Reviewed by Wichuda Atthamethakon, LL.M., Thai Bar Licence 3149/2556, for ThaiLawOnline, a Thai law firm acting for foreigners since 2006.
Update log
- 2 November 2026: Added the statute box with Thai, English and French text and checked the page against the official text
Last reviewed: 25 September 2026. The three Supreme Court decisions cited below, 7189/2562, 7364/2558 and 15649-15650/2558, were read in Thai to their dispositions, with the provisions they apply: Civil and Commercial Code sections 379, 383 and 583, Labour Protection Act B.E. 2541 sections 14/1 and 119, and Unfair Contract Terms Act B.E. 2540 section 5. Not verified in this review: the Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545, the drafting advice, and the section on NDAs abroad, which is general guidance rather than Thai law. Re-checked on 6 October 2026: read in Thai the Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545 as amended in 2558, sections 3, 6, 7, 8, 13 and 33; added its definition, infringement test and remedies to the section on how binding NDAs are; the drafting advice and the section on NDAs abroad remain general guidance.
NDA Agreements in Thailand (Non Disclosure Agreements) are important legal contracts that protect confidential business information from being improperly disclosed or misused. In Thailand, NDAs find their legal basis primarily in the Civil and Commercial Code, which governs contracts generally. NDAs are valid when they adhere to basic contract principles. These principles include having legal objectives, mutual consent, and the capacity to enter into a contract.
NDAs are usually the first contract a new company signs: see our guide to setting up a business in Thailand.
NDA Agreements in Thailand are commonly used by companies in various industries to protect confidential information such as trade secrets, data, strategies, and sensitive information.
Table of Contents
Frequently asked questions
Are NDAs legally binding in Thailand?
Yes. They are contracts governed by the Civil and Commercial Code and are enforceable when they meet ordinary contract requirements: mutual agreement, lawful purpose and a clear intent to be bound.
Does the Trade Secrets Act add to an NDA?
Yes. Breaching an NDA to disclose, take or use a trade secret is an infringement (section 6). The owner can seek a temporary court order, even before suing, and then damages (section 8).
Can a non-compete in an NDA be enforced?
Only so far as it is fair and reasonable (Unfair Contract Terms Act section 5). In Decision 7364/2558 a one-year restriction was held reasonable.
Can a court reduce the penalty in an NDA?
Yes. An agreed sum for breach is a penalty (section 379), which the court may reduce if excessive (section 383). In 7364/2558 the 500,000 baht penalty went back to the Central Labour Court to fix the amount.
Cases related to NDA Agreements in Thailand
Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs) are extensively utilized by companies in Thailand across various sectors such as technology, manufacturing, finance, and more. They serve to protect trade secrets, proprietary data, business strategies, and other confidential information.. A few high-profile examples of NDA Agreements in Thailand decisions include:
- The Supreme Court adjudicated a case where an employee was terminated from their job after forwarding confidential work-related information to their personal email account (Supreme Court Decision No. 7189/2562). The court ruled that the employerâs decision to dismiss the employee was fair and lawful under the circumstances. The employer was not obligated to provide advance notice or warning to the employee prior to terminating their employment. Furthermore, the employee was not entitled to receive any compensation or severance pay upon termination. The employee had signed a confidentiality undertaking, and the document concerned described the employer’s business and management and was one the employer was contractually bound not to copy or disclose. Sending it to a personal email account made it easy to pass on or take away beyond the employer’s control, which the Court treated as dishonest performance of duty and a serious breach of the work rules. The dismissal therefore needed no severance pay (Labour Protection Act section 119(2) and (4)) and no notice (Civil and Commercial Code section 583), and it was not an unfair dismissal. The Supreme Court reversed the lower court and dismissed the employee’s claim.
Supreme Court Decision 7364/2558 is the leading case on the restrictions that often travel with an NDA. A cosmetics maker’s production supervisor had agreed not to work for a competitor for one year after leaving. The Court held one year a reasonable period, so the restriction did not burden the employee more than could normally be expected and was fair under section 5 of the Unfair Contract Terms Act B.E. 2540. The agreed 500,000 baht for breach was a penalty (Civil and Commercial Code section 379), which the court may reduce if it is excessive (section 383), and the case went back to the Central Labour Court to fix the amount. Decision 15649-15650/2558, sometimes cited alongside it, is not an NDA case: it concerns confidential information supplied to the authorities in an anti-dumping inquiry under the Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Act B.E. 2542.
The law behind this page
English
Section 3 Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545
Full text
In this Act: "trade secret" means trade information not yet generally known or not yet accessible among persons normally connected with such information, which has commercial value by virtue of its secrecy, and in respect of which the trade secret controller has taken appropriate measures to maintain its secrecy; "trade information" means anything that conveys meaning, being a statement, account, fact or anything else, by whatever means it is conveyed and in whatever form it is kept, and includes a formula, pattern, compilation or assembled work, program, method, technique or process; "produce" means to make, mix, prepare or transform, and includes changing the form or repackaging; "sell" means to dispose of, distribute, hand out or exchange for commercial benefit, and includes possession for sale; "drug" means a drug under the law on drugs; "agricultural chemical" means a chemical used for agricultural purposes, and includes a chemical used to kill germs or to eliminate insects, animals or plants that may cause damage to agriculture; "trade secret owner" means a person who discovers, invents, compiles or creates trade information that is a trade secret without infringing another person's right in a trade secret, or a person lawfully entitled to test results or trade information that is a trade secret, and includes a transferee of rights under this Act; "trade secret controller" means the trade secret owner, and includes a person who possesses, controls or maintains the trade secret; "court" means the Intellectual Property and International Trade Court under the law on the establishment of, and procedure for, the Intellectual Property and International Trade Court; "Committee" means the Trade Secrets Committee; "member" means a member of the Trade Secrets Committee; "competent official" means a person appointed by the Minister to act under this Act; "Director-General" means the Director-General of the Department of Intellectual Property, and includes a person to whom the Director-General of the Department of Intellectual Property has delegated authority; "Minister" means the Minister having charge and control of this Act.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 6 Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545
Full text
An infringement of the right in a trade secret under this Act is an act of disclosing, taking or using a trade secret without the consent of the trade secret owner in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices, provided that the infringer knew or had reasonable grounds to know that the act was contrary to such practices. An act contrary to honest commercial practices under paragraph one includes breach of contract, breach of confidence or inducement to breach confidence, bribery, duress, fraud, theft, receiving stolen property, or espionage by electronic or any other means.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 8 Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545
Full text
Where there is clear evidence that any person is infringing, or is about to commit any act infringing, a right in a trade secret, the trade secret controller whose right is being or is about to be infringed shall have the following rights: (1) to apply to the court for an order requiring that person to suspend or refrain from the infringement of the right in the trade secret on a temporary basis; and (2) to bring an action in court for an order prohibiting that person from infringing the right in the trade secret, and to claim compensation from the infringer. The right under (1) may be exercised before an action is brought under (2).
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 13 Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545
Full text
In determining compensation where an action is brought under section 8 (2), the court shall have power to determine it according to the following rules: (1) in addition to awarding compensation for the damage actually suffered, the court may order the person infringing the right in the trade secret to return the benefits derived from, or in consequence of, the infringement, by including them in the compensation; (2) where compensation cannot be determined under (1), the court shall award compensation to the trade secret controller in such amount as the court thinks fit; (3) where there is clear evidence that the infringement of the right in the trade secret was committed wilfully or with malicious intent, causing the trade secret to cease to be a trade secret, the court shall have power to order the infringer to pay punitive compensation in addition to the amount determined under (1) or (2), but not exceeding twice the compensation under (1) or (2).
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 5 Unfair Contract Terms Act B.E. 2540
Full text
An agreement restricting the right or liberty to engage in an occupation or to enter into juristic acts relating to the conduct of a business, trade or profession, which is not void but which places the person whose right or liberty is restricted under a burden greater than could normally be anticipated, shall be enforceable only to the extent that is fair and reasonable in the circumstances. In deciding whether an agreement under paragraph one places the person whose right or liberty is restricted under a burden greater than could be anticipated, regard shall be had to the geographical area and duration of the restriction, as well as the ability and opportunity of the person whose right or liberty is restricted to engage in an occupation or enter into juristic acts in another form or with other persons, together with all the lawful interests of the contracting parties.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 379
Where the debtor has promised a penalty sum for failure to perform, or for failure to perform properly, the penalty is forfeited upon default. Where the performance consists of a forbearance, forfeiture occurs as soon as the debtor acts in contravention of that obligation.
Full text
If a debtor promises the creditor to pay a sum of money as a penalty in the event that he fails to perform his obligation, or fails to perform it properly, the penalty is forfeited when he is in default. If the performance due consists in forbearance from an act, the penalty is forfeited as soon as any act in contravention of the obligation is done.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 383
If a forfeited penalty is disproportionately high, the court may reduce it to a reasonable amount, taking into account all legitimate interests of the creditor. The right to seek reduction is extinguished once payment is made. The same rule applies to penalties promised for doing or abstaining from an act outside the scope of Sections 379 and 382.
Full text
If a forfeited penalty is disproportionately high, the court may reduce it to a reasonable amount. In determining what is reasonable, every legitimate interest of the creditor shall be taken into account, not merely the creditor's property interest. Once the penalty has been paid, the right to claim a reduction is extinguished. Apart from the cases provided for in section 379 and section 382, the same rule applies where a person promises a penalty in case that person does or refrains from doing a certain act.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 119 Labour Protection Act B.E. 2541
Full text
The employer is not required to pay severance pay to an employee whose employment is terminated in any of the following cases: (1) dishonesty in the performance of duty, or intentionally committing a criminal offence against the employer; (2) wilfully causing damage to the employer; (3) negligence causing serious damage to the employer; (4) violating work rules, regulations or orders of the employer that are lawful and fair, after the employer has given a written warning, except that in a serious case the employer need not give a warning. A written warning remains effective for not exceeding 1 year from the date of the employee's violation; (5) abandoning duty for 3 consecutive working days, whether or not there is an intervening holiday, without reasonable cause; (6) being sentenced to imprisonment by a final judgment of imprisonment. In the case of (6), if the offence was committed through negligence or is a petty offence, it must be one that caused damage to the employer. Where employment is terminated without severance pay under paragraph one, if the employer did not state the facts constituting the reason for termination in the termination letter, or did not inform the employee of the reason at the time of termination, the employer may not raise that reason afterwards.
ThaiLawOnline translation
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āđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļĩāđ âāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļķāđāļāļĒāļąāļāđāļĄāđāļĢāļđāđāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāđāļāļĒāļāļąāđāļ§āđāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļĒāļąāļāđāļāđāļēāļāļķāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāđāđāļāļŦāļĄāļđāđāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļķāđāļāđāļāļĒāļāļāļāļīāđāļĨāđāļ§āļāđāļāļāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļąāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§ āđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĒāļāļāđāđāļāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļīāļāļĒāđāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļĩāđāļāļđāđāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāđāļāđāđāļāđāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāđāļāļ·āđāļāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđāļ§āđāđāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļ âāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļŠāļīāđāļāļāļĩāđāļŠāļ·āđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļŦāđāļĢāļđāđāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄ āđāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļĢāļēāļ§ āļāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļīāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļŠāļīāđāļāđāļāđāļĄāđāļ§āđāļēāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļąāđāļāļāļ°āļāđāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđāļ āđ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāđāļ§āđāļēāļāļ°āļāļąāļāđāļ§āđāđāļāļĢāļđāļāđāļ āđ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļķāļāļŠāļđāļāļĢ āļĢāļđāļāđāļāļ āļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļĢāļ§āļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļķāđāļ āđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢ āđāļāļāļāļīāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāđāļ§āļĒ âāļāļĨāļīāļâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļģ āļāļŠāļĄ āļāļĢāļļāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļāļĢāļŠāļ āļēāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļķāļāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāļĢāļđāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļĢāļāļļāļāđāļ§āļĒ âāļāļēāļĒâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļģāļŦāļāđāļēāļĒ āļāđāļēāļĒ āđāļāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļĨāļāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļ āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĒāļāļāđāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļē āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļķāļāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāđāļ§āđāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļĒāļāđāļ§āļĒ âāļĒāļēâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļĒāļēāļāļēāļĄāļāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ§āđāļēāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĒāļē âāđāļāļĄāļĩāļ āļąāļāļāđāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĐāļāļĢâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āđāļāļĄāļĩāļ āļąāļāļāđāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĒāļāļāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĐāļāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļķāļāđāļāļĄāļĩāļ āļąāļāļāđāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļĢāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļģāļāļąāļāđāļĄāļĨāļ āļŠāļąāļāļ§āđ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļ·āļāļāļĩāđāļāļēāļāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāđāļāđāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĐāļāļĢāļāđāļ§āļĒ âāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļđāđāļāđāļāļāļ āļāļīāļāļāđāļ āļĢāļ§āļāļĢāļ§āļĄ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļāļŠāļĢāļĢāļāđāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāđāļāļĒāļĄāļīāđāļāđāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāļ·āđāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļđāđāļĄāļĩāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđāļāļĒāļāļāļāđāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļŠāļāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļē āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļķāļāļāļđāđāļĢāļąāļāđāļāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļāļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļĩāđāļāđāļ§āļĒ âāļāļđāđāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āđāļāđāļēāļāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļē āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļķāļāļāļđāđāļāļĢāļāļāļāļĢāļāļ āļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļđāđāļĨāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāđāļ§āļĒ âāļĻāļēāļĨâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļĻāļēāļĨāļāļĢāļąāļāļĒāđāļŠāļīāļāļāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻ āļāļēāļĄāļāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ§āđāļēāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļąāđāļāļĻāļēāļĨāļāļĢāļąāļāļĒāđāļŠāļīāļāļāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻ āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļāļāļĩāļāļĢāļąāļāļĒāđāļŠāļīāļāļāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻ âāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļē âāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļē âāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļāđāļēāļŦāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļđāđāļāļķāđāļāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāđāļāđāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļŦāđāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļĩāđ âāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāļāļĢāļĄāļāļĢāļąāļāļĒāđāļŠāļīāļāļāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļē āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļķāļāļāļđāđāļāļķāđāļāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāļāļĢāļĄāļāļĢāļąāļāļĒāđāļŠāļīāļāļāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāđāļ§āļĒ âāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāļāļđāđāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļĩāđ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 6 āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļē āļ.āļĻ. 2545
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļĩāđ āđāļāđāđāļāđ āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļīāļāđāļāļĒ āđāļāļēāđāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļāđāļāļķāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāđāļāļĒāđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļīāļāļĒāļāļĄāļāļēāļāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļąāđāļ āļāļąāļāļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°āļāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāđāļāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļīāļāļĒāđāļāļĩāđāļŠāļļāļāļĢāļīāļāļāđāļāļāļąāļ āļāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđ āļāļđāđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāļ°āļāđāļāļāļĢāļđāđāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļĄāļĩāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļąāļāļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļđāđāļ§āđāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļąāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§āđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāđāļāđāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļąāđāļ āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°āļāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāđāļāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļīāļāļĒāđāļāļĩāđāļŠāļļāļāļĢāļīāļāļāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĄāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļķāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļŠāļąāļāļāļē āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļđāļāđāļāđāļŦāđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāđāđāļ§āđāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāļąāļ āļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļ āļāļēāļĢāļāđāļĄāļāļđāđ āļāļēāļĢāļāđāļāđāļāļ āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļąāļāļāļĢāļąāļāļĒāđ āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļāļāļāđāļāļĢ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļāļāļīāđāļĨāđāļāļāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļŠāđāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāļāđāļ§āļĒ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 8 āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļē āļ.āļĻ. 2545
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āđāļĄāļ·āđāļāļĄāļĩāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļāļĒāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļđāđāđāļāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļē āļāļđāđāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļđāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļāļāļ°āļāļđāļāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļāļąāđāļāļĄāļĩāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāđ (āđ) āļĢāđāļāļāļāļāđāļŦāđāļĻāļēāļĨāļĄāļĩāļāļģāļŠāļąāđāļāđāļŦāđāļāļđāđāļāļąāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļĨāļ°āđāļ§āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāđāļ§āļāļĢāļēāļ§ āđāļĨāļ° (āđ) āļāđāļāļāļāļāļĩāļāđāļāļĻāļēāļĨāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļŦāđāļĄāļĩāļāļģāļŠāļąāđāļāļŦāđāļēāļĄāļĄāļīāđāļŦāđāļāļđāđāļāļąāđāļāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļāđāļēāļŠāļīāļāđāļŦāļĄāļāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļđāđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāđāļāđ āļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļāļēāļĄ (āđ) āļāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļāļāļĩāļāļēāļĄ (āđ)
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 13 āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļē āļ.āļĻ. 2545
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļŦāļāļāļāđāļēāļŠāļīāļāđāļŦāļĄāļāļāđāļāļāđāļĄāļ·āđāļāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļāļāļĩāļāļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđ (āđ) āļĻāļēāļĨāļĄāļĩāļāļģāļāļēāļāļāļģāļŦāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđāļāļāļāđāļāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāđ (āđ) āļāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļģāļŦāļāļāļāđāļēāļŠāļīāļāđāļŦāļĄāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļ°āđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāļāļĩāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļķāđāļāļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļāļĢāļīāļ āļĻāļēāļĨāļāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļāļģāļŠāļąāđāļāđāļŦāđāļāļđāđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļ·āļāļāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĒāļāļāđāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļēāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāđāļāļĒāļāļīāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļāđāļēāđāļāđāļāļāđāļēāļŠāļīāļāđāļŦāļĄāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāđ (āđ) āđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāļāļēāļāļāļģāļŦāļāļāļāđāļēāļŠāļīāļāđāļŦāļĄāļāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĄ (āđ) āđāļāđ āđāļŦāđāļĻāļēāļĨāļāļģāļŦāļāļāļāđāļēāļŠāļīāļāđāļŦāļĄāļāļāđāļāļāđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļāļđāđāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļēāļĄāļāļģāļāļ§āļāļāļĩāđāļĻāļēāļĨāđāļŦāđāļāļŠāļĄāļāļ§āļĢ (āđ) āđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļē āđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāđāļāļĒāļāļāđāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļĄāļĩāđāļāļāļāļēāļāļĨāļąāđāļāđāļāļĨāđāļ āđāļāđāļāđāļŦāļāļļāđāļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§āļŠāļīāđāļāļŠāļ āļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļē āđāļŦāđāļĻāļēāļĨāļĄāļĩāļāļģāļāļēāļāļŠāļąāđāļāđāļŦāđāļāļđāđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāđāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļŠāļīāļāđāļŦāļĄāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļāđāļāļĐāđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļķāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļģāļāļ§āļāļāļĩāđāļĻāļēāļĨāļāļģāļŦāļāļāļāļēāļĄ (āđ) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ (āđ) āđāļāđ āđāļāđāļāđāļāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāļīāļāļŠāļāļāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļŠāļīāļāđāļŦāļĄāļāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĄ (āđ) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ (āđ)
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 5 āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļ§āđāļēāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāđāļāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ.āļĻ. 2540
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āļāđāļāļāļāļĨāļāļāļģāļāļąāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļŠāļĢāļĩāļ āļēāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļēāļāļĩāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļīāļāļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļĩāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļĩāļāļāļķāđāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļāđāļĄāļāļ° āđāļāđāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāļāļĨāļāļāļĩāđāļāļģāđāļŦāđāļāļđāđāļāļđāļāļāļģāļāļąāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļŠāļĢāļĩāļ āļēāļāļāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļāļ āļēāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āļāļķāļāļāļēāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļāđāļāļēāļĄāļāļāļāļī āđāļŦāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļŠāļĄāļāļ§āļĢāđāļāđāļāļĢāļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāđāļ āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļīāļāļāļąāļĒāļ§āđāļēāļāđāļāļāļāļĨāļāļāļēāļĄāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļāļģāđāļŦāđāļāļđāđāļāļđāļāļāļģāļāļąāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļŠāļĢāļĩāļ āļēāļāļāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļāļ āļēāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āļāļķāļāļāļēāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļāđāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļĄāđ āđāļŦāđāļāļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļķāļāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĩāđāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļąāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļŠāļĢāļĩāļ āļēāļ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļąāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāļēāļŠāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļēāļāļĩāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļīāļāļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļāļĢāļđāļāđāļāļāļāļ·āđāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļąāļāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāļđāļāļāļģāļāļąāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļŠāļĢāļĩāļ āļēāļ āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļāđāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļļāļāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļ§āļĒ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 379
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āļāđāļēāļĨāļđāļāļŦāļāļĩāđāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāđāļāđāđāļāđāļēāļŦāļāļĩāđāļ§āđāļēāļāļ°āđāļāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļģāļāļ§āļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāđāļāđāļāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļāļĢāļąāļāđāļĄāļ·āđāļāļāļāđāļĄāđāļāļģāļĢāļ°āļŦāļāļĩāđāļāđāļāļĩ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļĄāđāļāļģāļĢāļ°āļŦāļāļĩāđāđāļŦāđāļāļđāļāļāđāļāļāļŠāļĄāļāļ§āļĢāļāđāļāļĩ āđāļĄāļ·āđāļāļĨāļđāļāļŦāļāļĩāđāļāļīāļāļāļąāļ āļāđāđāļŦāđāļĢāļīāļāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļāļĢāļąāļ āļāđāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļĢāļ°āļŦāļāļĩāđāļāļąāļāļāļ°āļāļķāļāļāļģāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāđāļāđāļāļāđāļ§āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāđāļāļāļąāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļ āļŦāļēāļāļāļģāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļąāđāļāļāđāļēāļāļ·āļāļĄāļđāļĨāļŦāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāļ·āđāļāđāļ āļāđāđāļŦāđāļĢāļīāļāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļāļĢāļąāļāđāļĄāļ·āđāļāļāļąāđāļ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļēāļāļĢāđāļāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļāļāđāļĢāļēāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢ
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 383
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āļāđāļēāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļāļĢāļąāļāļāļĩāđāļĢāļīāļāļāļąāđāļāļŠāļđāļāđāļāļīāļāļŠāđāļ§āļ āļĻāļēāļĨāļāļ°āļĨāļāļĨāļāđāļāđāļāļāļģāļāļ§āļāļāļāļŠāļĄāļāļ§āļĢāļāđāđāļāđ āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āļ§āļīāļāļīāļāļāļąāļĒāļ§āđāļēāļŠāļĄāļāļ§āļĢāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļāļąāđāļ āļāđāļēāļāđāļŦāđāļāļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļķāļāļāļēāļāđāļāđāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļāļāđāļāđāļēāļŦāļāļĩāđāļāļļāļāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ āđāļĄāđāđāļāđāđāļāđāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļēāļāđāļāđāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāđāļāđāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļąāļāļĒāđāļŠāļīāļ āđāļĄāļ·āđāļāđāļāđāđāļāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļāļĢāļąāļāđāļĨāđāļ§ āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāđāļāļāļāļāļĨāļāļāđāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļ āļāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļĩāđāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§āđāļ§āđāđāļāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđāđāđ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđāđāđ āļāđāļēāļāđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļ§āļīāļāļĩāđāļāļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāļāļĩāđāļāļąāļāļāļąāļ āđāļāđāļĄāļ·āđāļāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļ§āđāļēāļāļ°āđāļŦāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļāļĢāļąāļāđāļĄāļ·āđāļāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāđāļ§āđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļāļāļąāđāļāļāđāļ§āļĒ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļēāļāļĢāđāļāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļāļāđāļĢāļēāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢ
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 119 āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļļāđāļĄāļāļĢāļāļāđāļĢāļāļāļēāļ āļ.āļĻ. 2541
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āļāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļāđāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļāļĒāđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļĨāļđāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļķāđāļāđāļĨāļīāļāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāđāļ āļāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāđ (āđ) āļāļļāļāļĢāļīāļāļāđāļāļŦāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļēāđāļāļĒāđāļāļāļāļēāđāļāđāļāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļ (āđ) āļāļāđāļāļāļģāđāļŦāđāļāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒ (āđ) āļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļāđāļĨāļīāļāđāļĨāđāļāđāļāđāļāđāļŦāļāļļāđāļŦāđāļāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļĢāđāļēāļĒāđāļĢāļ (āđ) āļāđāļēāļāļ·āļāļāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļēāļ āļĢāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļģāļŠāļąāđāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļāļąāļāđāļāļ·āļāļāđāļāđāļāļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāđāļĨāđāļ§ āđāļ§āđāļāđāļāđāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļĩāđāļĢāđāļēāļĒāđāļĢāļ āļāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļāđāļĄāđāļāļģāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāđāļāļ·āļāļ āļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāđāļāļ·āļāļāđāļŦāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāđāļĄāđāđāļāļīāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļāļĩāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļ§āļąāļāļāļĩāđāļĨāļđāļāļāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļīāļ (āđ) āļĨāļ°āļāļīāđāļāļŦāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāđāļ§āļĨāļēāļŠāļēāļĄāļ§āļąāļāļāļģāļāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļĄāđāļ§āđāļēāļāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļāļŦāļĒāļļāļāļāļąāđāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļĄāđāļāđāļāļēāļĄāđāļāļĒāđāļĄāđāļĄāļĩāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĄāļāļ§āļĢ (āđ) āđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāđāļāļĐāļāļģāļāļļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļģāļāļīāļāļēāļāļĐāļēāļāļķāļāļāļĩāđāļŠāļļāļāđāļŦāđāļāļģāļāļļāļ āđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩ (āđ) āļāđāļēāđāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāđāļāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļĨāļŦāļļāđāļāļĐāļāđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāđāļŦāļāļļāđāļŦāđāļāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒ āļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļīāļāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļĒāđāļĄāđāļāđāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĄāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļ āļāđāļēāļāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļĩāđāđāļĨāļīāļāļāđāļēāļāđāļ§āđāđāļāļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāļāļāļāđāļĨāļīāļāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļēāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļĄāđāđāļāđāđāļāđāļāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļĩāđāđāļĨāļīāļāļāđāļēāļāđāļŦāđāļĨāļđāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļēāļāđāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĩāđāđāļĨāļīāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļāļāļ°āļĒāļāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļąāđāļāļāļķāđāļāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļ āļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāđ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
Français
Article 3 Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545
Le secret commercial est une information commerciale non encore gÃĐnÃĐralement connue, ou non accessible aux milieux concernÃĐs, ayant une valeur commerciale du fait de sa confidentialitÃĐ et protÃĐgÃĐe par des mesures appropriÃĐes; l'article dÃĐfinit aussi l'information commerciale, le propriÃĐtaire et le dÃĐtenteur du secret, le tribunal compÃĐtent et d'autres termes.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 6 Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545
Constitue une violation la divulgation, l'appropriation ou l'utilisation d'un secret commercial sans le consentement du propriÃĐtaire, contraire aux usages commerciaux honnÊtes, l'auteur le sachant ou devant le savoir; ces pratiques comprennent notamment la violation de contrat ou de confiance, corruption, contrainte, fraude, vol, recel et espionnage.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 8 Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545
Sur preuve claire d'une violation actuelle ou imminente, le dÃĐtenteur du secret commercial peut demander au tribunal une ordonnance provisoire de cessation, mÊme avant d'agir au fond, et intenter une action en interdiction et en indemnisation contre l'auteur.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 13 Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545
Dans l'action de l'article 8 (2), le tribunal accorde le prÃĐjudice rÃĐel et peut y ajouter les profits de la violation; Ã dÃĐfaut, une somme qu'il estime appropriÃĐe; sur preuve manifeste d'une violation dÃĐlibÃĐrÃĐe ou malveillante dÃĐtruisant le secret, il peut ajouter des dommages punitifs jusqu'au double de cette indemnitÃĐ.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 5 Unfair Contract Terms Act B.E. 2540
Un accord non nul restreignant la libertÃĐ d'exercer un mÃĐtier ou de conclure des actes commerciaux ou professionnels, imposant une charge excÃĐdant le normalement prÃĐvisible, vu sa portÃĐe territoriale et temporelle, les possibilitÃĐs de l'intÃĐressÃĐ et les intÃĐrÊts lÃĐgitimes des parties, ne vaut que dans la mesure juste et raisonnable.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 379
Si le dÃĐbiteur a promis au crÃĐancier une somme à titre de pÃĐnalitÃĐ en cas d'inexÃĐcution ou d'exÃĐcution non conforme, la pÃĐnalitÃĐ est encourue dÃĻs sa demeure; si l'obligation consiste à s'abstenir, elle est encourue dÃĻs l'acte contraire.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 383
Si la pÃĐnalitÃĐ encourue est d'un montant excessif, le tribunal peut la rÃĐduire à un montant raisonnable. Pour apprÃĐcier ce qui est raisonnable, il est tenu compte de tout intÃĐrÊt lÃĐgitime du crÃĐancier, et non seulement de son intÃĐrÊt patrimonial. Une fois la pÃĐnalitÃĐ payÃĐe, le droit d'en demander la rÃĐduction est ÃĐteint. Hors les cas prÃĐvus à l'article 379 et à l'article 382, la mÊme rÃĻgle s'applique lorsqu'une personne promet une pÃĐnalitÃĐ pour le cas oÃđ elle accomplirait ou s'abstiendrait d'accomplir un acte dÃĐterminÃĐ.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 119 Labour Protection Act B.E. 2541
Aucune indemnitÃĐ pour malhonnÊtetÃĐ ou infraction intentionnelle envers l'employeur, dommage volontaire, nÃĐgligence causant un dommage grave, violation de rÃĻgles licites et justes aprÃĻs avertissement ÃĐcrit (non requis si grave), abandon injustifiÃĐ de 3 jours ouvrables consÃĐcutifs, ou emprisonnement dÃĐfinitif. Un motif non indiquÃĐ au licenciement ne peut Être invoquÃĐ ensuite.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Supreme Court decisions
- 2345/2565 (2022): Brand Ambassador Contract Breach: Restoration Required
Sources
- Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545, retrieved 2 November 2026
- Unfair Contract Terms Act B.E. 2540, retrieved 2 November 2026
- Civil and Commercial Code, Office of the Council of State, retrieved 31 October 2026
- Labour Protection Act B.E. 2541, retrieved 2 November 2026
- deka.supremecourt.or.th, Supreme Court of Thailand decisions database (copy held in our library), retrieved 19 February 2026
Content of NDA Agreements in Thailand
- While following general contractual principles, well-drafted NDAs should have several key components:
- Definition of Confidential Information: Clearly specifying what information is covered, such as technical data, business processes, financial records, etc. Broad definitions are preferable.
- Receiving Party Obligations: Detailing requirements for the party receiving confidential information, such as limiting disclosure, maintaining safeguards, and permissible uses of the data.
- Exclusions: Carving out exceptions for information already public, independently developed, or legally required to be disclosed.
- Duration: Setting a reasonable time period for confidentiality obligations to remain in effect.
- Permitted Disclosures: Identifying circumstances like disclosures to employees, advisors, or regulators where sharing confidential information is allowed.
- Remedies: Outlining remedies like injunctions or monetary damages if a party breaches confidentiality.
- Choice of Law: Specifying that the NDA is governed by Thai law.
Non-Disclosure Agreements in Thailand (NDAs) are commonly employed; however, disputes may surface regarding their enforceability when crucial components are absent or unclear. Therefore, it is advisable for Thai enterprises to engage proficient legal advisors to meticulously craft and assess NDAs. These agreements should be customized to suit the unique circumstances at hand.
Do NDAs work internationally?
Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs) can be effective internationally, but their enforceability across borders depends on various factors, including the jurisdictions involved, the specific terms of the NDA, and the local laws governing contracts and confidentiality. An NDA signed in one country may not be automatically enforceable in another due to differences in legal systems, particularly between common law and civil law jurisdictions. To enhance enforceability, international NDAs often include clauses specifying the governing law and jurisdiction for dispute resolution. Additionally, they may stipulate mechanisms for arbitration or mediation to resolve conflicts outside traditional court systems, which can simplify enforcement in multiple jurisdictions.
Despite these measures, challenges can arise if the receiving partyâs country does not recognize or uphold certain confidentiality protections. Some countries have limited enforcement options for NDAs, especially if the information disclosed does not fall under intellectual property protections or trade secrets recognized by local law. For businesses operating internationally, it is often advisable to seek legal guidance to ensure that NDA terms comply with relevant local regulations and to consider incorporating protective measures like intellectual property registration or localized legal agreements for more comprehensive protection.
How legally binding are NDA Agreements in Thailand?
In Thailand, Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs) are legally binding contracts governed primarily by the Thai Civil and Commercial Code. An NDA, or confidentiality agreement, typically establishes obligations on parties to protect and not disclose specified sensitive or proprietary information. As in many jurisdictions, NDAs in Thailand must meet standard contractual requirements to be enforceable, which include mutual agreement, lawful purpose, and the partiesâ clear intent to be legally bound by the terms.
Thai law allows for both unilateral and mutual NDAs, where one or both parties agree to keep certain information confidential. Courts in Thailand generally uphold NDAs as enforceable, provided they are specific in scope, define the confidential information clearly, and have reasonable terms that do not impose overly broad or indefinite restrictions on the receiving party. In cases of a breach, remedies under Thai law may include monetary damages or injunctive relief to prevent further disclosure. The Trade Secrets Act B.E. 2545 adds a statutory layer on top of the contract. Information is a trade secret only if it is not generally known, has commercial value because it is secret, and its controller has taken appropriate measures to keep it secret (section 3), and a signed NDA is one of the clearest such measures. Disclosing, taking or using a trade secret without consent contrary to honest commercial practice, including by breach of contract or of confidence, is an infringement (section 6). The controller may ask the court for a temporary order stopping the infringement, even before suing, and then sue for a prohibition and damages (section 8); the court may add the infringer’s profits to the damages and, for wilful infringement that destroys the secret, award up to twice the damages again as punitive damages (section 13). Deliberately publishing another’s trade secret to harm their business is also a crime, punishable by up to one year’s imprisonment, a fine of up to 200,000 baht, or both (section 33). A clause that restricts the other party’s work or trade, such as a non-compete, is enforceable only to the extent that is fair and reasonable in the circumstances (Unfair Contract Terms Act B.E. 2540, section 5), and an agreed sum for breach can be reduced by the court if it is disproportionate (Civil and Commercial Code section 383), as in Decision 7364/2558.
How to have strong NDA Agreements in Thailand
By establishing a robust non disclose agreement in Thailand (NDA), organizations can securely exchange sensitive data, foster collaborations, spur creativity, and uphold their edge in the market. It is essential to note that NDA Agreements hold legal weight and are recognized as valid instruments within the legal framework of Thailand. Thus, investing in well-structured NDAs can safeguard businesses and fortify their position in the competitive landscape.
Links:
- Templates of NDA Agreements by ThaiLawOnline (download for Silver or Gold members)
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