Reviewed by Wichuda Atthamethakon, LL.M., Thai Bar Licence 3149/2556, for ThaiLawOnline, a Thai law firm acting for foreigners since 2006.
Update log
- 2 November 2026: Added the statute box with Thai, English and French text and checked the page against the official text
Last reviewed: 22 September 2026. Read in Thai against the Civil Procedure Code: sections 60 and 61 (appointing a lawyer), 150 and 151 (court fees on appeal and refunds), 155 to 156/1 (fee exemption), 177 (the fifteen days to answer), 189 and 190/4 (petty cases and their 1,000 baht fee cap), 228(1), 247 (permission to appeal to the Supreme Court) and 253 (security for costs). The 300,000 baht petty-case threshold is consistent with Supreme Court Decision 9500/2556, which applies the Royal Decree B.E. 2546. Not verified in this review: the rates in Tables 1 and 6 annexed to the Code, section 27 of the Labour Court Act, section 18 of the Consumer Case Procedure Act, and the case-duration regulation of the Courts of Justice. Re-checked on 5 October 2026: section 61 of the Civil Procedure Code (this site’s statute library), section 27 of the Labour Court Act B.E. 2522 and section 18 of the Consumer Case Procedure Act B.E. 2551 (Council of State consolidated text) read in Thai; the consumer exemption now lists all the grounds on which the court can order the fees paid. Still unverified: Tables 1 and 6 (no copy of the annexed tables in this firm’s stores) and the case-duration regulation. Re-checked on 6 October 2026: the case-duration regulation of 18 January 2023 read in its Royal Gazette text (volume 140, part 5 Kor, pages 8 to 13); every period stated below matches clauses 4 to 19, and the six-month target for a criminal case with a defendant in custody, which was missing, has been added; Tables 1 and 6 remain unverified.
For what leads up to a hearing, see our overview of criminal law in Thailand.
Table of Contents
Do you have to go to Court in Thailand? If yes, this text can help you. The Thai legal system is a unique blend of traditional Thai customs and Western legal principles. Before making a mistake, you should learn about what to know before you go to Court in Thailand. Thailand’s legal system rests on a civil law foundation: the law is codified in written statutes rather than built from judge-made precedent, which is the difference that catches most Western clients out. Our guide to the Thai legal system explains what that changes in practice. Courtroom etiquette is strict, down to how you sit, and the section on dress code below explains it.

Example of a Thai Court.
Codified system
In Thailand, the legal system is based on written laws. These laws are carefully recorded and easy for the public to access. The Constitution is the foundation of our legal system. Acts and statutes are also important but come after it. This hierarchical structure ensures that all legal provisions are in harmony with the fundamental principles enshrined in the Constitution. The Thai legal system has three main levels. These are the Court of First Instance, the Court of Appeal, and the Supreme Court (also known as the Dika Court). Alongside them sit specialised courts, among them the Juvenile and Family Courts, the Labour Courts, the Tax Court, the Bankruptcy Court and the Intellectual Property and International Trade Court. Disputes with the state go to a separate system, the Administrative Courts, which are not part of the Courts of Justice.
Mediation and conciliation are prioritized, Very important to know
One should be aware that the Thai legal process emphasizes mediation and reconciliation, particularly in civil disputes. Litigation can be a lengthy process, so alternative dispute resolution methods are often encouraged. Before you go to court in Thailand, you should know they will try to settle things. They want to mediate and help both sides agree. They also want to avoid losing face.
Documents must be signed so a Thai lawyer can represent you
Representation by a Thai lawyer in court requires signing a “lawyer’s appointment” document. You also need to provide copies of your identification. This formalizes the attorney-client relationship and authorizes the lawyer to act on the client’s behalf. Clients sign and date the appointment, a form of power of attorney, with the name of the lawyer left blank, and provide a copy of their passport. The signed appointment is what the law requires: under Section 61 of the Civil Procedure Code, the appointment of a lawyer must be in writing, signed by the client and by the lawyer, and filed with the court, and it is valid only for the case in which it is filed. Keeping the document blank lets the firm update or change the appointed attorney easily. This means no new signatures are needed if schedules or workloads change. For example, if another lawyer from our office needs to take over, it can be done smoothly. If the form is fully completed ahead of time, any changes would require new paperwork. This means clients would have to sign again, which can cause delays. This process is safe. Every attorney is registered with the Lawyers Council of Thailand. The power of attorney is only for legal representation. It cannot be used to withdraw funds from a bank account, conduct real estate transactions or serve any other purpose. By signing a blank power of attorney at the start, clients help us work better. This allows us to provide smooth service during their case.
The law behind this page
English
Section 61
To appoint a lawyer for a case, the appointment must be in writing, signed by both the client and the lawyer, and filed with the court in the case file. This letter of appointment covers only that one case. A lawyer who holds a general power of attorney to act in any case may file a copy of that general power instead, to conduct each case.
Full text
The appointment of an attorney must be made in writing, signed by the party and the attorney, and filed with the court to be included in the case file. This letter of attorney appointment is valid only for the particular case for which it has been filed. Where an attorney has been given a general power of attorney to represent another person in any case, that attorney shall produce the general power of attorney and file a copy of it with the court in place of the letter of attorney appointment, in order to conduct each case, in accordance with this section.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 46
Court proceedings and the case file must be in Thai, written in ink, typed, or printed, with corrections struck through rather than erased. If a document is in a foreign language, the court must order the party filing it to provide a certified Thai translation, in whole or of the essential parts. If a party or person cannot understand Thai, or is mute or deaf and cannot read or write, the party concerned must arrange an interpreter.
Full text
All proceedings relating to the trial and adjudication of civil cases that are conducted by the court shall be done in the Thai language. All pleadings and documents or papers of any kind whatsoever made by the parties, the court, or court officials which form the case file shall be written in the Thai language and written in ink, typewritten, or printed. If there is any error or omission, it shall not be erased; instead it shall be struck through and rewritten, and the writer must sign at the margin of the paper. If there is any interlineation, the person making it shall sign or initial it as authentication. If the original of a document or paper of any kind whatsoever submitted to the court has been made in a foreign language, the court shall order the party submitting it to provide a translation of the whole or only of the essential parts, together with a certification, to be filed and attached to the original. If any party or any person appearing before the court does not understand the Thai language, or is mute or deaf and cannot read or write, the party concerned shall provide an interpreter.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 177
A defendant must file a written answer within fifteen days of being served, clearly admitting or denying each of the plaintiff's claims and giving reasons. The defendant may add a counterclaim in the answer, but only if it relates to the original claim, otherwise it must be filed as a separate case.
Full text
When the summons and the complaint have been served on the defendant, the defendant shall make a written answer and file it with the court within fifteen days. The defendant shall state clearly in the answer whether the defendant admits or denies the plaintiff's allegations in whole or in part, together with the grounds therefor. The defendant may bring a counterclaim in the answer, but if the counterclaim is a separate matter unconnected with the original complaint, the court shall order the defendant to file it as a separate case. The court shall examine the answer and order that it be accepted, returned, or refused as provided in Section 18. The provisions of this Section shall apply mutatis mutandis to an outside person who is summoned to appear as an intervener under Section 57 (3).
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 150
When a civil claim can be valued in money, the plaintiff pays a court fee based on the amount claimed or the value of the disputed property; on appeal or Dika the appellant pays a fee on the amount still in dispute at that level. If co-parties with an indivisible claim file separate appeals and together pay more than a joint filing would have cost, the court refunds the excess.
Full text
In a case where the claim for relief can be calculated as a sum of money, the plaintiff shall pay court fees in the Court of First Instance according to the amount of the claim or the value of the disputed property. As to court fees at the appeal or Dika (Supreme Court) level, if the amount claimed or the value of the property in dispute at the appeal or Dika level is the same as in the Court of First Instance, the appellant or the Dika petitioner shall pay according to the same amount or value as in the Court of First Instance. But if the appellant or Dika petitioner has obtained satisfaction only in part under the judgment or order of the lower court, and the amount or the value of the property in dispute at the appeal or Dika level is lower than in the Court of First Instance, the appellant or Dika petitioner shall pay court fees according to that lower amount or value. Once the court fee has been paid, if the amount in dispute of the complaint, the appeal complaint, or the Dika complaint increases through the filing of an additional complaint or by any other means, additional court fees shall be charged as prescribed in the schedule annexed to this Code, at the time the additional complaint is filed or within the period the court thinks fit, as the case may be. If, because the court has ordered the cases to be tried together or to be separated, any complaint or any claim contained in any complaint must be transferred to another court, or must be re-filed with that court or with another court as a separate case, the plaintiff shall be granted relief from paying court fees for filing or re-filing such complaint or claim, except where the amount or the value of the property of such complaint or claim has increased. In such a case, the court fee only on the increased part shall be calculated and paid as prescribed in the preceding paragraph. In the case where persons who are co-parties in a case whose cause of action is the performance of an indivisible obligation each file separate appeals or Dika petitions, each having paid court fees at the appeal or Dika level under paragraph two, if such court fees, when combined, exceed the court fees those parties would have had to pay had they filed a joint appeal or Dika petition, the Court of Appeal or the Supreme Court, as the case may be, shall order the excess court fees returned to those parties in proportion to the court fee each of them has paid, at the time that court renders its judgment or order.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 253
Where a plaintiff has no home, office, or attachable property in Thailand, or is likely to dodge paying costs if it loses, the defendant can ask the court to order the plaintiff to deposit money or give security for court fees and expenses. If the court finds good reason and the plaintiff still does not comply, the case is struck off the list. The case is not struck off if the defendant asks for the proceedings to continue, or if the order requiring the deposit or security is appealed.
Full text
If the plaintiff has no domicile or place of business within the Kingdom and has no property that may be subjected to execution within the Kingdom, or if it is believed that, should the plaintiff lose the case, the plaintiff will evade payment of the court fees and expenses, the defendant may at any time before judgment file a motion asking the court to order the plaintiff to deposit money with the court or to provide security for the payment of such court fees and expenses. If, after inquiry, the court is of the view that there is reasonable cause or credible grounds, as the case may be, the court shall order the plaintiff to deposit money with the court or to provide security in the amount and within the time it fixes, and it may impose any conditions it thinks fit. If the plaintiff does not comply with the court's order under paragraph two, the court shall order the case struck off the cause list, unless the defendant asks that the proceedings continue, or unless the order under paragraph two is appealed.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 247
You cannot dika to the Supreme Court as of right. You must obtain the Supreme Court's leave by filing a leave application together with your dika at the trial court within one month of the appeal judgment being read. The trial court then forwards it to the Supreme Court, which rules promptly.
Full text
A dika against a judgment or order of the Court of Appeal may be made only when leave has been granted by the Supreme Court. An application for leave to dika shall be filed, together with the petition of dika, with the court of first instance that gave the judgment or order in the case, within one month from the day the judgment or order of the Court of Appeal was read. The court of first instance shall promptly forward the application together with the petition of dika to the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court shall consider and decide the application without delay.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 18 Consumer Case Procedure Act B.E. 2551
Full text
Subject to the law on liability for damage arising from unsafe products, the filing of a plaint and the conduct of any proceedings in a consumer case by a consumer or by a person with authority to sue on behalf of a consumer are exempt from all court fees and costs, but this exemption does not extend to liability for court fees and costs at the final stage. If it appears to the court that the consumer or the person with authority to sue on behalf of the consumer has brought the case without reasonable grounds, has claimed excessive damages, has behaved improperly, has conducted proceedings of a delaying or unnecessary nature, or that there are other circumstances the court considers appropriate, the court may order that person to pay to the court all or part of the exempted court fees and costs within such period as the court considers appropriate to fix. In the event of non-compliance, the court has the power to order the case struck out of the case list. In the cases under paragraph one and paragraph two, if the court considers that the other party must be liable for all or part of the court fees and costs of both parties, the court shall give judgment on court fees and costs by ordering that other party to pay to the court, in the name of the consumer or the person with authority to sue on behalf of the consumer, the court fees and costs from which that consumer or person was exempted, in whole or in part as the court considers appropriate.
ThaiLawOnline translation
ไทย
มาตรา 61
ข้อความเต็ม
การตั้งทนายความนั้น ต้องทำเป็นหนังสือลงลายมือชื่อตัวความและทนายความ แล้วยื่นต่อศาลเพื่อรวมไว้ในสำนวน ใบแต่งทนายนี้ให้ใช้ได้เฉพาะคดีเรื่องหนึ่ง ๆ ตามที่ได้ยื่นไว้เท่านั้น เมื่อทนายความผู้ใดได้รับมอบอำนาจทั่วไปที่จะแทนบุคคลอื่นไม่ว่าในคดีใด ๆ ให้ทนายความผู้นั้นแสดงใบมอบอำนาจทั่วไป แล้วคัดสำเนายื่นต่อศาลแทนใบแต่งทนาย เพื่อดำเนินคดีเป็นเรื่อง ๆ ไป ตามความในมาตรานี้
ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
มาตรา 46
ข้อความเต็ม
บรรดากระบวนพิจารณาเกี่ยวด้วยการพิจารณาและการชี้ขาดตัดสินคดีแพ่งทั้งหลายซึ่งศาลเป็นผู้ทำนั้น ให้ทำเป็นภาษาไทยบรรดาคำคู่ความและเอกสารหรือแผ่นกระดาษไม่ว่าอย่างใด ๆ ที่คู่ความหรือศาลหรือเจ้าพนักงานศาลได้ทำขึ้นซึ่งประกอบเป็นสำนวนของคดีนั้น ให้เขียนเป็นหนังสือไทยและเขียนด้วยหมึกหรือดีดพิมพ์หรือตีพิมพ์ ถ้ามีผิดตกที่ใดห้ามมิให้ขูดลบออก แต่ให้ขีดฆ่าเสียแล้วเขียนลงใหม่และผู้เขียนต้องลงชื่อไว้ที่ริมกระดาษ ถ้ามีข้อความตกเติมให้ผู้ตกเติมลงลายมือชื่อ หรือลงชื่อย่อไว้เป็นสำคัญถ้าต้นฉบับเอกสารหรือแผ่นกระดาษไม่ว่าอย่างใด ๆ ที่ส่งต่อศาลได้ทำขึ้นเป็นภาษาต่างประเทศ ให้ศาลสั่งคู่ความฝ่ายที่ส่งให้ทำคำแปลทั้งฉบับหรือเฉพาะแต่ส่วนสำคัญ โดยมีคำรับรองมายื่นเพื่อแนบไว้กับต้นฉบับถ้าคู่ความฝ่ายใดหรือบุคคลใดที่มาศาลไม่เข้าใจภาษาไทย หรือเป็นใบ้หรือหูหนวกและอ่านเขียนหนังสือไม่ได้ ให้ให้คู่ความฝ่ายที่เกี่ยวข้องจัดหาล่าม
ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
มาตรา 177
ข้อความเต็ม
เมื่อได้ส่งหมายเรียกและคำฟ้องให้จำเลยแล้ว ให้จำเลยทำคำให้การเป็นหนังสือยื่นต่อศาลภายในสิบห้าวัน ให้จำเลยแสดงโดยชัดแจงในคำให้การว่า จำเลยยอมรับหรือปฏิเสธข้ออ้างของโจทก์ทั้งสิ้นหรือแต่บางส่วน รวมทั้งเหตุแห่งการนั้นจำเลยจะฟ้องแย้งมาในคำให้การก็ได้ แต่ถ้าฟ้องแย้งนั้นเป็นเรื่องอื่นไม่เกี่ยวกับคำฟ้องเดิมแล้ว ให้ศาลสั่งให้จำเลยฟ้องเป็นคดีต่างหากให้ศาลตรวจดูคำให้การนั้นแล้วสั่งให้รับไว้ หรือให้คืนไปหรือสั่งไม่รับตามที่บัญญัติไว้ในมาตรา ๑๘บทบัญญัติแห่งมาตรานี้ ให้ใช้บังคับแก่บุคคลภายนอกที่ถูกเรียกเข้ามาเป็นผู้ร้องสอดตามมาตรา ๕๗ (๓) โดยอนุโลม
ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
มาตรา 150
ข้อความเต็ม
ในคดีที่คำขอให้ปลดเปลื้องทุกข์นั้นอาจคำนวณเป็นราคาเงินได้ ให้โจทก์เสียค่าขึ้นศาลในศาลชั้นต้นตามจำนวนทุนทรัพย์ที่เรียกร้องหรือราคาทรัพย์สินที่พิพาท ค่าขึ้นศาลในชั้นอุทธรณ์หรือฎีกานั้น ถ้าจำนวนทุนทรัพย์ที่เรียกร้องหรือราคาทรัพย์สินที่พิพาทกันในชั้นอุทธรณ์หรือฎีกาเป็นอย่างเดียวกับในศาลชั้นต้น ให้ผู้อุทธรณ์หรือผู้ฎีกาเสียตามจำนวนทุนทรัพย์หรือราคาเช่นเดียวกับในศาลชั้นต้น แต่ถ้าผู้อุทธรณ์หรือผู้ฎีกาได้รับความพอใจแต่บางส่วนตามคำพิพากษาหรือคำสั่งของศาลล่างแล้ว และจำนวนทุนทรัพย์หรือราคาทรัพย์ที่พิพาทในชั้นอุทธรณ์หรือฎีกาต่ำกว่าในศาลชั้นต้น ให้ผู้อุทธรณ์หรือผู้ฎีกาเสียค่าขึ้นศาลตามจำนวนทุนทรัพย์หรือราคาต่ำนั้น เมื่อได้ชำระค่าขึ้นศาลแล้ว ถ้าทุนทรัพย์แห่งคำฟ้องหรือคำฟ้องอุทธรณ์หรือคำฟ้องฎีกาทวีขึ้นโดยการยื่นคำฟ้องเพิ่มเติมหรือโดยประการอื่น ให้เรียกค่าขึ้นศาลเพิ่มขึ้นตามที่บัญญัติไว้ในตารางท้ายประมวลกฎหมายนี้เมื่อยื่นคำฟ้องเพิ่มเติมหรือภายในระยะเวลาที่ศาลเห็นสมควร แล้วแต่กรณี ถ้าเนื่องจากศาลได้มีคำสั่งให้พิจารณาคดีรวมกันหรือให้แยกคดีกัน คำฟ้องใดหรือข้อหาอันมีอยู่ในคำฟ้องใดจะต้องโอนไปยังศาลอื่น หรือจะต้องกลับยื่นต่อศาลนั้นใหม่ หรือต่อศาลอื่นเป็นคดีเรื่องหนึ่งต่างหาก ให้โจทก์ได้รับผ่อนผันไม่ต้องเสียค่าขึ้นศาลในการยื่น หรือกลับยื่นคำฟ้องหรือข้อหาเช่นว่านั้น เว้นแต่จำนวนทุนทรัพย์หรือราคาทรัพย์แห่งคำฟ้อง หรือข้อหานั้นจะได้ทวีขึ้น ในกรณีเช่นนี้ ค่าขึ้นศาลเฉพาะที่ทวีขึ้นให้คำนวณและชำระตามที่บัญญัติไว้ในวรรคก่อน ในกรณีที่บุคคลซึ่งเป็นคู่ความร่วมในคดีที่มูลความแห่งคดีเป็นการชำระหนี้อันไม่อาจแบ่งแยกได้ต่างยื่นอุทธรณ์หรือฎีกาแยกกัน โดยต่างได้เสียค่าขึ้นศาลในชั้นอุทธรณ์หรือฎีกาตามความในวรรคสอง หากค่าขึ้นศาลดังกล่าวเมื่อรวมกันแล้วมีจำนวนสูงกว่าค่าขึ้นศาลที่คู่ความเหล่านั้นต้องชำระในกรณีที่ยื่นอุทธรณ์หรือฎีการ่วมกัน ให้ศาลอุทธรณ์หรือศาลฎีกา แล้วแต่กรณี มีคำสั่งคืนค่าขึ้นศาลส่วนที่เกินแก่คู่ความเหล่านั้นตามส่วนของค่าขึ้นศาลที่คู่ความแต่ละคนได้ชำระไปในเวลาที่ศาลนั้นมีคำพิพากษาหรือคำสั่ง
ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
มาตรา 253
ข้อความเต็ม
ถ้าโจทก์มิได้มีภูมิลำเนาหรือสำนักทำการงานอยู่ในราชอาณาจักรและไม่มีทรัพย์สินที่อาจถูกบังคับคดีได้อยู่ในราชอาณาจักร หรือถ้าเป็นที่เชื่อได้ว่าเมื่อโจทก์แพ้คดีแล้วจะหลีกเลี่ยงไม่ชำระค่าฤชาธรรมเนียมและค่าใช้จ่าย จำเลยอาจยื่นคำร้องต่อศาลไม่ว่าเวลาใด ๆ ก่อนพิพากษาขอให้ศาลมีคำสั่งให้โจทก์วางเงินต่อศาลหรือหาประกันมาให้เพื่อการชำระค่าฤชาธรรมเนียมและค่าใช้จ่ายดังกล่าวได้ถ้าศาลไต่สวนแล้วเห็นว่า มีเหตุอันสมควรหรือมีเหตุเป็นที่เชื่อได้ แล้วแต่กรณี ก็ให้ศาลมีคำสั่งให้โจทก์วางเงินต่อศาลหรือหาประกันมาให้ตามจำนวนและภายในระยะเวลาที่กำหนด โดยจะกำหนดเงื่อนไขใด ๆ ตามที่เห็นสมควรก็ได้ถ้าโจทก์มิได้ปฏิบัติตามคำสั่งศาลตามวรรคสอง ให้ศาลมีคำสั่งจำหน่ายคดีออกจากสารบบความ เว้นแต่จำเลยจะขอให้ดำเนินการพิจารณาต่อไป หรือมีการอุทธรณ์คำสั่งศาลตามวรรคสอง
ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
มาตรา 247
ข้อความเต็ม
การฎีกาคำพิพากษาหรือคำสั่งของศาลอุทธรณ์ ให้กระทำได้เมื่อได้รับอนุญาตจากศาลฎีกา การขออนุญาตฎีกา ให้ยื่นคำร้องพร้อมกับคำฟ้องฎีกาต่อศาลชั้นต้นที่มีคำพิพากษาหรือคำสั่งในคดีนั้นภายในกำหนดหนึ่งเดือนนับแต่วันที่ได้อ่านคำพิพากษาหรือคำสั่งของศาลอุทธรณ์ แล้วให้ศาลชั้นต้นรีบส่งคำร้องพร้อมคำฟ้องฎีกาดังกล่าวไปยังศาลฎีกา และให้ศาลฎีกาพิจารณาวินิจฉัยคำร้องให้เสร็จสิ้นโดยเร็ว
ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
มาตรา 18 พระราชบัญญัติวิธีพิจารณาคดีผู้บริโภค พ.ศ. 2551
ข้อความเต็ม
ภายใต้บังคับของกฎหมายว่าด้วยความรับผิดต่อความเสียหายที่เกิดขึ้นจากสินค้าที่ไม่ปลอดภัย การยื่นคำฟ้องตลอดจนการดำเนินกระบวนพิจารณาใด ๆ ในคดีผู้บริโภคซึ่งดำเนินการโดยผู้บริโภคหรือผู้มีอำนาจฟ้องคดีแทนผู้บริโภคให้ได้รับยกเว้นค่าฤชาธรรมเนียมทั้งปวง แต่ไม่รวมถึงความรับผิดในค่าฤชาธรรมเนียมในชั้นที่สุด ถ้าความปรากฏแก่ศาลว่าผู้บริโภคหรือผู้มีอำนาจฟ้องคดีแทนผู้บริโภคนำคดีมาฟ้องโดยไม่มีเหตุผลอันสมควร เรียกร้องค่าเสียหายเกินสมควร ประพฤติตนไม่เรียบร้อย ดำเนินกระบวนพิจารณาอันมีลักษณะเป็นการประวิงคดีหรือที่ไม่จำเป็น หรือมีพฤติการณ์อื่นที่ศาลเห็นสมควร ศาลอาจมีคำสั่งให้บุคคลนั้นชำระค่าฤชาธรรมเนียมที่ได้รับการยกเว้นทั้งหมดหรือแต่บางส่วนต่อศาลภายในระยะเวลาที่ศาลเห็นสมควรกำหนดก็ได้ หากไม่ปฏิบัติตาม ให้ศาลมีอำนาจสั่งจำหน่ายคดีออกจากสารบบความ ในกรณีตามวรรคหนึ่งและวรรคสอง ถ้าศาลเห็นว่าคู่ความอีกฝ่ายหนึ่งจะต้องเป็นผู้รับผิดเสียค่าฤชาธรรมเนียมทั้งหมดหรือแต่บางส่วนของคู่ความทั้งสองฝ่าย ให้ศาลพิพากษาในเรื่องค่าฤชาธรรมเนียมโดยสั่งให้คู่ความอีกฝ่ายหนึ่งนั้นชำระต่อศาลในนามของผู้บริโภคหรือผู้มีอำนาจฟ้องคดีแทนผู้บริโภคซึ่งค่าฤชาธรรมเนียมที่ผู้บริโภคหรือผู้มีอำนาจฟ้องคดีแทนผู้บริโภคนั้นได้รับยกเว้นทั้งหมดหรือแต่บางส่วนตามที่ศาลเห็นสมควร
ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
Français
Article 61
La constitution d'avocat se fait par écrit signé du client et de l'avocat, déposé au tribunal, et ne vaut que pour l'affaire concernée. L'avocat titulaire d'un mandat général le présente et en dépose une copie à la place, affaire par affaire.
résumé non officiel
Article 46
La procédure civile et les pièces sont en thaï, sans grattage : ratures et ajouts sont signés. Le tribunal ordonne une traduction certifiée, entière ou partielle, des documents étrangers ; la partie concernée fournit un interprète à qui ne comprend pas le thaï, ou est muet ou sourd et illettré.
résumé non officiel
Article 177
Le défendeur dépose sa réponse écrite sous 15 jours dès la signification, admettant ou niant clairement les allégations, motifs à l'appui. Il peut y joindre une demande reconventionnelle ; étrangère à la demande initiale, elle relève d'une action séparée ; règles applicables au tiers intervenant de l'article 57 (3).
résumé non officiel
Article 150
Dans une affaire évaluable en argent, les droits de justice suivent la valeur en litige à chaque instance ; toute augmentation entraîne un complément. Le redépôt imposé par une jonction ou disjonction en est dispensé, sauf sur l'augmentation ; le trop-payé de coparties à obligation indivisible appelant séparément est remboursé.
résumé non officiel
Article 253
Si le demandeur n'a dans le Royaume ni domicile ou lieu de travail ni biens saisissables, ou risque d'éluder les frais s'il perd, le défendeur peut, avant jugement, demander une consignation ou garantie. Sans exécution de l'ordre du tribunal, l'affaire est radiée, sauf poursuite demandée par le défendeur ou appel.
résumé non officiel
Article 247
Le pourvoi contre une décision de la Cour d'appel exige l'autorisation de la Cour suprême, demandée avec le pourvoi devant le tribunal de première instance dans le mois de la lecture; celui-ci transmet sans délai et la Cour suprême statue promptement.
résumé non officiel
Article 18 Consumer Case Procedure Act B.E. 2551
Sous réserve de la loi sur les produits dangereux, le consommateur ou la personne agissant pour lui est dispensé de tous frais de justice, sauf charge finale. Le tribunal peut exiger leur paiement, notamment pour action infondée, sous peine de radiation, ou les imputer à l'adversaire.
résumé non officiel
Sources
- Civil Procedure Code, Office of the Council of State, retrieved 31 October 2026
- Consumer Case Procedure Act B.E. 2551, retrieved 2 November 2026
Court fees
Court fees apply in civil cases in Thailand, and they are separate from what you pay your lawyer.
Where you sue for a sum of money, the filing fee is set by Table 1 annexed to the Civil Procedure Code: 2 percent of the amount claimed, capped at 200,000 baht, on a claim of up to fifty million baht. So a claim of 500,000 baht costs 10,000 baht to file and a claim of 5 million costs 100,000. Two percent of 10 million is exactly 200,000, so from 10 million upwards the cap binds and every claim up to fifty million pays the same 200,000. The rate does not change at 10 million; the ceiling simply takes over. Above fifty million the excess is charged at 0.1 percent, so a claim of 60 million baht pays 200,000 on the first fifty million and 10,000 on the ten million above it. A case that asks for something which cannot be valued in money, a declaration or an injunction for instance, is not charged on a percentage at all: Table 1 sets it at 200 baht per matter, and an appeal against an order under Section 228(1), the provision covering orders that detain, fine or imprison someone under the Code, carries no filing fee at all.
Three points matter more to a foreign litigant than the rate itself. The fee falls due again on appeal. Under Section 150 the appellant pays on the amount still in dispute at that level, which is the same figure over again unless the judgment below reduced what is at stake. Part of it can come back. Section 151 requires the whole fee to be refunded where the court refuses the complaint, the appeal or the Dika petition outright, and gives the court a discretion to return all or part of it where the case is withdrawn or ends in a settlement. A party who cannot pay can ask to be excused. Sections 155 to 156/1 allow an application for exemption, which the court grants only if it is credible that the applicant has no property sufficient to pay the fees or would otherwise suffer undue hardship, and, where the applicant is the one bringing the claim or the appeal, that it also has reasonable grounds. If the court dismisses that application or grants it only in part, the applicant has seven days from the order to appeal, and the Court of Appeal’s decision on that appeal is final.
One provision surprises foreign claimants more than any other. Under Section 253, if you are the plaintiff and you have no domicile or place of business in Thailand and no property here that could be seized to satisfy a costs order, the defendant may apply at any time before judgment for an order that you deposit money with the court or give security for the defendant’s court fees and costs. The same applies if the court is satisfied you would evade paying them. If you do not comply with the order, the court strikes the case off the list unless the defendant asks for it to continue. Budget for that possibility before you file.
The court fees above are not the only sum the losing side carries. Under Table 6, annexed to the same Code, the court also orders the loser to contribute towards the fee of the lawyer on the winning side, and it fixes that figure itself, weighing the difficulty of the case against the time and work the lawyer had to put in. The table gives a floor and a ceiling and leaves everything between them to the court: never less than 3,000 baht for a case, and never more than 5 percent of the amount in dispute at first instance, or 3 percent on appeal or in the Supreme Court. Where the claim cannot be valued in money the two ceilings are fixed sums instead, 30,000 baht and 20,000 baht. On a claim of one million baht the first-instance maximum is therefore 50,000 baht. These are limits, not a price list: what the court awards is a contribution towards what the winning side paid, not the bill it received. Both Table 1 and Table 6 took their present form in the Civil Procedure Code Amendment Act (No. 24) B.E. 2551.
Two kinds of claim carry no filing fee at all, and they are the two a foreign resident is most likely to bring. A labour claim is free: section 27 of the Act Establishing Labour Courts and Labour Case Procedure B.E. 2522 exempts the filing of the complaint and every step of the proceedings from court fees, without condition. A consumer claim is free at the outset but not unconditionally: section 18 of the Consumer Case Procedure Act B.E. 2551 exempts a consumer, or a body suing on behalf of consumers, from all court fees, yet it does not reach final liability for costs, and it lets the court order the exempted fees to be paid after all where it finds the claim was brought without reasonable cause, the damages claimed were excessive, the consumer behaved improperly, the proceedings were being drawn out unnecessarily, or there is some other circumstance the court considers justifies it. If that order is not obeyed the case is struck off the list. The exemption is real, and it is not a licence to file anything.
Small claims: a procedure, not a separate court
Thailand has no separate “small claims court”. What it has is a faster procedure inside the ordinary civil courts, which the Civil Procedure Code calls a petty case (khadi manosare). Sections 189 to 196 set out how it works, and the court that hears it is the ordinary civil court that would have had the case anyway.
What counts as a petty case. Section 189 sets two gateways, and in both of them the figure printed in the Code has since been raised. A money claim qualifies if it is not more than 300,000 baht. An eviction claim qualifies if the rent is not more than 30,000 baht a month. The Code itself still reads 40,000 baht and 4,000 baht a month, but each of those figures is followed by the words or such amount as is fixed by Royal Decree, and the Royal Decree Fixing the Amount of Money in Petty Cases B.E. 2546 is the decree that fixed the higher ones. The Supreme Court applies it that way, so the working figures are 300,000 and 30,000.
How the amount is counted. Section 190 takes the figure from what the plaintiff claims, and leaves out both the court fee itself and interest that is not yet due when the complaint is filed. Interest that has already accrued by the day you file is a different matter, because it counts towards the total. A claim of 300,000 baht with interest running from an earlier date is therefore above the line rather than on it, and the same arithmetic decides which court may hear the case at all.
What it costs, which is the point of the procedure. Section 190 quattuor sets the filing fee: you pay under Table 1 in the ordinary way, but the court fees together are capped at 1,000 baht. On a claim of 300,000 baht the ordinary 2 percent would be 6,000 baht, so the cap saves 5,000 baht at the outset. Two limits on it are worth knowing. It is a cap for the court of first instance, so if you appeal, or go on to the Supreme Court, the fee at that level is worked out on the amount still in dispute there. And it does not reach a case brought into the procedure under section 196 below, which section 196 expressly leaves out.
Why the procedure is worth asking for. Under section 191 you may bring the claim orally: you state it at the court and the court writes it down and has you sign it, instead of filing a drafted complaint. Under section 193 the court sets an early hearing and the summons tells the defendant to come for conciliation, to answer, and to give evidence on the same day, with the court attempting to settle the matter first. Under section 194 the judgment itself may be given orally.
It can reach a case that is not small. Section 196 lets an ordinary claim for a fixed sum on a dishonoured bill of exchange, or on a written contract that appears genuine and enforceable on its face, be tried under the petty-case procedure where the court finds the case uncomplicated, whether or not you asked for it. If the case stops being simple, the same section lets the court revoke that order and move it back to the ordinary track.
How long a case takes
Since 2023 the courts publish their own targets, and a party can hold them to the published figure. The Act on the Determination of Time Periods for Operations in the Justice Process B.E. 2565 sets no timetable of its own. What it does is require every body in the justice system to fix and publish a completion period for each stage of its work, to record and explain a delay, and to run a system through which a party can check progress. For the Courts of Justice those periods are set by a regulation made by the President of the Supreme Court, published in the Royal Gazette on 23 January 2023 and in force the following day.
At first instance. The regulation sorts cases into three classes. A special management case is one that is not complicated and can realistically be finished in a single hearing, and the class expressly includes petty cases, consumer cases, cases where the defendant does not answer, and uncontested applications such as an application to administer an estate. Those are to be decided within six months of the complaint being accepted. An ordinary case is one year, and so is a complex ordinary case, meaning one that cannot be heard straight through and has to be set down in blocks of two to four days. Any case in a Kwaeng court, which is the district court, is six months whether it is civil or criminal and whatever its type. And a criminal case in which any defendant is held in custody during the trial is six months from the date of the detention warrant.
On appeal. The Court of Appeal works to one year from the day it receives the file from the court below, and to six months where the only question is the sentence. The regional and specialised Courts of Appeal work to four months for the simplest class of appeal, six months for the next, and one year for everything else. The Supreme Court is one year from receipt of the file, and six months to decide an application for permission to appeal to it. That permission is the gate: under section 247 you cannot appeal a Court of Appeal judgment as of right, you must ask the Supreme Court to allow it, and the request goes in with the appeal itself within one month of the Court of Appeal judgment being read.
Applications along the way. An application for release on bail is to be decided on the day the court receives it. An application to have money returned to you is decided within three working days and paid out within seven. Other applications are three working days at first instance and three months in the appellate courts.
These are targets, not guarantees, and the regulation says so in terms. It allows the period to be exceeded where the file has to be transferred, where a draft judgment goes to consultation or to a full court, where the parties cause the delay themselves by mediating or by waiting for the result of another case, and where the hold up comes from outside the court, such as service of process abroad, the mapping of disputed land or the forensic examination of evidence. What the regulation gives you is not a deadline but a right to an answer. If your case runs over, the reason has to appear in the court record, you can ask the court office about it, and that office must check the progress and tell you the result within fifteen days. You can also follow the file yourself on the Courts of Justice tracking system at cios.coj.go.th/tracking.
Dresscode, What to Know Before you Go to Court in Thailand
Courtroom decorum in Thailand is taken very seriously. Appropriate attire is very important, which means you should avoid wearing flip-flops, shorts, sleeveless shirts, or casual clothing. Men are advised to wear long pants and a collared shirt, while women should dress modestly, avoiding short skirts, tight clothing, or sleeveless tops. This dress code shows respect for the court, which represents His Majesty the King. It requires a high level of respect and formality. It is not always necessary, but it is also good idea to follow the dress code when visiting government offices. Places such as Immigration or the Labour Department. Officials in these departments may interpret respectful attire as an indication of seriousness, professionalism, and courtesy. Dressing appropriately can significantly influence how smoothly interactions proceed and can often positively impact the outcome of your visit. Behavior within the courtroom and government offices should also reflect utmost respect and politeness. Disruptions, informalities, or casual postures, such as crossing your legs when seated, are prohibited in court settings. Furthermore, to protect privacy and maintain dignity, photography is strictly forbidden within court premises. Adhering to these guidelines demonstrates cultural awareness and respect, helping you avoid misunderstandings or potential accusations of contempt.
Foreigners need interpreters
Foreigners face additional layers of complexity in the Thai legal system. Visa regulations, property ownership laws, and business regulations have nuances that require careful navigation, often necessitating local legal expertise.
Foreigners also need interpreters in Courtbecause all the procedures are done in Thai language. What to know before you go to Court in Thailand? Know that your interpreter can make a huge difference.
Frequently asked questions
Is there a small claims court in Thailand?
No. Thailand has a faster petty-case procedure inside the ordinary civil courts, not a separate court. It covers money claims of not more than 300,000 baht and eviction claims where the rent is not more than 30,000 baht a month.
How long does a defendant have to answer a civil claim?
Usually 15 days. The answer is the next step after the complaint, and Thai courts then actively push mediation before trial.
Can a foreign plaintiff be ordered to give security for costs?
Yes. Under Section 253, a plaintiff with no domicile or place of business in Thailand and no property here that could be seized can be ordered to deposit money or give security. If you do not comply, the court strikes the case off unless the defendant asks for it to continue.
Can I appeal to the Supreme Court as of right?
No. Under section 247 you must ask the Supreme Court to allow it, and the request goes in with the appeal itself within one month of the Court of Appeal judgment being read.
Civil Litigation in Thailand: What the Process Looks Like
If a dispute cannot be settled, civil litigation is the route. Civil cases are governed principally by the Civil and Commercial Code, and they cover contractual disputes and breaches, property and landlord-tenant matters, tort claims such as personal injury and defamation, family matters including divorce, custody and inheritance disputes, and debt collection.
The Steps, in Order
- Pre-action notice. A formal notice is normally sent first, setting out the dispute and the action contemplated.
- Filing the complaint. If no settlement is reached, a complaint is filed with the court setting out the claims and the remedies sought.
- Defendant’s answer. The defendant has a set period, usually 15 days, to respond.
- Mediation. Thai courts actively push mediation before trial. This is not a formality: see the section above on why it matters.
- Trial. If mediation fails, both sides present evidence and argument before a judge. There is no jury.
- Judgment. The court may award money, or order a party to do or refrain from doing something.
- Appeal. Either party may appeal to a higher court.
Three Things That Decide Cases Early
Prescription. Thai law sets limitation periods for bringing an action. Miss the period and the claim is lost regardless of its merits, so the first question in any dispute is how long you have.
Jurisdiction. The right court depends on where the events happened, where the defendant lives, the nature and value of the claim, and whether you are suing a person, a company or a state body. Filing in the wrong court costs time you may not have.
Language. Proceedings are conducted in Thai. Documents in other languages need certified translation, and a foreign party needs an interpreter.
A lawyer’s value here is concentrated at the start: assessing whether the claim is worth bringing, getting the limitation period and the forum right, drafting the pleadings correctly, and negotiating at mediation before costs mount. If you need representation in a civil dispute, contact us.
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