Cryptocurrency Tax in Thailand for Individuals: Your Essential Guide

Reviewed by Wichuda Atthamethakon, LL.M., Thai Bar Licence 3149/2556, for ThaiLawOnline, a Thai law firm acting for foreigners since 2006.

Edited by Sebastien H. Brousseau, LL.B., B.Sc. Last updated 2 November 2026.
Update log
  • 2 November 2026: Added the statute box with Thai, English and French text and checked the page against the official text

Cryptocurrency adoption in Thailand is growing fast, with more people investing, trading, and earning in digital assets. But how does this affect your cryptocurrency tax in Thailand? The Thai Revenue Department has clear rules about how to tax cryptocurrency. It is important to follow these tax rules in Thailand. As cryptocurrency tax in Thailand grows in importance, it’s essential to understand how it affects crypto investors and businesses. This includes knowing the tax rate.

Is Cryptocurrency Taxed in Thailand?

Last reviewed: 8 September 2026. The VAT and withholding positions on this page were checked against the royal decrees themselves, read from their Royal Gazette PDFs: Nos. 744 of B.E. 2565, 779 of B.E. 2566, and 788 and 789 of B.E. 2567. The Revenue Department decree register was enumerated end to end, 678 decrees numbered 9 to 807 and current to B.E. 2569, to confirm nothing later amends them. Not verified in this review: Securities and Exchange Commission and Ministry of Finance notifications made after B.E. 2563, which our sources do not hold, and the personal income tax bands and filing dates, which are general Revenue Code matters rather than digital asset ones.

Yes. Cryptocurrency is legally classified as a digital asset under the Digital Asset Business Decree B.E. 2561 (2018). This means the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) controls it. It is also taxed like other financial assets. Whether you’re trading Bitcoin, mining Ethereum, staking tokens, or receiving crypto payments, you have tax obligations to consider.

Cryptocurrency Tax in Thailand

The law behind this page

English

Section 40 Revenue Code

Full text

Assessable income is income of the following types, including the tax that the payer or another person bears on behalf of the recipient for income of those types, at whatever stage: (1) income from employment, whether salary, wages, per diem, bonus, annual allowance, gratuity, pension, house rent allowance, money calculated from the value of living in a house provided rent-free by the employer, money paid by the employer in settlement of any debt that the employee has a duty to pay, and money, property or any benefit whatsoever received by reason of employment; (2) income by reason of a duty or position of work performed or from services undertaken, whether fees, commissions, discounts, subsidies in work performed, meeting allowances, gratuities, bonuses, house rent allowance, money calculated from the value of living in a house provided rent-free by the payer, money paid by the payer in settlement of any debt that the recipient has a duty to pay, and money, property or any benefit whatsoever received by reason of that duty, position of work or services undertaken, whether the duty, position or service is regular or temporary; (3) the value of goodwill, of copyright or of other rights, annuities or income in the nature of yearly payments derived from a will, another juristic act or a court judgment; (4) income being: (a) interest on bonds, interest on deposits, interest on debentures, interest on bills, interest on loans whether secured or not, interest on loans subject to withholding of tax under the law on petroleum income tax, only as to the part remaining after withholding of tax under that law, or the difference between the redemption price and the sale price of a bill or debt instrument issued and first sold below its redemption price by a company, a juristic partnership or another juristic person, including income similar to interest, and benefits or other consideration received from lending or from claims of debt of every kind, whether secured or not; (b) dividends, shares of profit or any other benefit received from a company, a juristic partnership, or a financial institution established under a specific law of Thailand for lending to promote agriculture, commerce or industry, and dividends or shares of profit subject to withholding of tax under the law on petroleum income tax, only as to the part remaining after withholding of tax under that law. For the purpose of calculating income under paragraph one, where a legitimate child who has not yet attained majority is the income earner and the marriage of the father and mother subsisted throughout the tax year, the income of that child shall be deemed the income of the father, but if the marriage of the father and mother did not subsist throughout the tax year, the income of that child shall be deemed the income of the father or the mother exercising parental power, or of the father where the father and mother exercise parental power jointly. Paragraph two shall apply mutatis mutandis to an adopted child who has not yet attained majority and is an income earner. (c) bonuses paid to shareholders or partners in a company or juristic partnership; (d) money from a reduction of capital of a company or juristic partnership, only as to the part paid not exceeding the sum of profits and reserves; (e) money from an increase of capital of a company or juristic partnership created from profits earned or from reserves combined; (f) benefits received from the amalgamation, acquisition or dissolution of companies or juristic partnerships, valued in money in excess of capital; (g) benefits received from the transfer of a partnership interest, transfer of investment units, or transfer of shares, debentures, bonds, or bills or debt instruments issued by a company, a juristic partnership or another juristic person, including income from the sale of investment units back to a company or juristic partnership that is a mutual fund, only as to the amount valued in money in excess of the investment; (h) shares of profit or any other benefit of the same nature received from holding or possessing digital tokens; (i) benefits received from the transfer of cryptocurrency or digital tokens, only as to the amount valued in money in excess of the investment; (5) money or other benefits received by reason of: (a) the letting of property; (b) breach of a hire-purchase contract for property; (c) breach of an instalment sale contract where the seller recovers the property sold without having to return the money or benefits already received. In case (a), if the assessment official has reasonable grounds to believe that the income earner has declared income too low and not in accordance with the facts, the assessment official has the power to assess that income according to the amount for which the property could ordinarily be let, and the amount so assessed shall be deemed the assessable income of the income earner. In this case the assessment may be appealed, and the provisions on appeals in Part 2, Chapter 2, Title 2 shall apply mutatis mutandis. In cases (b) and (c), all money or benefits received from the date of the contract to the date of breach shall be deemed assessable income of the year in which the breach occurs; (6) income from a liberal profession, namely law, the healing arts, engineering, architecture, accountancy, fine arts, or another liberal profession of a type to be prescribed by royal decree; (7) income from contracting in which the contractor provides the essential materials in addition to tools; (8) income from business, commerce, agriculture, industry, transport or any other activity not specified in (1) to (7). The tax under paragraph one that the payer or another person bears on behalf of the recipient for income of any type, at whatever stage or in whatever tax year, shall be deemed income of the same type and of the same tax year as the income for which it was borne.

ThaiLawOnline translation

Section 50 Revenue Code

Full text

A person, partnership, company, association or body of persons paying assessable income under Section 40 shall withhold income tax each time assessable income is paid, by the following methods: (1) In the case of assessable income under Section 40 (1) and (2), multiply the assessable income paid by the number of payments to be made, to obtain an amount as if paid for the whole year, then compute the tax on the basis in Section 48. Divide the total tax so obtained by the number of payments to be made, and withhold the resulting amount as tax. If the division by the number of payments under the preceding paragraph does not come out even and leaves a remainder, add an amount equal to that remainder to the tax to be withheld at the last payment of that year, so that the total tax withheld for the whole year equals the amount of tax payable for the whole year. In the case of assessable income under Section 40 (1) and (2) that is money paid by an employer once only by reason of leaving employment, computed from the period of work and paid in accordance with the rules, procedures and conditions determined by the Director-General, compute the tax on the basis in Section 48 (5) and withhold the total tax so obtained. In the case of assessable income under Section 40 (2), other than that specified in paragraph three, paid to a recipient who is not a resident of Thailand, withhold at the rate of 15.0% of the income. (2) In the case of assessable income under Section 40 (3) and (4), withhold at the income tax rates, except: (a) in the case of assessable income under Section 40 (3) and (4), other than that specified in (b), (c), (d) and (e), paid to a recipient who is not a resident of Thailand, withhold at the rate of 15.0% of the income; (b) in the case of assessable income specified in Section 48 (3) (a) and (c), withhold at the rate of 15.0% of the income; (c) in the case of assessable income specified in Section 48 (3) (b), the issuer of the bill, the issuer of the instrument evidencing a right in debt, or the juristic person transferring the bill or instrument to a person liable to income tax under this Part shall be treated as the payer of assessable income, income tax shall be collected from the income earner at the rate of 15.0% of the income, and the tax so collected shall be treated as tax withheld; (d) in the case of assessable income under Section 40 (4) (a) not specified in (b) and (c) of this Section, if the payer is not a juristic person and pays a recipient who is a resident of Thailand, no tax need be withheld under this Section; (e) in the case of assessable income under Section 40 (4) (b), withhold at the rate of 10.0% of the income; (f) in the case of assessable income under Section 40 (4) (h) and (i), withhold at the rate of 15.0% of the income. (3) In the case of assessable income under Section 40 (5) and (6) paid to a recipient who is not a resident of Thailand, withhold at the rate of 15.0% of the income. (4) Other than in the case under (5), where the payer under this Section is the government, a government organisation, a municipality, a sanitary district or another local administrative organisation paying assessable income under Section 40 (5), (6), (7) or (8), but not including payment for the purchase of agricultural crops, to any one recipient in a total amount of 10,000 baht or more, even if the payment is divided into instalments each under 10,000 baht, withhold at the rate of 1% of the amount of assessable income, except that income from contests or competitions alone shall be withheld at the income tax rates. (5) In the case of assessable income under Section 40 (8), only where paid to a recipient who sells immovable property, withhold as follows: (a) for immovable property that is inherited or received as a gratuitous gift, compute the tax on the basis in Section 48 (4) (a) and withhold the total tax so obtained; (b) for immovable property acquired otherwise than under (a), deduct a lump-sum expense as prescribed by Royal Decree, then compute the tax on the basis in Section 48 (4) (b) and withhold the total tax so obtained. (6) In the case of a transfer of ownership or possessory rights in immovable property without consideration, the transferor shall be treated as the payer of income and shall withhold tax on the basis in (5), except in the case of a transfer to a legitimate child, not including an adopted child, where the transferor shall withhold tax at 5% of the income, only on the part exceeding 20 million baht.

ThaiLawOnline translation

Section 41 Revenue Code

Full text

A person who has assessable income under section 40 in the preceding tax year by reason of a duty or business carried on in Thailand, or by reason of the business of an employer in Thailand, or by reason of property situated in Thailand, shall pay tax under the provisions of this Part, whether that income is paid in or outside Thailand. A resident of Thailand who has assessable income under section 40 in the preceding tax year by reason of a duty or business carried on abroad, or by reason of property situated abroad, shall pay income tax under the provisions of this Part when that assessable income is brought into Thailand. A person who stays in Thailand for one period or several periods totalling 180 days or more in any tax year shall be deemed a resident of Thailand.

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Section 56 Revenue Code

Full text

Every person, except a minor or a person adjudged incompetent or quasi-incompetent by a court, shall file a return concerning the assessable income received during the preceding tax year, together with other particulars, within March of every year, in the form prescribed by the Director-General, with an official appointed by the Minister, if that person: (1) has no spouse and has assessable income in the preceding tax year exceeding 60,000 baht; (2) has no spouse and has assessable income in the preceding tax year solely under section 40 (1) exceeding 120,000 baht; (3) has a spouse and has assessable income in the preceding tax year exceeding 120,000 baht; or (4) has a spouse and has assessable income in the preceding tax year solely under section 40 (1) exceeding 220,000 baht. Where an ordinary partnership or a non-juristic body of persons has assessable income in the preceding tax year exceeding the amount in (1), the director or manager shall file a return concerning the assessable income received during the preceding tax year in the name of that partnership or body of persons, within the time and in the form stated in the preceding paragraph. In such a case, the director or manager shall be liable to pay tax in the name of that partnership or body of persons on the entire assessable income as if it were a single natural person, without division. Each partner or member of the body of persons need not file a return for that assessable income to pay tax again, but if that partnership or body of persons has outstanding tax, every partner or member of the body of persons shall be jointly liable for that outstanding tax.

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Section 27 Revenue Code

Full text

A person who does not pay or remit tax within the time prescribed in the various Chapters of this Title concerning assessed taxes shall pay a surcharge of 1.5 percent per month or fraction of a month on the tax payable or remittable, excluding penalty. Where the Director-General approves an extension of the time for payment or remittance of tax and the tax is paid or remitted within the extended time, the surcharge under paragraph one shall be reduced to 0.75 percent per month or fraction of a month. The calculation of the surcharge under paragraphs one and two shall begin on the expiry of the time for filing the return or remitting the tax and run until the date of payment or remittance of the tax, but the surcharge calculated shall not exceed the amount of tax payable or remittable, whether that tax arises from an assessment or order of an official, an appeal decision or a court judgment.

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Section 26 Revenue Code

Full text

Except as otherwise provided in this Title, on an assessment under section 24 or section 25, the taxpayer shall be liable to a further penalty of 2 times the amount of tax payable.

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Section 37 Revenue Code

Full text

A person who commits any of the following acts shall be liable to imprisonment for a term of 3 months to 7 years and a fine of 2,000 to 200,000 baht: (1) intentionally notifying false information, giving a false statement, answering questions with false statements, or producing false evidence, in order to evade payment of tax or to claim a tax refund under this Title; or (2) by falsehood, fraud or artifice, or by any other similar means, evading or attempting to evade payment of tax or claiming a tax refund under this Title.

ThaiLawOnline translation

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āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āļēāļĒāļˆāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāđˆāļē āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āļēāļĒāļˆāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļŠāļģāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđƒāļ” āđ† āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĨāļđāļāļˆāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļĢāļ° āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒāļŠāļīāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāđƒāļ” āđ† āļšāļĢāļĢāļ”āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļˆāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™ (āđ’)  āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āđˆāļēāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ™āļĩāļĒāļĄ āļ„āđˆāļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē āļ„āđˆāļēāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĨāļ” āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ­āļļāļ”āļŦāļ™āļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģ āđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄ āļšāļģāđ€āļŦāļ™āđ‡āļˆ āđ‚āļšāļ™āļąāļŠ āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāđˆāļēāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™ āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāđˆāļē āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļŠāļģāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđƒāļ” āđ† āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļĢāļ°āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒāļŠāļīāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāđƒāļ” āđ† āļšāļĢāļĢāļ”āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļąāđˆāļ§āļ„āļĢāļēāļ§ (āđ“)  āļ„āđˆāļēāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļāļđāđŠāļ”āļ§āļīāļĨāļĨāđŒ āļ„āđˆāļēāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļĨāļīāļ‚āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ›āļĩāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļ›āļĩāļ­āļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļāļžāļīāļ™āļąāļĒāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āļģāļžāļīāļžāļēāļāļĐāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĻāļēāļĨ (āđ”) āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ (āļ)   āļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļšāļąāļ•āļĢ āļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļāļēāļ āļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļāļđāđ‰ āļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ•āļąāđ‹āļ§āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļāļđāđ‰āļĒāļ·āļĄāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļąāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ āļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļāļđāđ‰āļĒāļ·āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļšāļąāļ‡āļ„āļąāļšāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļđāļāļŦāļąāļāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ„āļ§āđ‰ āļ“ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļ•āļēāļĄāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļīāđ‚āļ•āļĢāđ€āļĨāļĩāļĒāļĄāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļˆāļēāļāļ–āļđāļāļŦāļąāļāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ„āļ§āđ‰ āļ“ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļ•āļēāļĄāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđ„āļ–āđˆāļ–āļ­āļ™āļāļąāļšāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļˆāļģāļŦāļ™āđˆāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāđ‹āļ§āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļĢāļēāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđƒāļ™āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŦāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļ­āļāđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļģāļŦāļ™āđˆāļēāļĒāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļĢāļāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļ•āđˆāļģāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđ„āļ–āđˆāļ–āļ­āļ™ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ—āļģāļ™āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒ āļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āđˆāļēāļ•āļ­āļšāđāļ—āļ™āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļđāđ‰āļĒāļ·āļĄāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ—āļļāļāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļąāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄ (āļ‚)  āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ›āļąāļ™āļœāļĨ āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļģāđ„āļĢ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđƒāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŦāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāļˆāļąāļ”āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļđāđ‰āļĒāļ·āļĄāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļžāļēāļ“āļīāļŠāļĒāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ›āļąāļ™āļœāļĨāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļģāđ„āļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļšāļąāļ‡āļ„āļąāļšāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļđāļāļŦāļąāļāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ„āļ§āđ‰ āļ“ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒ āļ•āļēāļĄāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļīāđ‚āļ•āļĢāđ€āļĨāļĩāļĒāļĄāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļˆāļēāļāļ–āļđāļāļŦāļąāļāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ„āļ§āđ‰ āļ“ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļ•āļēāļĄāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ•āļēāļĄāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ„āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡ āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļļāļ•āļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļšāļĢāļĢāļĨāļļāļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļĩāļ āļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ”āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļēāļĢāļ”āļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ•āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ›āļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ•āļĢāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ”āļē āđāļ•āđˆāļ–āđ‰āļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļĩāļ āļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ”āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļēāļĢāļ”āļēāļĄāļīāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ•āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ›āļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ•āļĢāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ”āļēāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļēāļĢāļ”āļēāļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļģāļ™āļēāļˆāļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ”āļēāđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļšāļīāļ”āļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ”āļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļģāļ™āļēāļˆāļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ„āļŠāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļąāļ‡āļ„āļąāļšāļāļąāļšāļšāļļāļ•āļĢāļšāļļāļāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļšāļĢāļĢāļĨāļļāļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ­āļ™āļļāđ‚āļĨāļĄ (āļ„) āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ‚āļšāļ™āļąāļŠāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđāļāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ–āļ·āļ­āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŦāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ (āļ‡) āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļĨāļ”āļ—āļļāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŦāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ™āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļģāđ„āļĢāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļąāļ™āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™ (āļˆ) āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ—āļļāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŦāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļģāđ„āļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļēāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļąāļ™āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™ (āļ‰) āļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŦāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļ„āļ§āļšāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļąāļšāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļāļąāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļĨāļīāļāļāļąāļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĩāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ™āļāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļļāļ™ (āļŠ)  āļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļ­āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™ āđ‚āļ­āļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ‚āļ­āļ™āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™ āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļāļđāđ‰ āļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļšāļąāļ•āļĢ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļąāđ‹āļ§āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļĢāļēāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđƒāļ™āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŦāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļ­āļ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļēāļĒāļ„āļ·āļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļāđˆāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŦāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļĢāļ§āļĄ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĩāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ™āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™ (āļ‹)  āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļģāđ„āļĢ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđƒāļ”āđƒāļ™āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ–āļ·āļ­āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ—āđ€āļ„āļ™āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨ (āļŒ)  āļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļ­āļ™āļ„āļĢāļīāļ›āđ‚āļ—āđ€āļ„āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļĢāļ™āļ‹āļĩāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ‚āļ—āđ€āļ„āļ™āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĩāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ™āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™ (āđ•)  āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļ (āļ) āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŠāđˆāļēāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒāļŠāļīāļ™ (āļ‚) āļāļēāļĢāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļąāļāļāļēāđ€āļŠāđˆāļēāļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒāļŠāļīāļ™ (āļ„) āļāļēāļĢāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‚āļēāļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļœāđˆāļ­āļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ‚āļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ·āļ™āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒāļŠāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ·āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ„āļ§āđ‰āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ Â      āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩ (āļ) āļ–āđ‰āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļĄāļĩāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ­āļąāļ™āļ„āļ§āļĢāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ•āđˆāļģāđ„āļ›āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ–āļđāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡ āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļĄāļĩāļ­āļģāļ™āļēāļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒāļŠāļīāļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļĄāļ„āļ§āļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŠāđˆāļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ•āļēāļĄāļ›āļāļ•āļī āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļē āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļ­āļļāļ—āļ˜āļĢāļ“āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļāđ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰  āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ™āļģāļšāļ—āļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļļāļ—āļ˜āļĢāļ“āđŒāļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™ āđ’ āļŦāļĄāļ§āļ” āđ’ āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ° āđ’ āļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļąāļ‡āļ„āļąāļšāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ­āļ™āļļāđ‚āļĨāļĄ Â      āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩ (āļ‚) āđāļĨāļ° (āļ„) āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ„āļ§āđ‰āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđāļ•āđˆāļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļģāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ™āļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ (āđ–) āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļ° āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļĻāļīāļĨāļ›āļ° āļ§āļīāļĻāļ§āļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļŠāļ–āļēāļ›āļąāļ•āļĒāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļāļŠāļĩ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ“āļĩāļ•āļĻāļīāļĨāļ›āļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļ°āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļāļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļāļēāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļ§āđ‰ (āđ—) āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļŦāļēāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĢāļ°āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­ (āđ˜) āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆ āļāļēāļĢāļžāļēāļ“āļīāļŠāļĒāđŒ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢ āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ‡ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāđ„āļ§āđ‰āđƒāļ™ (āđ‘) āļ–āļķāļ‡ (āđ—) āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ„āđˆāļēāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ„āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļ­āļ­āļāđāļ—āļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āđƒāļ” āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļ­āļ”āđƒāļ” āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđƒāļ”āļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāđāļ—āļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™

āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļŠāļāļīāļˆāļˆāļēāļ™āļļāđ€āļšāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē 50 āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļĢāļąāļĐāļŽāļēāļāļĢ

āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄ

āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļŦāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™ āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ— āļŠāļĄāļēāļ„āļĄ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āļ“āļ°āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļœāļđāđ‰āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ āļŦāļąāļāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ—āļļāļāļ„āļĢāļēāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļ”āļąāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ™āļĩāđ‰ (āđ‘) āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ (āđ‘) āđāļĨāļ° (āđ’) āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļđāļ“āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļ„āļĢāļēāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ€āļŠāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ§āđˆāļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ›āļĩ āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ•āļēāļĄāđ€āļāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ˜ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđƒāļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŦāļēāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļ„āļĢāļēāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđƒāļ” āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŦāļąāļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ„āļ§āđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļēāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļ„āļĢāļēāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļ•āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ„āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĨāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§ āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđ€āļĻāļĐāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđƒāļ” āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđ€āļĻāļĐāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĢāļ§āļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļšāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļąāļāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĒāļ­āļ”āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļąāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ›āļĩāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļšāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ›āļĩ āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ (āđ‘) āđāļĨāļ° (āđ’) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āļēāļĒāļˆāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ­āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ‡āļēāļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđ€āļāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ‡āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‚āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ” āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ•āļēāļĄāđ€āļāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ˜ (āđ•) āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđƒāļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŦāļąāļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ„āļ§āđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ (āđ’) āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāđ„āļ§āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ„āļŠāļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļīāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļŦāļąāļāđƒāļ™āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āđ‘āđ•.āđ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ (āđ’)  āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ (āđ“) āđāļĨāļ° (āđ”) āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļŦāļąāļāļ•āļēāļĄāļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđ€āļ§āđ‰āļ™āđāļ•āđˆ (āļ)  āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ (āđ“) āđāļĨāļ° (āđ”) āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāđ„āļ§āđ‰āđƒāļ™ (āļ‚) (āļ„) (āļ‡) āđāļĨāļ° (āļˆ) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļīāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļŦāļąāļāđƒāļ™āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āđ‘āđ•.āđ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ (āļ‚)  āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāđƒāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ˜ (āđ“) (āļ) āđāļĨāļ° (āļ„) āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļŦāļąāļāđƒāļ™āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āđ‘āđ•.āđ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ (āļ„) āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāđƒāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ˜ (āđ“) (āļ‚) āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļ­āļāļ•āļąāđ‹āļ§āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļ­āļāļ•āļĢāļēāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđƒāļ™āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļœāļđāđ‰āđ‚āļ­āļ™āļ•āļąāđ‹āļ§āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļĢāļēāļŠāļēāļĢāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āđ‘āđ•.āđ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļąāļāđ„āļ§āđ‰ (āļ‡)  āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ (āđ”) (āļ) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļīāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāđƒāļ™ (āļ‚) āđāļĨāļ° (āļ„) āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļīāđƒāļŠāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļąāļāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ (āļˆ) āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ (āđ”) (āļ‚) āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļŦāļąāļāđƒāļ™āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āđ‘āđ.āđ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ (āļ‰)    āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ (āđ”) (āļ‹) āđāļĨāļ° (āļŒ) āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļŦāļąāļāđƒāļ™āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āđ‘āđ•.āđ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ (āđ“)  āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ (āđ•) āđāļĨāļ° (āđ–) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļīāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļŦāļąāļāđƒāļ™āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āđ‘āđ•.āđ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ (āđ”)  āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ•āļēāļĄ (āđ•) āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļœāļđāđ‰āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļąāļāļšāļēāļĨ āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļāļšāļēāļĨ āđ€āļ—āļĻāļšāļēāļĨ āļŠāļļāļ‚āļēāļ āļīāļšāļēāļĨ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ (āđ•) (āđ–) (āđ—) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ (āđ˜) āđāļ•āđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļ„āđˆāļēāļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļžāļ·āļŠāļœāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļēāļĒāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡ āđ† āļĄāļĩāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆ āđ‘āđ,āđāđāđ āļšāļēāļ—āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ› āđāļĄāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡ āđ† āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ–āļķāļ‡ āđ‘āđ,āđāđāđ āļšāļēāļ—āļāđ‡āļ”āļĩ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļŦāļąāļāđƒāļ™āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āđ‘ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļ­āļ”āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™ āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļ”āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđāļ‚āđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļŦāļąāļāļ•āļēāļĄāļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ (āđ•)  āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ (āđ˜) āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ­āļŠāļąāļ‡āļŦāļēāļĢāļīāļĄāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļŦāļąāļāļ”āļąāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ™āļĩāđ‰ (āļ) āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļŠāļąāļ‡āļŦāļēāļĢāļīāļĄāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒāļ­āļąāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļĢāļ”āļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ­āļŠāļąāļ‡āļŦāļēāļĢāļīāļĄāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļŠāļ™āđˆāļŦāļē āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ•āļēāļĄāđ€āļāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ˜ (āđ”) (āļ) āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđƒāļ” āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŦāļąāļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ„āļ§āđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ (āļ‚) āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļŠāļąāļ‡āļŦāļēāļĢāļīāļĄāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļēāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļ (āļ) āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŦāļąāļāļ„āđˆāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ•āļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļāļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļāļē āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ•āļēāļĄāđ€āļāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ˜ (āđ”) (āļ‚) āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđƒāļ” āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŦāļąāļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ„āļ§āđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ (āđ–)  āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ­āļŠāļąāļ‡āļŦāļēāļĢāļīāļĄāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļēāļ•āļ­āļšāđāļ—āļ™ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āđ‚āļ­āļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āđ‚āļ­āļ™āļŦāļąāļāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ•āļēāļĄāđ€āļāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđƒāļ™ (āđ•) āđ€āļ§āđ‰āļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļ­āļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļāđˆāļšāļļāļ•āļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļšāļļāļ•āļĢāļšāļļāļāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āđ‚āļ­āļ™āļŦāļąāļāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āđ• āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ™āļĒāļĩāđˆāļŠāļīāļšāļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļšāļēāļ—

āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļŠāļāļīāļˆāļˆāļēāļ™āļļāđ€āļšāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē 41 āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļĢāļąāļĐāļŽāļēāļāļĢ

āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄ

āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āļēāļĒāļˆāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒāļŠāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļ°āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ­āļāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļ™āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒāļŠāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļģāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļēāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļ”āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāļŠāļąāđˆāļ§āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļĢāļ§āļĄāđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļ›āļ”āļŠāļīāļšāļ§āļąāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ›āļĩāđƒāļ” āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ

āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļŠāļāļīāļˆāļˆāļēāļ™āļļāđ€āļšāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē 56 āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļĢāļąāļĐāļŽāļēāļāļĢ

āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄ

āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ—āļļāļāļ„āļ™ āđ€āļ§āđ‰āļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĒāļēāļ§āđŒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĻāļēāļĨāļŠāļąāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļ™āđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļŠāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ– āļĒāļ·āđˆāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ āđ† āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļĄāļĩāļ™āļēāļ„āļĄ āļ—āļļāļ āđ† āļ›āļĩ āļ•āļēāļĄāđāļšāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāđāļ•āđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ (āđ‘) āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļŠāļēāļĄāļĩāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ āļĢāļīāļĒāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļāļīāļ™ āđ–āđ,āđāđāđ āļšāļēāļ— (āđ’) āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļŠāļēāļĄāļĩāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ āļĢāļīāļĒāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ (āđ‘) āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āđ€āļāļīāļ™ āđ‘āđ’āđ,āđāđāđ āļšāļēāļ— (āđ“) āļĄāļĩāļŠāļēāļĄāļĩāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ āļĢāļīāļĒāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļāļīāļ™ āđ‘āđ’āđ,āđāđāđ āļšāļēāļ— āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ (āđ”) āļĄāļĩāļŠāļēāļĄāļĩāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ āļĢāļīāļĒāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ”āđ (āđ‘) āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āđ€āļāļīāļ™ āđ’āđ’āđ,āđāđāđ āļšāļēāļ— āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļŦāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āļ“āļ°āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļīāđƒāļŠāđˆāļ™āļīāļ•āļīāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļāļīāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļ•āļēāļĄ (āđ‘) āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļģāļ™āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļ·āđˆāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āļ“āļ°āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļēāļĄāđāļšāļšāđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ„āļāđˆāļ­āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļģāļ™āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđƒāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āļ“āļ°āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļēāļāļĒāļ­āļ”āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļŠāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ”āļēāļ„āļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđāļšāđˆāļ‡āđāļĒāļ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāđƒāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļˆāļģāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļ·āđˆāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ­āļĩāļ āđāļ•āđˆāļ–āđ‰āļēāļŦāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āļ“āļ°āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ„āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļģāļĢāļ° āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāđƒāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ—āļļāļāļ„āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļģāļĢāļ°āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ

āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļŠāļāļīāļˆāļˆāļēāļ™āļļāđ€āļšāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē 27 āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļĢāļąāļĐāļŽāļēāļāļĢ

āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄ

āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāđƒāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ•āļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāđ„āļ§āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļŦāļĄāļ§āļ”āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ­āļĩāļāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āđ‘.āđ• āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļĻāļĐāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļ§āļĄāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ›āļĢāļąāļš āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ­āļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩāļ­āļ™āļļāļĄāļąāļ•āļīāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŠāļģāļĢāļ°āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļĢāļ°āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āļēāļĄāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ„āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āđ.āđ—āđ• āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļĻāļĐāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āļēāļĄāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ„āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ„āļŠāļ­āļ‡ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ™āļąāļšāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļžāđ‰āļ™āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļ·āđˆāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ™āļŠāļģāļĢāļ°āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ āļēāļĐāļĩ āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļīāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļ°āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āļģāļŠāļąāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āļģāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāļ­āļļāļ—āļ˜āļĢāļ“āđŒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āļģāļžāļīāļžāļēāļāļĐāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĻāļēāļĨ

āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļŠāļāļīāļˆāļˆāļēāļ™āļļāđ€āļšāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē 26 āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļĢāļąāļĐāļŽāļēāļāļĢ

āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄ

āđ€āļ§āđ‰āļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļˆāļ°āļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāđ„āļ§āđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ’āđ” āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē āđ’āđ• āļœāļđāđ‰āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļĩāļāļŠāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļĢāļ°

āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļŠāļāļīāļˆāļˆāļēāļ™āļļāđ€āļšāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļē 37 āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļĢāļąāļĐāļŽāļēāļāļĢ

āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄ

āļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļąāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļ§āļēāļ‡āđ‚āļ—āļĐāļˆāļģāļ„āļļāļāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āđ€āļˆāđ‡āļ”āļ›āļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļŠāļ­āļ‡āļžāļąāļ™āļšāļēāļ—āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āđāļŠāļ™āļšāļēāļ— (āđ‘) āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļˆāļ•āļ™āļēāđāļˆāđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ—āđ‡āļˆ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ–āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļ„āļģāđ€āļ—āđ‡āļˆ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļ­āļšāļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ–āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļ„āļģāļ­āļąāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ—āđ‡āļˆāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļģāļžāļĒāļēāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āđ‡āļˆāļĄāļēāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŦāļĨāļĩāļāđ€āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļĢāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ„āļ·āļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ (āđ’) āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ—āđ‡āļˆ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ‰āđ‰āļ­āđ‚āļāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ­āļļāļšāļēāļĒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđƒāļ”āļ—āļģāļ™āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™ āļŦāļĨāļĩāļāđ€āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļžāļĒāļēāļĒāļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļĩāļāđ€āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļĢāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ„āļ·āļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ™āļĩāđ‰

āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļŠāļāļīāļˆāļˆāļēāļ™āļļāđ€āļšāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

Français

Article 40 Revenue Code

DÃĐfinit huit catÃĐgories de revenu imposable: emploi, fonctions ou services, droits et rentes, capitaux y compris cryptomonnaies, location, professions libÃĐrales, travaux à forfait avec fournitures, commerce et autres activitÃĐs. L'impÃīt supportÃĐ par le payeur y entre; le revenu du mineur est attribuÃĐ au pÃĻre ou au parent exerçant l'autoritÃĐ.

rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel

Article 50 Revenue Code

Retenue à chaque paiement : calcul annualisÃĐ pour l'article 40 (1) et (2), 15 % notamment aux non-rÃĐsidents, 10 % pour l'article 40 (4) (b), 1 % sur certains paiements publics dÃĻs 10 000 bahts ; 5 % au-delà de 20 millions pour un don immobilier à un enfant lÃĐgitime.

rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel

Article 41 Revenue Code

Le revenu de source thaÃŊlandaise est imposable oÃđ qu'il soit payÃĐ; celui de source ÃĐtrangÃĻre d'un rÃĐsident l'est lorsqu'il est introduit en ThaÃŊlande. Est rÃĐsident quiconque y sÃĐjourne au moins 180 jours au total dans l'annÃĐe fiscale.

rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel

Article 56 Revenue Code

DÃĐclaration d'ici fin mars, sauf mineurs et incapables, si le revenu dÃĐpasse 60 000 bahts (120 000 en salaires seuls) sans conjoint, ou 120 000 (220 000 en salaires seuls) avec conjoint. SociÃĐtÃĐs ordinaires et groupements non juridiques: dÃĐclaration par le gÃĐrant, associÃĐs rÃĐpondant de l'impÃīt impayÃĐ.

rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel

Article 27 Revenue Code

Le retard entraÃŪne une majoration de 1,5 % par mois ou fraction de mois, hors pÃĐnalitÃĐ, rÃĐduite à 0,75 % en cas de dÃĐlai approuvÃĐ et respectÃĐ. La majoration ne peut dÃĐpasser l'impÃīt dÃŧ.

rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel

Article 26 Revenue Code

Sauf disposition contraire, une imposition selon les articles 24 ou 25 entraÃŪne une pÃĐnalitÃĐ supplÃĐmentaire de deux fois l'impÃīt dÃŧ.

rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel

Article 37 Revenue Code

Les fausses dÃĐclarations ou preuves intentionnelles et la fraude visant à ÃĐluder l'impÃīt ou obtenir un remboursement sont punies de trois mois à sept ans d'emprisonnement et de 2 000 à 200 000 bahts d'amende.

rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel

Sources

How Cryptocurrency Taxes Work in Thailand

Thailand has two main types of taxes for cryptocurrency. The first is Personal Income Tax (PIT) on capital gains, and the second is Value Added Tax (VAT) on crypto transactions. The most important recent change: under Ministerial Regulation No. 399 (B.E. 2568), announced on 5 September 2025, capital gains from selling or transferring cryptocurrencies and digital tokens through an exchange, broker or dealer licensed by the Thai SEC are exempt from personal income tax from 1 January 2025 to 31 December 2029. Gains realised outside a licensed Thai platform, and foreign-sourced gains remitted into Thailand, are not covered by this exemption. Understanding cryptocurrency tax in Thailand can help you manage your investments efficiently.

How Crypto Currency Tax Work in Thailand

1. Personal Income Tax (PIT) on Crypto Profits

If you make money from crypto, whether by selling, exchanging, or earning it through mining or staking, you must pay Personal Income Tax (PIT). Profits from selling or exchanging cryptocurrencies and digital tokens are taxable as part of your total income. Crypto gains are taxed at progressive rates from 5% to 35%, depending on your total income. For gains realised on an SEC-licensed Thai exchange such as Bitkub or Binance Thailand, the personal income tax exemption under Ministerial Regulation No. 399 applies for 2025 to 2029. Where tax is withheld it can be credited against your PIT when filing your return, preventing double taxation.

Consulting experts on cryptocurrency tax in Thailand can save you from unexpected liabilities. There is one exception: investment tokens (crypto assets linked to projects that generate dividends or interest). Where 15 per cent has already been withheld at source under section 50(2) of the Revenue Code, Decree No. 789 of B.E. 2567 lets you leave that profit share out of the annual income tax computation altogether, for amounts received from 1 January 2024. The condition is strict and is the part usually left out: it applies only if you do not reclaim or credit any part of the tax withheld, in whole or in part. Elect it and the 15 per cent becomes a final tax. This concerns investment tokens; it does not apply to ordinary cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin or Ethereum.

2. Value Added Tax (VAT) on Cryptocurrency Transactions and the applicable tax rate are crucial for investors.

The relief comes from two royal decrees and it is worth being exact about them, because the current one is wider than the one most summaries still quote. Decree No. 744 of B.E. 2565 exempted VAT on transfers of cryptocurrency and digital tokens made on a licensed digital asset exchange, but only between 1 April 2022 and 31 December 2023, and it then lapsed. Decree No. 788 of B.E. 2567 replaced it from 1 January 2024 with no end date, and it reaches more than its predecessor did: transfers made on an exchange, through a digital asset broker, by a digital asset dealer, or to a dealer. So the 7 per cent does not fall on an ordinary trade through any of those channels, not only on an exchange. Now, individual traders do not have to worry about extra VAT when buying or selling crypto on legal exchanges.

Legal advice on cryptocurrency tax in Thailand is recommended for all digital asset holders.

How to Report Crypto Taxes in Thailand

Understanding cryptocurrency tax in Thailand can also enhance your investment strategy.

ThaiLawOnline can help you understand cryptocurrency tax in Thailand. We can guide you through your tax liability.

Many are seeking clarity about cryptocurrency tax in Thailand as regulations evolve.

We prioritize helping you navigate cryptocurrency tax in Thailand effectively.

Thailand’s tax year runs from January 1 to December 31, with tax returns due by March 31 (or April 8 for online filing). To stay compliant, you must track every crypto transaction. This includes purchases, sales, swaps, and mining rewards. You should convert all amounts to Thai Baht (THB) for reporting and calculating your taxes. Gains from transferring cryptocurrency or digital tokens, and digital token profit shares, are income under section 40(4) of the Revenue Code; declare them as such on your PND 90 or 91 return. Taxes owed must be paid by the deadline to avoid penalties.

The Thai Revenue Department has increased scrutiny on cryptocurrency transactions, making it crucial to report your earnings accurately. Failing to do so can result in fines and legal consequences.

Are There Any Crypto Tax Exemptions for cryptocurrencies and digital tokens?

Thailand has introduced some favorable tax rules for crypto traders. Transactions on licensed exchanges are VAT-free, reducing trading costs. From 1 January 2025 to 31 December 2029, capital gains from trades made through SEC-licensed Thai exchanges are exempt from personal income tax under Ministerial Regulation No. 399. Gains realised outside a licensed platform remain taxable, so keep records and check that your exchange is SEC-licensed. If you invest in security or investment tokens, you might get a tax benefit. This is true if the 15% withholding tax has already been taken from your cryptocurrency income.

What Happens If You Don’t Pay Crypto Taxes and fulfill your tax liability?

Ignoring crypto tax obligations can lead to significant consequences. The Thai Revenue Department keeps a close eye on digital asset transactions. If you do not report your income, you may face fines, penalties, or legal action. Traders who attempt to hide earnings or misreport their income risk severe repercussions, including restrictions on trading privileges. Staying compliant is the best way to protect both your assets and your financial future.

FAQS about Cryptocurrencies Tax in Thailand

How is cryptocurrency taxation managed in Thailand?

In Thailand, cryptocurrency and digital tokens have specific tax implications. The Thai Revenue Department sees cryptocurrencies as digital assets. Gains are subject to personal income tax; Thailand has no separate capital gains tax. Transactions are taxed based on their nature, trading, mining, or receiving cryptocurrency as payment. Since the rules have changed, especially with new laws starting on January 1, 2024, investors in Thailand should stay updated. They should know their responsibilities or talk to a tax advisor to follow local tax laws.

What is the capital gains tax for crypto in Thailand?

In Thailand, profits from cryptocurrency trading are taxed as personal income. The tax rates range from 0% to 35%, based on your income level. These gains are calculated as the difference between the selling price and the acquisition cost of the digital asset. Unlike some countries, Thailand does not have a separate capital gains tax rate specifically for crypto assets. Instead, profits from cryptocurrency investments are added to your annual taxable income. It’s important to maintain accurate records of all crypto exchange transactions to facilitate proper tax calculation.

Are cryptocurrencies and digital tokens subject to withholding tax?

Yes, cryptocurrencies and digital tokens in Thailand may be subject to withholding tax in certain scenarios. When a company or partnership pays for goods or services with cryptocurrency, they must withhold tax at the source. Rates differ by transaction: the 15 per cent under section 50(2) of the Revenue Code is the digital asset rate, both on a digital token profit share and on a gain from transferring cryptocurrency or digital tokens (section 40(4)(āļ‹) and (āļŒ)), while the lower rates you may see quoted, 3 per cent among them, are the ordinary withholding on services and are not specific to crypto. Additionally, platforms facilitating the transfer of cryptocurrency may have withholding obligations. It’s important to note that even transactions between exchanges in Thailand can trigger withholding tax requirements.

How is cryptocurrency income reported for personal income tax purposes in 2024?

For 2024, cryptocurrency income must be reported on your personal income tax return in Thailand. You must declare all types of crypto income. This includes profits from trading, mining rewards, staking rewards, and payments in cryptocurrency. The tax filing deadline is typically March of the following year for individuals. You’ll need to report the Thai Baht value of your cryptocurrency at the time of receipt or transaction. Thailand’s Securities and Exchange Commission now requires exchanges to share transaction data with the Revenue Department. This change helps authorities track crypto income. Accurate reporting is important to avoid penalties.

Is value-added tax applicable to cryptocurrency and digital asset transactions?

Yes, value-added tax (VAT) can apply to cryptocurrency and digital asset transactions in Thailand. Businesses that take cryptocurrency as payment must include these transactions in their VAT calculations. The standard VAT rate in Thailand is 7%. Additionally, services provided by cryptocurrency exchanges may be subject to VAT. Buying and selling cryptocurrency itself is a settled exemption rather than a possibility: under Decree No. 788 of B.E. 2567 the transfer is exempt from VAT where it is made on a digital asset exchange, through a broker, or by or to a dealer. The tax treatment can change depending on the type of transaction. It is best to talk to a tax advisor for clear information on your VAT obligations.

Are there ways to reduce your taxable income from cryptocurrency in Thailand?

Yes, there are legitimate strategies to reduce your taxable income from cryptocurrency in Thailand. Outside the 2025 to 2029 exemption window, Ministerial Regulation No. 380 exempts gains up to the amount of your losses in the same tax year, but only for trades on a licensed Thai exchange, and nothing carries forward. You can also time your sales to spread income over different tax years. The main relief is the personal income tax exemption under Ministerial Regulation No. 399 for gains made through SEC-licensed Thai exchanges from 2025 to 2029. Additionally, properly documenting expenses related to acquiring or mining cryptocurrencies can help decrease your overall tax burden. For businesses dealing with crypto, certain operational expenses may be deductible. It is important to work with a qualified tax advisor. They should know about cryptocurrency and Thai tax laws. This will help make sure your strategies follow the current tax rules in Thailand.

How does the taxation of cryptocurrency differ for foreigners living in Thailand?

For foreigners residing in Thailand, the taxation of cryptocurrency depends on their tax residency status. If you are a tax resident, you usually stay 180 days or more in a year. Your Thai-source crypto income is taxable, and foreign-source crypto income is taxable when you bring it into Thailand. Non-residents are taxed only on income sourced within Thailand. One important point is that foreign income is taxed only when it is brought into Thailand. This includes crypto gains from overseas exchanges. Since 1 January 2024 (Revenue Department Instruction Por. 161/2566), this covers foreign income remitted in any later year, not only in the year it was earned; income that arose before 2024 stays outside the rule (Instruction Por. 162/2566). Foreigners should know about possible tax obligations in their home countries. Many nations tax their citizens on global income. This can lead to different tax rules. Careful planning is needed to avoid double taxation.

What documentation should I maintain for cryptocurrency tax filings in Thailand?

For proper cryptocurrency tax filings in Thailand, you should maintain comprehensive records including: transaction histories from all crypto exchanges you use (both Thai and international); dates, amounts, and counterparties for all crypto transactions; acquisition costs and dates for all digital assets; documentation of mining, staking, or airdrops received; records of cryptocurrency paid in cryptocurrency for goods or services; exchange rates to Thai Baht at the time of each transaction; and bank statements showing fiat currency conversions. These records should be kept for at least 5 years, as the Revenue Department may request this information during a tax audit. Using specialized crypto tax software can help organize this data and make tax calculation more accurate.

What are the penalties for not reporting cryptocurrency income in Thailand?

Failing to report cryptocurrency income in Thailand can incur significant penalties. If you do not report or file taxes on crypto income, you may face a 1.5% surcharge each month. This surcharge is capped at the amount of tax you owe. You could also get a penalty of up to 200% of the unpaid tax if you evade taxes. Additionally, criminal prosecution is possible for intentional tax evasion, potentially resulting in imprisonment. Now, Thailand’s Securities and Exchange Commission is sharing data with the Revenue Department. This means the chance of getting caught has increased significantly. Disclosing information before an investigation starts can lower penalties. It is wise to fix any past mistakes early. Also, talk to a tax advisor who knows about digital asset taxes.

Need Help with Crypto Taxes in Thailand?

Cryptocurrency taxation can be complex, especially with Thailand’s combination of PIT, withholding tax, and exemptions for digital tokens. If you’re unsure how to report your cryptocurrency income or optimize your tax strategy, expert assistance can help.

At ThaiLawOnline, we specialize in crypto tax compliance for individuals and businesses in Thailand. You might be a trader facing capital gains tax. You could also be a miner or staker earning crypto rewards. Or perhaps you run a business that accepts cryptocurrency payments. Our legal and tax experts can help you stay compliant. We can also help you optimize your tax obligations.

Contact Us Today

For personalized legal and tax support regarding Thailand cryptocurrency regulations, reach out to ThaiLawOnline. We can help you navigate Thailand’s crypto tax regulations with confidence. Contact us through our online consultation page and let’s get your taxes sorted.

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