e8ces sont en tha\u00ef, sans grattage : ratures et ajouts sont sign\u00e9s. Le tribunal ordonne une traduction certifi\u00e9e, enti\u00e8re ou partielle, des documents \u00e9trangers ; la partie concern\u00e9e fournit un interpr\u00e8te \u00e0 qui ne comprend pas le tha\u00ef, ou est muet ou sourd et illettr\u00e9.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/th\/thai-civil-procedure-code\/section-46\/\">Notre article annot\u00e9<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/VjZQcUR4VG1iVHZGS09TMUMvY2Vsdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 53 <small>Immigration Act B.E. 2522<\/small><\/h3><p>Lorsqu&#039;un \u00e9tranger ayant obtenu la r\u00e9sidence dans le Royaume se r\u00e9v\u00e8le ensuite relever de l&#039;article 12 (7), (8) ou (10), ne respecte pas le r\u00e8glement pris par le Comit\u00e9 en vertu de l&#039;article 43, alin\u00e9a 2, pr\u00e9sente une cause d&#039;exclusion pr\u00e9vue \u00e0 l&#039;article 44 ou a \u00e9t\u00e9 condamn\u00e9 en vertu de l&#039;article 63 ou 64, le Directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral saisit le Comit\u00e9. Si celui-ci estime que l&#039;autorisation de r\u00e9sidence doit \u00eatre retir\u00e9e, il soumet son avis au Ministre afin que celui-ci ordonne le retrait.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cEVhclA4am5UUUtFTFZXcGZVNmdwUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 43 <small>Immigration Act B.E. 2522<\/small><\/h3><p>L&#039;\u00e9tranger investissant au moins 10 millions de bahts en devises peut obtenir la r\u00e9sidence hors quota de l&#039;article 40, dans la limite annuelle de 5 % de ce quota. Il doit justifier de sa situation financi\u00e8re pendant deux \u00e0 cinq ans, selon le comit\u00e9.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cEVhclA4am5UUUtFTFZXcGZVNmdwUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-sec\"><h3>Article 44 <small>Immigration Act B.E. 2522<\/small><\/h3><p>La r\u00e9sidence est interdite \u00e0 l&#039;\u00e9tranger ayant subi une peine d&#039;emprisonnement (sauf contravention, n\u00e9gligence ou exception r\u00e9glementaire) ou incapable de gagner sa vie pour handicap, trouble mental ou maladie d\u00e9sign\u00e9e. Ce second motif \u00e9pargne le parent, conjoint ou enfant d&#039;une personne domicili\u00e9e en Tha\u00eflande, s&#039;ils peuvent se soutenir mutuellement.<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-note\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non officiel<\/p><p class=\"tlo-lb-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cEVhclA4am5UUUtFTFZXcGZVNmdwUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Texte officiel<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div><div class=\"tlo-lb-src\"><h3>\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e32<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/Qko1NGNVa1FhMG9hTTNGcU9sTGxydz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e4c, Office of the Council of State<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 31 \u0e15\u0e38\u0e25\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2569<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/VjZQcUR4VG1iVHZGS09TMUMvY2Vsdz09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e08\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e32\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e07, Office of the Council of State<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 31 \u0e15\u0e38\u0e25\u0e32\u0e04\u0e21 2569<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/searchlaw.ocs.go.th\/council-of-state\/#\/public\/doc\/cEVhclA4am5UUUtFTFZXcGZVNmdwUT09\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Immigration Act B.E. 2522<\/a>, \u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e01\u0e14\u0e39\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d 4 \u0e1e\u0e24\u0e28\u0e08\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19 2569<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bilingual-contracts-which-language-wins-in-thailand\">Bilingual contracts: which language wins in Thailand?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Contracts are where the translation question stops being academic. Section 14 of the Civil and Commercial Code sets the default rule: where a document is executed in two versions, one in Thai and one in another language, and the two versions differ, and it cannot be established which version the parties intended to govern, the Thai version governs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three points inside that sentence decide real disputes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>It is only a default.<\/strong> The parties can choose. A prevailing language clause stating that the English version governs is valid, and it displaces Section 14 entirely. Courts reach the Thai-wins default only when they cannot ascertain what the parties intended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>It applies to documents made in more than one language.<\/strong> The section covers a document drawn up in several languages with Thai among them, whether the languages sit on the same page or in separate versions. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/supreme-court-dika\/\">The Supreme Court applied it<\/a> in Decision 1254\/2546 to a termination letter that carried English and Thai text in a single document: no clause named a governing language, so the Thai text decided what the employer had said. A contract signed in English only, later translated for a court or an officer, is different. The English original remains the contract. Section 14 answers a narrower question: one document in two languages, one discrepancy, no governing language chosen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Silence is the trap.<\/strong> Bilingual contracts in Thailand are routinely prepared by the Thai side, and if no clause names a governing language, the Thai version wins any mismatch. A foreign buyer who negotiated in English and signed both versions may find that the operative promises live in a text they never read. Our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/prenuptial-agreement-thailand\/\">prenuptial agreements<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/last-will-in-thailand\/\">Thai wills<\/a> are drafted bilingually for exactly this reason: the two texts are prepared together, checked against each other, and the document says which version controls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-happens-to-english-documents-in-a-thai-court\">What happens to English documents in a Thai court?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 46 of the Civil Procedure Code requires court proceedings and every paper in the case file to be in Thai. A document in a foreign language enters the file with a Thai translation attached, and the translator attests to its accuracy. The court then works from the Thai translation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Follow the consequence through: if you sue on your English contract in a Thai court, the version the judge reads is a Thai translation made for the litigation. Your carefully negotiated English wording passes through a translator before it reaches the bench, the other side can challenge the translation, and you are held to the one you file: in Decision 1663\/2529 the Supreme Court refused to let a party argue that its own Thai translation of its English work rules was wrong, and decided the case on that translation. The same applies at ministries and district offices, which work in Thai and require translations of foreign documents for most registrations. Getting the translation fought over is a litigation tactic in its own right, and budgeting for competent legal translation is part of budgeting for a Thai dispute. See our guide on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/what-to-know-before-you-go-to-court-in-thailand\/\">going to court in Thailand<\/a> for the wider procedure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-does-certified-translation-mean-in-thailand\">What does &#8220;certified translation&#8221; mean in Thailand?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Less than most people assume. Thailand has no sworn translator system. No Thai court or ministry maintains a national register of licensed legal translators, and no law creates the office of sworn translator that exists in France, Germany or Spain. When a Thai authority asks for a &#8220;certified translation&#8221;, it usually means a translation that carries the translator&#8217;s or agency&#8217;s signed certification of accuracy, sometimes with further <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/legalization-of-documents\/\">legalization<\/a> on top.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What exists instead, in practice:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>MFA legalization.<\/strong> The Department of Consular Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs legalizes documents and their Thai or English translations for official use. Legalization verifies signatures and seals in the chain. It does not examine the translator&#8217;s competence and it does not make the translation authoritative. The process, and the changes coming to it, are covered in our guide to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/legalization-of-documents-in-thailand\/\">legalization of documents in Thailand<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Professional certification.<\/strong> The Southeast Asian Association of Professional Translators and Interpreters (SEAProTI) certifies translators to its own standards, and the Department of Consular Affairs has listed SEAProTI certified translators among recommended providers. That is professional recognition, and useful, but it is not a state licence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/glossary\/fraud\/\">fraud<\/a> to avoid.<\/strong> The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has publicly warned about agencies advertising themselves as &#8220;MFA certified translators&#8221;. The Department of Consular Affairs does not authorize or license any translator, so the claim is false wherever it appears. An agency that leads with it has told you something useful about its reliability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-do-you-protect-yourself-a-short-checklist\">How do you protect yourself? A short checklist<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The rules above compress into five habits:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Treat every English statute text as a map, not the territory.<\/strong> Use it to understand, then have a lawyer confirm the current Thai text before you act on a specific section.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Put a prevailing language clause in every bilingual contract.<\/strong> Decide which version governs and say so. Silence hands the decision to Section 14.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Have the Thai version reviewed before you sign it.<\/strong> If the Thai text governs, or might, the Thai text is the contract. Signing a Thai version you have not had checked is signing blind.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Keep both versions consistent through amendments.<\/strong> Parties often amend the English version and forget the Thai one. Every discrepancy you create is a future dispute.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Budget for translation in any dispute or registration.<\/strong> Courts and ministries work in Thai. Competent legal translation, done once and done well, is cheaper than a translation battle in court.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Last reviewed: 28 September 2026.<\/strong> Civil and Commercial Code section 14, Civil Procedure Code section 46, section 53 of the Immigration Act B.E. 2522 and Supreme Court decision 1254\/2546 were read in Thai. The descriptions of translator certification and legalization are practice, not statute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788500000101\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Is a contract written only in English valid in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. Thai law does not require contracts to be in Thai, and Thai courts enforce English language contracts. For court proceedings the contract must be translated into Thai under Section 46 of the Civil Procedure Code, and certain registrations require Thai versions, but validity does not depend on language.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788500000102\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">If the English and Thai versions of my contract conflict, which one wins?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Whichever version the contract says governs. If the contract is silent and the parties&#8217; intention cannot be established, Section 14 of the Civil and Commercial Code makes the Thai version govern. Always include a prevailing language clause.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788500000103\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Does the Thai government publish official English translations of its laws?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Government bodies, led by the Office of the Council of State, publish English translations of many statutes, and the state law portal makes them widely available. Every one of them is issued for information only. The Thai text published in the Royal Gazette is the only authoritative text.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788500000104\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Do Thai courts accept documents in English?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Only with a Thai translation attached. Section 46 of the Civil Procedure Code requires proceedings and case documents to be in Thai, and where a document is in a foreign language the court orders the party filing it to supply a certified Thai translation of the whole document or its essential parts, attached to the original.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788500000105\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is an MFA legalized translation?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>A translation that has passed through the legalization process of the Department of Consular Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Legalization authenticates signatures and seals so that other authorities accept the document. It does not certify the translator&#8217;s skill or make the translation legally authoritative.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1788500000106\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Is there such a thing as a sworn translator in Thailand?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>No. Thailand has no sworn or court appointed translator system and no national register of licensed translators. Certification comes from the translator&#8217;s own attestation, professional bodies such as SEAProTI, and, for official use, MFA legalization of the document.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-bottom-line\">The bottom line<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No English translation of Thai law is official, and none will be while the Royal Gazette publishes in Thai. That is not a reason to stop reading translations. It is a reason to read them the right way: as guides that point you to the Thai text that governs, checked for currency, and backed by a prevailing language clause whenever you sign in two languages. We built our bilingual code library so the Thai text is always one glance away from the English. When a section of Thai law is about to decide your money, your marriage or your case, read both columns, or have someone read them for you. ThaiLawOnline has worked in Thai law for foreign clients since 2006, and translating the law, section by section, next to its source, is how we keep ourselves honest too. If a bilingual document or a translated statute is about to bind you, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thailawonline.com\/book-consultation\/\">book a consultation<\/a> and we will read the Thai text with you.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e41\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48 \u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e38\u0e13\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e16\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49 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