Reviewed by Wichuda Atthamethakon, LL.M., Thai Bar Licence 3149/2556, for ThaiLawOnline, a Thai law firm acting for foreigners since 2006.
Update log
- 2 November 2026: Added the statute box with Thai, English and French text and checked the page against the official text
You lent a friend 500,000 baht. He signed a paper that says “promissory note” and promised to pay you back. Is that worth anything in a Thai court? Yes. And in some ways it is stronger than a loan contract. But it carries one trap that catches lenders out every year. A promissory note in Thailand (ตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงิน) is a negotiable instrument. The law treats it very differently from an ordinary loan agreement.
Table of Contents
Download the bilingual Promissory Note template · ดาวน์โหลดแม่แบบตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงิน
A one-page bilingual note (EN/TH) with all seven particulars required by Section 983, a stamp-duty box, an aval (guarantee) section, a corporate signing block, a payment-record page, and a plain-language how-to guide. You get an editable Word file and a print-ready PDF. The small legal references printed on it are educational, you may delete them (or one of the two languages) before signing. ตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงินเป็นตราสารเปลี่ยนมือตามมาตรา 982 อย่าลืมอายุความ 3 ปี (มาตรา 1001) แม่แบบสองภาษามาพร้อมคำแนะนำการใช้งาน
DOWNLOAD, LAWYER-DRAFTED TEMPLATE
Promissory Note Template (Thailand), Bilingual English-Thai, Two Variants + Guarantee
Ready to sign in minutes: fixed-date and payable-on-demand variants with every element Thai law requires, an optional aval (guarantee) block, a part-payment record, and plain-language instructions in English and Thai, including the stamp-duty step and the three-year deadline most lenders miss. Word + print-ready PDF, instant download. ตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงินสองภาษา พร้อมคำอธิบายเข้าใจง่าย
Get the Promissory Note ฿390 Need instalments? Loan Agreement ฿590 →
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What a promissory note is under Thai law
Thai law puts promissory notes in the “Bills” title of the
Civil and Commercial Code. Section 898 lists three kinds of bills: the bill of exchange, the promissory note, and the cheque.
Section 982gives the definition. The maker promises, unconditionally, to pay a fixed sum of money to the payee, or to that person’s order. The key word is “order.” The note can be passed to someone else by endorsement, and the new holder can then demand payment. That is what “negotiable” means. A loan contract cannot do that on its own.
The seven things a valid note must contain
Section 983lists seven required particulars:
- The words “promissory note” (ตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงิน) on the document itself;
- An unconditional promise to pay a definite sum of money;
- The maturity date, the day payment is due;
- The place of payment;
- The name or trade name of the payee;
- The date and place where the note is issued;
- The signature of the maker.
forgives some omissions: a note with no maturity date is payable at sight; if the place of payment or issue is missing, the maker’s domicile is used; a missing issue date may be written in by a holder in good faith. Do not rely on these defaults. Fill in every box, blanks are where disputes start.
The law behind this page
English
Section 982
A promissory note is a written instrument by which one person, the maker, promises to pay a sum of money to another person, the payee, or to that person's order. It differs from a bill of exchange in having two parties rather than three: the maker promises to pay himself, instead of ordering someone else to pay.
Full text
A promissory note is a written instrument by which one person, called the maker, promises to pay a sum of money to another person, or to the order of another person, called the payee.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 983
This section lists the seven particulars a promissory note must contain: the words promissory note, an unconditional promise to pay a certain sum, the date of maturity, the place of payment, the name or business name of the payee, the date and place of issue, and the maker's signature. Section 984 governs what happens when one of them is missing, and several omissions are cured rather than fatal.
Full text
A promissory note must contain the following particulars: (1) the term "promissory note"; (2) an unconditional promise to pay a certain sum of money; (3) the date of maturity; (4) the place of payment; (5) the name or business name of the payee; (6) the date and place of issue of the promissory note; (7) the signature of the maker.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 1001
No action against the acceptor of a bill of exchange, or against the maker of a promissory note, may be brought after three years from the date of maturity.
Full text
No action against the acceptor of a bill of exchange, or against the maker of a promissory note, may be brought after three years from the date of maturity.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 984
An instrument lacking any particular required by Section 983 is not valid as a promissory note, but four omissions are cured by this section instead. A note with no time of payment is payable at sight; with no place of payment, the maker's domicile applies; with no place of issue, it is deemed issued at the maker's domicile; and a lawful holder acting in good faith may insert a missing date of issue, provided the date inserted is the true one.
Full text
An instrument which lacks any of the particulars required by the preceding Section is not valid as a promissory note, except in the following cases. A promissory note in which the time of payment is not stated is deemed payable at sight. If the place of payment is not stated, the domicile of the maker is deemed to be the place of payment. If the note does not state the place of issue, it is deemed to have been issued at the domicile of the maker. If the date of issue is not stated, any lawful holder acting in good faith may insert the true date.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 985
Full text
The following provisions of Chapter 2 concerning bills of exchange apply to promissory notes, so far as they are not inconsistent with the nature of that instrument: Sections 911, 913, 916, 917, 919, 920, 922 to 926, 938 to 947, 949, 950, 954 to 959, and 967 to 971. In the case of a promissory note issued abroad, Sections 960 to 964, 973 and 974 also apply.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 940
Full text
The giver of an aval is bound in the same manner as the person for whom he has given it. His undertaking is valid even if the liability he has guaranteed is invalid for any reason other than a defect of form. When the giver of an aval pays the bill of exchange, he acquires the rights arising out of it against the person for whom he gave the aval, and against those who are liable to that person.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 654
Interest on a money loan may not exceed 15% per annum. Any excess is reduced to fifteen per cent per annum. Charging above the limit is separately an offence under the Act on Loans of Money Carrying Interest Beyond the Permitted Rate.
Full text
Interest may not be charged at a rate exceeding fifteen per cent per annum. If the contract fixes interest at a higher rate, it shall be reduced to fifteen per cent per annum.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 118 Revenue Code
Full text
Where an instrument is not fully stamped, its original, counterpart, counterfoil or copy cannot be used as evidence in a civil case until duty has been paid by affixing stamps in the full amount at the rates in the schedule at the end of this Chapter and cancelling them. This does not, however, impair the right to demand the surcharge on duty under Section 113 and Section 114.
ThaiLawOnline translation
ไทย
มาตรา 982
ข้อความเต็ม
อันว่าตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงินนั้น คือหนังสือตราสารซึ่งบุคคลคนหนึ่ง เรียกว่าผู้ออกตั๋ว ให้คำมั่นสัญญาว่าจะใช้เงินจำนวนหนึ่งให้แก่บุคคลอีกคนหนึ่ง หรือใช้ให้ตามคำสั่งของบุคคลอีกคนหนึ่ง เรียกว่าผู้รับเงิน
ข้อความจากฐานข้อมูลประมวลกฎหมายของเรา โปรดตรวจสอบกับข้อความทางการ (Thai text from our annotated code. Check it against the official text.)
มาตรา 983
ข้อความเต็ม
ตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงินนั้น ต้องมีรายการดังจะกล่าวต่อไปนี้ คือ(๑) คำบอกชื่อว่าเป็นตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงิน(๒) คำมั่นสัญญาอันปราศจากเงื่อนไขว่าจะใช้เงินเป็นจำนวนแน่นอน(๓) วันถึงกำหนดใช้เงิน(๔) สถานที่ใช้เงิน(๕) ชื่อ หรือยี่ห้อของผู้รับเงิน(๖) วันและสถานที่ออกตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงิน(๗) ลายมือชื่อผู้ออกตั๋ว
ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
มาตรา 1001
ข้อความเต็ม
ในคดีฟ้องผู้รับรองตั๋วแลกเงินก็ดี ผู้ออกตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงินก็ดี ท่านห้ามมิให้ฟ้องเมื่อพ้นเวลาสามปีนับแต่วันตั๋วนั้น ๆ ถึงกำหนดใช้เงิน
ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
มาตรา 984
ข้อความเต็ม
ตราสารอันมีรายการขาดตกบกพร่องไปจากที่ท่านระบุบังคับไว้ในมาตราก่อนนี้ ย่อมไม่สมบูรณ์เป็นตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงิน เว้นแต่ในกรณีดังจะกล่าวต่อไปนี้ คือตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงินซึ่งไม่ระบุเวลาใช้เงิน ท่านให้ถือว่าพึงใช้เงินเมื่อได้เห็นถ้าสถานที่ใช้เงินมิได้แถลงไว้ในตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงิน ท่านให้ถือเอาภูมิลำเนาของผู้ออกตราสารนั้นเป็นสถานที่ใช้เงินถ้าตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงินไม่ระบุสถานที่ออกตั๋ว ท่านให้ถือว่าตั๋วนั้นได้ออก ณ ภูมิลำเนาของผู้ออกตั๋วถ้ามิได้ลงวันออกตั๋ว ท่านว่าผู้ทรงโดยชอบด้วยกฎหมายคนหนึ่งคนใดทำการโดยสุจริตจะจดวันตามที่ถูกต้องแท้จริงลงก็ได้
ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
มาตรา 985
ข้อความเต็ม
บทบัญญัติทั้งหลายในหมวด ๒ ว่าด้วยตั๋วแลกเงินดังจะกล่าวต่อไปนี้ ท่านให้ยกมาบังคับในเรื่องตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงินเพียงเท่าที่ไม่ขัดกับสภาพแห่งตราสารชนิดนี้ คือบทมาตรา ๙๑๑ ๙๑๓ ๙๑๖ ๙๑๗ ๙๑๙ ๙๒๐ ๙๒๒ ถึง ๙๒๖ ๙๓๘ ถึง ๙๔๗ ๙๔๙ ๙๕๐ ๙๕๔ ถึง ๙๕๙ ๙๖๗ ถึง ๙๗๑ถ้าเป็นตั๋วสัญญาใช้เงินที่ออกมาแต่ต่างประเทศ ท่านให้นำบทบัญญัติต่อไปนี้มาใช้บังคับด้วย คือบทมาตรา ๙๖๐ ถึง ๙๖๔ ๙๗๓ ๙๗๔
ข้อความจากฐานข้อมูลประมวลกฎหมายของเรา โปรดตรวจสอบกับข้อความทางการ (Thai text from our annotated code. Check it against the official text.)
มาตรา 940
ข้อความเต็ม
ผู้รับอาวัลย่อมต้องผูกพันเป็นอย่างเดียวกันกับบุคคลซึ่งตนประกันแม้ถึงว่าความรับผิดใช้เงินอันผู้รับอาวัลได้ประกันอยู่นั้น จะตกเป็นใช้ไม่ได้ด้วยเหตุใด ๆ นอกจากเพราะทำผิดแบบระเบียบ ท่านว่าข้อที่สัญญารับอาวัลนั้นก็ยังคงสมบูรณ์เมื่อผู้รับอาวัลได้ใช้เงินไปตามตั๋วแลกเงินแล้ว ย่อมได้สิทธิในอันจะไล่เบี้ยเอาแก่บุคคลซึ่งตนได้ประกันไว้ กับทั้งบุคคลทั้งหลายผู้รับผิดแทนตัวผู้นั้น
ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
มาตรา 654
ข้อความเต็ม
ท่านห้ามมิให้คิดดอกเบี้ยเกินร้อยละสิบห้าต่อปี ถ้าในสัญญากำหนดดอกเบี้ยเกินกว่านั้น ก็ให้ลดลงมาเป็นร้อยละสิบห้าต่อปี
ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
มาตรา 118 ประมวลรัษฎากร
ข้อความเต็ม
ตราสารใดไม่ปิดแสตมป์บริบูรณ์ จะใช้ต้นฉบับ คู่ฉบับ คู่ฉีก หรือสำเนาตราสารนั้นเป็นพยานหลักฐานในคดีแพ่งไม่ได้ จนกว่าจะได้เสียอากรโดยปิดแสตมป์ครบจำนวนตามอัตราในบัญชีท้ายหมวดนี้ และขีดฆ่าแล้ว แต่ทั้งนี้ ไม่เป็นการเสื่อมสิทธิที่จะเรียกเงินเพิ่มอากรตามมาตรา ๑๑๓ และมาตรา ๑๑๔
ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
Français
Article 982
Le billet à ordre est un écrit par lequel une personne, le souscripteur, promet de payer une somme d'argent à une autre personne, le bénéficiaire, ou à son ordre.
résumé non officiel
Article 983
Mentions obligatoires du billet à ordre : (1) sa dénomination; (2) promesse inconditionnelle de payer une somme déterminée; (3) échéance; (4) lieu de paiement; (5) nom ou raison sociale du bénéficiaire; (6) date et lieu de création; (7) signature du souscripteur.
résumé non officiel
Article 1001
L'action contre l'accepteur d'une lettre de change ou le souscripteur d'un billet à ordre se prescrit par trois ans à compter de l'échéance de l'effet.
résumé non officiel
Article 984
Un titre incomplet n'est pas un billet à ordre, sauf : sans échéance, payable à vue; sans lieu de paiement ou de création, le domicile du souscripteur en tient lieu; sans date, tout porteur légitime de bonne foi peut inscrire la date exacte.
résumé non officiel
Article 985
S'appliquent au billet à ordre, si compatibles, les articles 911, 913, 916, 917, 919, 920, 922 à 926, 938 à 947, 949, 950, 954 à 959, 967 à 971; s'il est émis à l'étranger, aussi 960 à 964, 973, 974.
résumé non officiel
Article 940
L'avaliseur est tenu comme la personne qu'il garantit. Son engagement reste valable même si l'obligation garantie est nulle pour toute cause autre qu'un vice de forme. Après avoir payé la lettre de change, il a recours contre la personne garantie et ceux qui répondent envers elle.
résumé non officiel
Article 654
L'intérêt ne peut dépasser 15 % par an; un taux contractuel supérieur est réduit à 15 % par an.
résumé non officiel
Article 118 Revenue Code
Un acte insuffisamment timbré, qu'il s'agisse de l'original, du duplicata, de la souche ou d'une copie, ne peut servir de preuve en matière civile avant paiement intégral du droit par timbres oblitérés, sans préjudice de la majoration prévue aux articles 113 et 114.
résumé non officiel
Sources
- Civil and Commercial Code, Office of the Council of State, retrieved 31 October 2026
- Revenue Code, retrieved 2 November 2026
Promissory note vs loan agreement
People use the two terms as if they are the same. They are not. A
loan agreementis a contract. A promissory note is a one-sided instrument that travels.
| Feature | Loan Agreement | Promissory Note |
|---|---|---|
| Governing law | CCC Sections 650-656 | CCC Sections 982-986 |
| Nature | Two-party contract | Negotiable instrument |
| Transfer to third party | Not by itself | Yes, by endorsement |
| Time limit to sue | Ten years (s.193/30) | Three years (s.1001) |
| Guarantee | Separate suretyship contract | Aval signed on the note (s.938-940) |
| Proof needed | Writing if over 2,000 baht (s.653) | The note itself |
The three-year trap
This is the part that costs people money. Under
Section 1001, a claim against the maker is barred after
three years from the maturity date. A loan agreement gives you ten. We have seen lenders lose the right to sue while waiting politely on repeated promises to pay. If you hold a note, diarise the maturity date the day you receive it. Send a written demand early, and file well before the three years run out. If your note is payable at sight (no maturity date), do not let it sleep in a drawer, present it for payment and start the clock on your own terms.
Interest: the 15% ceiling
Any interest written on the note must not exceed
15% per year(
Section 654) where the note is really the paperwork for a loan, which is the usual case between individuals. Although section 654 itself says an excessive rate is reduced to 15%, charging more is an offence under the Prohibition of Charging Excessive Interest Act B.E. 2560 (2017), and the courts treat an interest agreement that breaks that Act as void under Civil and Commercial Code section 150: the lender keeps the principal, with statutory interest once the borrower defaults, and loses the agreed interest. The ceiling does not bind a note that is not a loan: interest written on a note is agreed under sections 911 and 985, and the Supreme Court has upheld 16% on a note (decision 1783/2551) and discounts above 15% on notes and cheques sold for cash (decisions 2169/2538 and 4300/2567). If your note records a loan, stay at or below 15% a year. If the note says nothing about interest, no interest runs before maturity; from the maturity date the holder can claim 5% a year (sections 968(2) and 985).
Stamp duty: 3 baht that can sink your case
A promissory note carries a flat
3-baht stamp dutyunder item 9(2) of the Stamp Duty Schedule of the Revenue Code. The maker is the person liable, and the stamp must be cancelled (crossed out) once affixed. Skip it and the note cannot be used as evidence in a Thai civil court until the full duty has been stamped and cancelled (Revenue Code section 118); a surcharge is added on top of the duty: nothing if you present the note to the Revenue Department within 15 days, then twice the duty (minimum 4 baht) within 90 days and five times (minimum 10 baht) after that, or six times (minimum 25 baht) if an official finds it unstamped (sections 113 and 114). On a 3-baht note that is 25 baht at most. Three baht at signing, or a fight about admissibility at trial. Stamp it on day one.
Aval: a guarantee written on the note
A third person can guarantee payment by writing “good as aval” (ใช้ได้เป็นอาวัล) on the note and signing it. The aval rules for bills of exchange (Sections 938-940) apply to promissory notes through Section 985. The avaliseur is bound in the same manner as the maker: you can sue the guarantor directly on the instrument, without a separate suretyship contract. For any significant sum, ask for an aval from a solvent guarantor. It is one signature, and it doubles the pool of people who owe you the money.
Transferring the note
The payee can transfer the note by
endorsement: signing on the back and delivering it to the new holder. The new holder acquires the right to demand payment in their own name. This is what makes a promissory note useful in business, it can settle a debt, secure a deal, or be discounted for cash.
If the maker does not pay
- Check the dates. Confirm the maturity date and how much of the three years remains.
- Send a written demand. A lawyer’s demand letter, with a short deadline, resolves many notes without court.
- Fix the stamp duty if it was never paid, before you file, not after the other side objects.
- Sue on the note. The original instrument is your evidence. Claims up to 300,000 baht can proceed as small claims (คดีมโนสาเร่); larger claims go to the ordinary civil court.
Common mistakes we see
- No maturity date, then confusion about when the three years started.
- Interest at 2% or 3% per month on a note given for a loan: the whole interest clause dies in court.
- No 3-baht stamp, discovered by the other side’s lawyer at trial.
- Paying in instalments without recording them on the note, or paying in full without taking the original back.
- A company “maker” signed by someone who is not the authorized director, without the company seal.
- Waiting past the three years on friendly promises to pay next month.
Frequently asked questions
Last reviewed: 27 September 2026. Civil and Commercial Code sections 7, 150, 224, 653, 654, 898, 911, 982 to 985 and 1001 were read in Thai, as were Supreme Court decisions 1783/2551, 2169/2538 and 4300/2567. The stamp duty rules (Revenue Code sections 113, 114 and 118 and Schedule item 9) were read in the Revenue Department’s English text. Re-checked on 6 October 2026: Civil and Commercial Code sections 984 and 1001 and Revenue Code sections 113, 114, 118 and Schedule item 9(2) read in Thai; the surcharge is now stated by tier (the old ‘up to six times the duty’ missed the 25-baht minimum); the small-claims threshold and the template were not re-read.
Is a promissory note the same as a loan agreement?
No. A loan agreement is a contract between two parties. A promissory note is a negotiable instrument that can be transferred to a third party by endorsement.
How long do I have to sue on a promissory note?
Three years from the maturity date (Section 1001). A loan agreement gives ten years.
What must a valid note contain?
The seven items of Section 983: the words “promissory note”, an unconditional promise to pay a definite sum, the maturity date, the place of payment, the payee’s name, the date and place of issue, and the maker’s signature.
What if there is no maturity date on the note?
Under Section 984 the note is payable at sight, the holder can demand payment at any time. It is still better practice to state a date, so the limitation period is beyond argument.
What if no interest rate is written?
No interest runs before maturity, but from the maturity date you can claim 5% a year (sections 968(2) and 985).
Can a foreigner sign or hold one?
Yes. A foreigner can be the maker or the payee. Use a bilingual note so both sides, and later a Thai judge, read the same thing.
Can the note be in English only, or Thai only?
Either is valid. A Thai-only note works directly in court. An English-only note is valid too, but you will need a certified Thai translation to sue on it. Our template is bilingual; you may delete one language if both parties prefer.
Does it need stamp duty?
Yes, 3 baht, paid by the maker, stamp cancelled. An unstamped note cannot be used as evidence in a civil case until the duty is stamped and cancelled (Revenue Code section 118), and a small surcharge is added, at most 25 baht on a 3-baht note (sections 113 and 114).
Can a promissory note be signed electronically?
Sign it in wet ink on paper. Enforcement depends on producing the original instrument, and Thai court practice with electronic bills is not settled ground you want to test with your own money.
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General legal information, not legal advice. Speak to a licensed Thai lawyer before acting.Thai Law Updates, free by email
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