Reviewed by Wichuda Atthamethakon, LL.M., Thai Bar Licence 3149/2556, for ThaiLawOnline, a Thai law firm acting for foreigners since 2006.
Update log
- 2 November 2026: Added the statute box with Thai, English and French text and checked the page against the official text
Licence exemptions: check the activity first
The official text of Ministerial Regulation No. 5 B.E. 2569, published on 28 August 2026, adds two securities services and six further service categories to the exemptions and revises the derivatives provision. The eight additions are securities-purchase lending; reverse repurchase transactions; qualifying Type 1 telecommunications; treasury centres; qualifying intra-group administration, HR and IT; qualifying intra-group domestic debt guarantees; employee-service machine space rental; and petroleum drilling under a direct qualifying contract. Derivatives changes are a separate revision to an existing provision. The conditions matter: an exemption from the Foreign Business Act licence requirement does not remove a sector licence or authorise an unrelated activity.
For intra-group administration, HR and IT and domestic guarantees, check the relationship tests in clauses 3(15) and 3(16). These cover a majority overlap in shareholders or partners by number, a shareholder or partner holding at least 25% in each entity, or one entity holding at least 25% in the other (50% in both of those tests for domestic guarantees under clause 3(16)), or a majority overlap in authorised directors or managing partners. A shared brand or informal group relationship is insufficient. Hotels, restaurants and tour businesses do not appear among these eight additions. Foreign ownership definitions and the prohibition on nominee arrangements remain applicable.
The Foreign Business Act decides which businesses a foreigner may run in Thailand, and the 2026 registration rules decide whether the company you set up will survive scrutiny. Both changed this year.
Table of Contents
Last reviewed: 15 September 2026. Every section number below was read from the official English translation of the Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542 prepared for the Department of Business Development. The registration orders were read from the Department of Business Development and Ministry of Commerce.
What the Act actually does
The Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542 (1999) does two things. It defines who counts as a foreigner, and it lists the businesses that a foreigner may not operate without permission. Everything else in the statute follows from those two points.
Most of the trouble foreigners get into in Thailand comes from misreading the first one. The Act does not ask about your passport. It asks about the company.
Who is a “foreigner” under section 4
Section 4 defines a foreigner as any of the following:
- a natural person who is not of Thai nationality;
- a juristic person not registered in Thailand;
- a juristic person registered in Thailand where at least one half of the capital shares are held by the two categories above, or where investment by them is at least equivalent to one half of the total capital;
- a limited partnership or registered ordinary partnership whose managing partner or manager is a non-Thai natural person;
- a juristic person registered in Thailand at least one half of whose shares are held by any of the above.
Two consequences are worth stating plainly. A Thai-registered company is a foreigner under this Act if half or more of its capital is foreign held, so the familiar 49 percent figure is not a tax rule or a convention, it is the point at which section 4 stops applying to you. And a partnership can be a foreigner purely because of who manages it, regardless of the capital split.
Section 4 also provides that shares represented by bearer share certificates are deemed held by foreigners unless a Ministerial Regulation says otherwise. If your structure relies on bearer instruments, assume they count against you.
The three Lists, under section 8
Section 8 is the operative prohibition, and it distinguishes three categories:
- List One. Businesses not permissible to foreigners at all, by special reason. There is no licence route. Newspaper and broadcasting businesses, farming of several kinds, land trading and similar activities sit here.
- List Two. Businesses affecting national safety or security, arts, culture, traditions, folk handicrafts, natural resources or the environment. A foreigner may operate these only with permission from the Minister with the approval of the Cabinet.
- List Three. Businesses in which Thai nationals are “not yet ready to compete with foreigners”. This is where most service businesses sit, including a great deal of ordinary consulting, brokerage and retail activity. Permission comes from the Director-General with the approval of the Commission.
Section 8 opens with the words “Subject to section 6, section 7, section 10 and section 12”, and those cross references are the whole game. They are the lawful ways around the prohibition.
The law behind this page
English
Section 8 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
Full text
Subject to sections 6, 7, 10 and 12: (1) An alien shall not operate a business that aliens are not permitted to carry on for special reasons, as specified in List One. (2) An alien shall not operate a business relating to the safety or security of the country, a business affecting art and culture, customs and folk handicrafts, or a business affecting natural resources or the environment, as specified in List Two, unless permitted by the Minister with the approval of the Council of Ministers. (3) An alien shall not operate a business in which Thai nationals are not yet ready to compete with aliens, as specified in List Three, unless permitted by the Director-General with the consent of the Committee.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 4 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
Full text
In this Act: "alien" means: (1) a natural person who does not have Thai nationality; (2) a juristic person not registered in Thailand; (3) a juristic person registered in Thailand and having the following characteristics: (a) a juristic person in which shares representing half or more of its capital are held by persons under (1) or (2), or a juristic person in which persons under (1) or (2) have invested a value of half or more of its total capital; (b) a limited partnership or registered ordinary partnership whose managing partner or manager is a person under (1); (4) a juristic person registered in Thailand in which shares representing half or more of its capital are held by persons under (1), (2) or (3), or in which persons under (1), (2) or (3) have invested a value of half or more of its total capital. For the purposes of this definition, shares of a limited company for which bearer share certificates are issued are deemed to be shares of an alien, unless otherwise prescribed in a Ministerial Regulation. "capital" means the registered capital of a limited company, the paid-up capital of a public limited company, or the money contributed as shares by partners or members to a partnership or juristic person; "minimum capital" means the capital of an alien where the alien is a juristic person registered in Thailand, and, where the alien is a juristic person not registered in Thailand or a natural person, the foreign currency the alien brings in for use on commencing business in Thailand; "business" means engaging in agriculture, industry, handicraft, commerce, services or other activities, for trade; "licence" means a licence to operate a business; "licensee" means an alien who has received a licence; "certificate" means a certificate to operate a business; "certificate holder" means an alien who has received a certificate; "Committee" means the Foreign Business Committee; "competent official" means a person appointed by the Minister to act under this Act; "Registrar" means a person appointed by the Minister as Registrar of Foreign Business Operations; "Director General" means the Director General of the Department of Business Development; "Minister" means the Minister in charge of this Act.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 36 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
Full text
A person of Thai nationality or a juristic person that is not an alien under this Act who assists or supports, or joins in operating, a business of an alien that is a business specified in the Lists annexed to this Act, where that alien has not been permitted to operate that business, or who joins in operating a business of an alien while representing it as being their business alone, or who holds shares on behalf of an alien in a partnership, limited company or any juristic person so that the alien may operate a business by evading or violating the provisions of this Act, and likewise an alien who consents to a person of Thai nationality or a juristic person that is not an alien under this Act doing such an act, shall be liable to imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, or a fine from 100,000 baht to 1,000,000 baht, or both, and the court shall order the assistance or support to cease, or the joint operation of the business to cease, or the shareholding or partnership to cease, as the case may be. A person who fails to comply with the court's order shall be liable to a fine of 10,000 baht to 50,000 baht per day for as long as the violation continues.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 37 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
Full text
An alien who carries on a business in violation of section 6, 7 or 8 shall be punished with imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, or a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht, or both, and the court shall order the cessation of the business, the dissolution of the undertaking, or the termination of the shareholding or partnership, as the case may be. A person who fails to comply with the court's order shall be punished with a fine of 10,000 to 50,000 baht per day for as long as the violation continues.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 41 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
Full text
Where a juristic person commits an offence under section 34, 35, 36 or 37, any director, partner or person authorised to act on behalf of the juristic person who connived at the offence, or who failed to take reasonable steps to prevent it, shall be liable to imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, or a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht, or both.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 17 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
Full text
To apply for permission to operate a business, an alien shall file an application with the Minister or the Director-General in accordance with the rules and procedures prescribed in a ministerial regulation. The Council of Ministers, for a business under List Two, or the Director-General, for a business under List Three, shall complete consideration for approval or permission, as the case may be, within 60 days from the date the application is filed. Where there is a necessary reason why the Council of Ministers cannot complete its consideration for approval within that period, the period may be extended as necessary, but by not more than 60 days from the expiry of that period. Once the Council of Ministers has given approval or the Director-General has given permission under paragraph one, the Minister or the Director-General shall issue the licence within 15 days from the date of the approval by the Council of Ministers or the permission by the Director-General. In granting permission, the Minister may impose conditions as determined by the Council of Ministers or as prescribed in a ministerial regulation issued under section 18, for a business under List Two, and the Director-General may impose conditions as prescribed in a ministerial regulation issued under section 18, for a business under List Three. Where the Council of Ministers does not approve an alien's operation of a business under List Two, the Minister shall notify that alien of the refusal in writing within 30 days, clearly stating the reasons for it. Where the Director-General does not permit an alien to operate a business under List Three, the Director-General shall notify that alien of the refusal in writing within 15 days, clearly stating the reasons for it. That alien has the right to appeal the refusal order to the Minister, and section 20 applies mutatis mutandis.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 10 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
Full text
Sections 5, 8, 15, 17 and 18 do not apply to an alien who carries on a business listed in the annexes to this Act with special temporary permission from the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand. An alien who carries on a business listed in the annexes to this Act under a treaty to which Thailand is a party or has an obligation shall be exempt from the application of the sections specified in the first paragraph, and shall be subject to the provisions and conditions of that treaty, which may include granting Thai persons and Thai enterprises reciprocal rights to carry on business in the alien's country of nationality.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 12 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
Full text
Where a business of an alien that has received investment promotion under the law on investment promotion, or has received written permission to carry on industry or export trade under the law on the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand or under another law, is a business listed in List Two or List Three annexed to this Act, the alien shall notify the Director-General in order to request a certificate. Once the Director-General or a competent official assigned by the Director-General has verified the correctness of the investment promotion certificate or the permit, the Director-General shall issue the certificate promptly, but not later than 30 days from the date of receiving notification of the grant of the investment promotion certificate or the permit, as the case may be. In this case the alien is exempt from the application of this Act, except sections 21, 22, 39, 40 and 42, for the whole period during which the business has received investment promotion or permission to carry on industry or export trade, as the case may be. The issue of a certificate under paragraph 1 shall be in accordance with the rules and procedures prescribed by the Director-General.
ThaiLawOnline translation
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āđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļĩāđ âāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§â āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē (āđ) āļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļāļķāđāļāđāļĄāđāļĄāļĩāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļāļīāđāļāļĒ (āđ) āļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļķāđāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļāļāļāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒ (āđ) āļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļķāđāļāļāļāļāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°āļāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāđ (āļ) āļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļķāđāļāļĄāļĩāļŦāļļāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļāļļāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļāļķāđāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļāļāļāļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļąāđāļāļāļ·āļāđāļāļĒāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĄ (āđ) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ (āđ) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļķāđāļāļĄāļĩāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĄ (āđ) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ (āđ) āļĨāļāļāļļāļāļĄāļĩāļĄāļđāļĨāļāđāļēāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļāļķāđāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļāļāļāļāļļāļāļāļąāđāļāļŦāļĄāļāđāļāļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļąāđāļ (āļ) āļŦāđāļēāļāļŦāļļāđāļāļŠāđāļ§āļāļāļģāļāļąāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļŦāđāļēāļāļŦāļļāđāļāļŠāđāļ§āļāļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļ āļāļķāđāļāļŦāļļāđāļāļŠāđāļ§āļāļāļđāđāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļđāđāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĄ (āđ) (āđ) āļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļķāđāļāļāļāļāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒ āļāļķāđāļāļĄāļĩāļŦāļļāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļāļļāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļāļķāđāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļāļāļāļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļąāđāļāļāļ·āļāđāļāļĒāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĄ (āđ) (āđ) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ (āđ) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļķāđāļāļĄāļĩāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĄ (āđ) (āđ) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ (āđ) āļĨāļāļāļļāļ āļĄāļĩāļĄāļđāļĨāļāđāļēāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļāļķāđāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļāļāļāļāļļāļāļāļąāđāļāļŦāļĄāļāđāļāļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļąāđāļ āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĒāļāļāđāđāļŦāđāļāļāļģāļāļīāļĒāļēāļĄāļāļĩāđāđāļŦāđāļāļ·āļāļ§āđāļēāļŦāļļāđāļāļāļāļāļāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļāļāļģāļāļąāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāđāļāļŦāļļāđāļāļāļāļīāļāļāļāļāđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļāļđāđāļāļ·āļāđāļāđāļāļŦāļļāđāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§ āđāļ§āđāļāđāļāđāļāļ°āđāļāđāļĄāļĩāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļĢāļ§āļāļāļģāļŦāļāļāđāļ§āđāđāļāđāļāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļ·āđāļ âāļāļļāļâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļļāļāļāļāļāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļāļāļāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļāļāļģāļāļąāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļļāļāļāļģāļĢāļ°āđāļĨāđāļ§āļāļāļāļāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļāļĄāļŦāļēāļāļāļāļģāļāļąāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļāļīāļāļāļĩāđāļāļđāđāđāļāđāļāļŦāļļāđāļāļŠāđāļ§āļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļīāļāļāļģāļĄāļēāļĨāļāļŦāļļāđāļāđāļāļŦāđāļēāļāļŦāļļāđāļāļŠāđāļ§āļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļąāđāļ âāļāļļāļāļāļąāđāļāļāđāļģâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āđāļāđāļāļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļķāđāļāļāļāļāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āđāļāđāļāļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļķāđāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļāļāļāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļāđāļāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāđāļŦāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļķāļāđāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļēāļāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļģāļĄāļēāđāļāđāđāļĄāļ·āđāļāđāļĢāļīāđāļĄāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒ âāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļēāļāđāļāļĐāļāļĢāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļāļļāļāļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļŦāļąāļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļāļēāļāļīāļāļĒāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļ·āđāļ āļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļē âāđāļāļāļāļļāļāļēāļâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āđāļāļāļāļļāļāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļ âāļāļđāđāļĢāļąāļāđāļāļāļāļļāļāļēāļâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāđāļāļāļāļļāļāļēāļ âāļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāļĢāļąāļāļĢāļāļâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāļĢāļąāļāļĢāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļ âāļāļđāđāļĢāļąāļāļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāļĢāļąāļāļĢāļāļâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāļĢāļąāļāļĢāļāļ âāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§ âāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļāđāļēāļŦāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļđāđāļāļķāđāļāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāđāļāđāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļŦāđāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļĩāđ âāļāļēāļĒāļāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļđāđāļāļķāđāļāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāđāļāđāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĒāļāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§ âāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāļāļĢāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļē* âāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩâ āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđāļē āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāļāļđāđāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļĩāđ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 36 āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§ āļ.āļĻ. 2542
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āļāļđāđāļĄāļĩāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļāļīāđāļāļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļĩāđāļĄāļīāđāļāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļĩāđ āđāļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļāļļāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§ āļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļĩāđāļāļģāļŦāļāļāđāļ§āđāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļĩāļāđāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļĩāđ āđāļāļĒāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļąāđāļāļĄāļīāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļāļļāļāļēāļāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļąāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āđāļāļĒāđāļŠāļāļāļāļāļāļ§āđāļēāđāļāđāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļāđāļāļđāđāđāļāļĩāļĒāļ§āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļ·āļāļŦāļļāđāļāđāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āđāļāļŦāđāļēāļāļŦāļļāđāļāļŠāđāļ§āļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļāļāļģāļāļąāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāđāļ āđ āđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļŦāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāđāļāļĒāļŦāļĨāļĩāļāđāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāđāļēāļāļ·āļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāđāļŦāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļĩāđ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļąāđāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļķāđāļāļĒāļīāļāļĒāļāļĄāđāļŦāđāļāļđāđāļĄāļĩāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļāļīāđāļāļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļĩāđāļĄāļīāđāļāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§ āļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļēāļāđāļāļĐāļāļģāļāļļāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāļīāļāļŠāļēāļĄāļāļĩ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĢāļąāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļŦāļāļķāđāļāđāļŠāļāļāļēāļāļāļķāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļĨāđāļēāļāļāļēāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļąāđāļāļāļģāļāļąāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļĻāļēāļĨāļŠāļąāđāļāđāļŦāđāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļāļļāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļŠāļąāđāļāđāļŦāđāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļŠāļąāđāļāđāļŦāđāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļ·āļāļŦāļļāđāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļŦāļļāđāļāļŠāđāļ§āļāļāļąāđāļāđāļŠāļĩāļĒ āđāļĨāđāļ§āđāļāđāļāļĢāļāļĩ āļŦāļēāļāļāđāļēāļāļ·āļāđāļĄāđāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĄāļāļģāļŠāļąāđāļāļĻāļēāļĨāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļēāļāđāļāļĐāļāļĢāļąāļāļ§āļąāļāļĨāļ°āļŦāļāļķāđāļāļŦāļĄāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļāļāļķāļāļŦāđāļēāļŦāļĄāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļāļāđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļĒāļąāļāļāđāļēāļāļ·āļāļāļĒāļđāđ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 37 āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§ āļ.āļĻ. 2542
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļđāđāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāđāļāļĒāļāđāļēāļāļ·āļāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđ āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđ āļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļēāļāđāļāļĐāļāļģāļāļļāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāļīāļāļŠāļēāļĄāļāļĩ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĢāļąāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļŦāļāļķāđāļāđāļŠāļāļāļēāļāļāļķāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļĨāđāļēāļāļāļēāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļąāđāļāļāļģāļāļąāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļĻāļēāļĨāļŠāļąāđāļāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļŠāļąāđāļāđāļĨāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļđāđāļāļ·āļāļŦāļļāđāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļāđāļāļŦāļļāđāļāļŠāđāļ§āļ āđāļĨāđāļ§āđāļāđāļāļĢāļāļĩ āļŦāļēāļāļāđāļēāļāļ·āļāđāļĄāđāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĄāļāļģāļŠāļąāđāļāļĻāļēāļĨāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļēāļāđāļāļĐāļāļĢāļąāļāļ§āļąāļāļĨāļ°āļŦāļāļķāđāļāļŦāļĄāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļāļāļķāļāļŦāđāļēāļŦāļĄāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļāļāđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļĒāļąāļāļāđāļēāļāļ·āļāļāļĒāļđāđ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 41 āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§ āļ.āļĻ. 2542
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļĩāđāļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāđāļāđāļāļāļđāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđāđ āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđāđ āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđāđ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđāđ āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢ āļŦāļļāđāļāļŠāđāļ§āļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļđāđāļĄāļĩāļāļģāļāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļāļīāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļķāđāļāļĢāļđāđāđāļŦāđāļāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļąāđāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļĄāļīāđāļāđāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĄāļŠāļĄāļāļ§āļĢāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļĄāļīāđāļŦāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļąāđāļ āļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļēāļāđāļāļĐāļāļģāļāļļāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāļīāļāļŠāļēāļĄāļāļĩ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĢāļąāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļŦāļāļķāđāļāđāļŠāļāļāļēāļāļāļķāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļĨāđāļēāļāļāļēāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļąāđāļāļāļģāļāļąāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 17 āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§ āļ.āļĻ. 2542
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļāļļāļāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļ āđāļŦāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļĒāļ·āđāļāļāļģāļāļāļāļāļļāļāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāđāļāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāļāļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđāļāļāļāđāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāļāļģāļŦāļāļāđāļāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļĢāļ§āļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļāļāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļĩāļŠāļāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļĩāļŠāļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļāļāļļāļĄāļąāļāļīāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļļāļāļēāļ āđāļĨāđāļ§āđāļāđāļāļĢāļāļĩ āđāļŦāđāđāļĨāđāļ§āđāļŠāļĢāđāļāļ āļēāļĒāđāļāļāļģāļŦāļāļāļŦāļāļŠāļīāļāļ§āļąāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļ§āļąāļāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ·āđāļāļāļģāļāļ āđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļāļāļļāļĄāļąāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāļĄāļĩāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļģāđāļāđāļ āļāļķāđāļāļāļāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāđāļĄāđāļāļēāļāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāđāļŦāđāđāļĨāđāļ§āđāļŠāļĢāđāļāļ āļēāļĒāđāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļąāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§āđāļāđ āđāļŦāđāļāļĒāļēāļĒāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļāļāļāđāļāļāļĩāļāđāļāđāļāļēāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļģāđāļāđāļ āđāļāđāļāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđāļāđāļāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāļīāļāļŦāļāļŠāļīāļāļ§āļąāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļ§āļąāļāļāļĢāļāļāļģāļŦāļāļāđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļąāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§ āđāļĄāļ·āđāļāļāļāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāđāļŦāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļļāļĄāļąāļāļīāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāļāļāļļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĄāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāđāļĨāđāļ§ āđāļŦāđāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāļāļāļāđāļāļāļāļļāļāļēāļāļ āļēāļĒāđāļāļŠāļīāļāļŦāđāļēāļ§āļąāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļ§āļąāļāļāļĩāđāļāļāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāļāļāļļāļĄāļąāļāļīāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāļāļāļļāļāļēāļ āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļļāļāļēāļ āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāļāļ°āļāļģāļŦāļāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļĩāđāļāļāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāļāļģāļŦāļāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļēāļĄāļāļĩāđāļāļģāļŦāļāļāđāļ§āđāđāļāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļĢāļ§āļāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđāđ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļĩāļŠāļāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāļāļ°āļāļģāļŦāļāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļĩāđāļāļģāļŦāļāļāđāļ§āđāđāļāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļĢāļ§āļāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđāđ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļĩāļŠāļēāļĄ āļāđāđāļāđ āđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļĩāđāļāļāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāđāļĄāđāļāļāļļāļĄāļąāļāļīāđāļŦāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļĩāļŠāļāļ āđāļŦāđāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĄāđāļāļāļļāļĄāļąāļāļīāđāļŦāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļąāđāļāļāļĢāļēāļāđāļāđāļāļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāļ āļēāļĒāđāļāļŠāļēāļĄāļŠāļīāļāļ§āļąāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļĢāļ°āļāļļāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāđāļŦāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļļāļĄāļąāļāļīāļāļąāđāļāđāļ§āđāđāļāļĒāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļ āđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļĩāđāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāđāļāļāļļāļāļēāļāđāļŦāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļĩāļŠāļēāļĄ āđāļŦāđāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĄāđāļāļāļļāļāļēāļāđāļŦāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļąāđāļāļāļĢāļēāļāđāļāđāļāļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāļ āļēāļĒāđāļāļŠāļīāļāļŦāđāļēāļ§āļąāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļĢāļ°āļāļļāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāđāļŦāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļļāļāļēāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļ§āđāđāļāļĒāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļ āļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļąāđāļāļĄāļĩāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļāļļāļāļāļĢāļāđāļāļģāļŠāļąāđāļāđāļĄāđāļāļāļļāļāļēāļāļāđāļāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāđāļāđ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļāļģāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđāđ āļĄāļēāđāļāđāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāđāļāļĒāļāļāļļāđāļĨāļĄ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 10 āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§ āļ.āļĻ. 2542
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđ āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđ āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđāđ āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđāđ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđāđ āđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļĩāļāđāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļĩāđāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļāļļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĨāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļēāļāļēāļāļąāļāļĢāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļēāļ°āļāļēāļĨ āļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļĩāļāđāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļĩāđāđāļāļĒāļŠāļāļāļīāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļ āļēāļāļĩāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļĄāļĩāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļđāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļāļĢāļāļĩ āđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļĒāļāđāļ§āđāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāđāļŦāđāļāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļēāļāđāļēāļ āđ āļāļēāļĄāļāļĩāđāļāļģāļŦāļāļāđāļ§āđāđāļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļāļāļāļāļŠāļāļāļīāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļāļąāđāļ āļāļķāđāļāļāļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļķāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļāļāđāļāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŦāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļēāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļāļāļāđāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 12 āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļ§ āļ.āļĻ. 2542
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
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āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
Français
Article 8 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
Sous rÃĐserve des articles 6, 7, 10 et 12, l'ÃĐtranger ne peut exercer les activitÃĐs de la liste un; celles de la liste deux exigent l'autorisation du ministre avec l'approbation du Conseil des ministres; celles de la liste trois, l'autorisation du directeur gÃĐnÃĐral avec l'accord du ComitÃĐ.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 4 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
Est ÃĐtrangÃĻre la personne physique sans nationalitÃĐ thaÃŊlandaise, la personne morale non enregistrÃĐe en ThaÃŊlande, ou celle enregistrÃĐe dont des ÃĐtrangers dÃĐtiennent au moins la moitiÃĐ du capital ou, pour une sociÃĐtÃĐ de personnes, dont le gÃĐrant est une personne physique ÃĐtrangÃĻre. L'article dÃĐfinit notamment capital et activitÃĐ commerciale.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 36 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
Le ThaÃŊlandais ou la personne morale non ÃĐtrangÃĻre, prÊte-nom ou aidant un ÃĐtranger non autorisÃĐ pour une activitÃĐ des listes, et l'ÃĐtranger consentant, encourent jusqu'à 3 ans de prison et/ou 100 000 à 1 000 000 bahts. Cessation ordonnÃĐe, sous peine de 10 000 à 50 000 bahts par jour.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 37 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
Un ÃĐtranger exerçant en violation des articles 6, 7 ou 8 encourt jusqu'à 3 ans de prison, ou 100 000 à 1 000 000 de bahts d'amende, ou les deux; le tribunal ordonne la cessation ou la fin de la participation. InexÃĐcution: 10 000 à 50 000 bahts par jour.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 41 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
Lorsqu'une personne morale commet une infraction aux articles 34, 35, 36 ou 37, l'administrateur, l'associÃĐ ou le reprÃĐsentant complice, ou qui n'a pas pris les mesures raisonnables pour l'empÊcher, encourt jusqu'à 3 ans d'emprisonnement, ou 100 000 à 1 000 000 de bahts d'amende, ou les deux.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 17 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
L'ÃĐtranger dÃĐpose sa demande auprÃĻs du ministre ou du directeur gÃĐnÃĐral; dÃĐcision sous 60 jours, le Conseil des ministres pouvant, par nÃĐcessitÃĐ, prolonger de 60 jours au plus; licence dÃĐlivrÃĐe sous 15 jours. Tout refus est ÃĐcrit et motivÃĐ; celui du directeur gÃĐnÃĐral est susceptible de recours devant le ministre.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 10 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
Les articles 5, 8, 15, 17 et 18 ne s'appliquent pas à l'ÃĐtranger autorisÃĐ spÃĐcialement à titre temporaire par le gouvernement, ni à celui opÃĐrant sous un traitÃĐ auquel la ThaÃŊlande est liÃĐe, lequel s'applique alors et peut prÃĐvoir la rÃĐciprocitÃĐ.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 12 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542
L'ÃĐtranger dont l'activitÃĐ des listes 2 ou 3 bÃĐnÃĐficie d'une promotion des investissements ou d'un permis industriel ou d'exportation demande au Directeur gÃĐnÃĐral un certificat, dÃĐlivrÃĐ sous 30 jours; il est alors exemptÃĐ de la loi, sauf les articles 21, 22, 39, 40 et 42, pendant cet avantage.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Supreme Court decisions
Sources
- Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542, retrieved 2 November 2026
- deka.supremecourt.or.th, Supreme Court of Thailand decisions database (copy held in our library), retrieved 19 February 2026
The three routes that make a restricted business lawful
1. A Foreign Business Licence, under section 17
The application goes to the Minister or to the Director-General depending on the List. Section 17 sets the timetable, and it is more generous to the applicant than the practice sometimes feels:
- the Cabinet (List Two) or the Director-General (List Three) must complete consideration within sixty days of filing;
- for Cabinet consideration, that period may be extended where there is an inevitable cause, but by no more than a further sixty days;
- once approval or permission is given, the licence must be issued within fifteen days.
Section 5 sets out what the decision is supposed to weigh: effects on national safety and security, economic and social development, public order and good morals, national values in arts and culture, conservation, energy, the environment, consumer protection, the size of the undertaking, employment, technology transfer, and research and development. If you are preparing an application, those are the headings to answer.
2. A Foreign Business Certificate under a treaty, sections 10 and 11
Section 10 disapplies sections 5, 8, 15, 17 and 18 for foreigners operating under a treaty to which Thailand is a party. Section 11 is the mechanism: you notify the Director-General, and the certificate must be issued without delay and no later than thirty days from receipt of the written notification. If the notification does not comply, the Director-General must tell you inside the same thirty days.
The best known example is the Treaty of Amity between Thailand and the United States. It is not the only one. Section 10 is drafted for any qualifying treaty, which is why Australians reach the same certificate route under TAFTA. What the Treaty of Amity gives that others do not is the breadth of its national treatment, not exclusive access to section 10.
3. BOI promotion
A promoted company has its own provision, section 12, and not the section 11 route above: section 11 is drafted for a foreigner under section 10, which is the government-permission and treaty case. Section 12 applies where the business of a foreigner who has received investment promotion, or permission under the Industrial Estate Authority law, is in List Two or List Three. The company notifies the Director-General, who issues the certificate within thirty days, and it is then exempt from this Act altogether, except sections 21, 22, 39, 40 and 42, for as long as the promotion lasts. That exemption is the substantive difference, and section 11 contains nothing like it. Note what section 12 does not cover: List One is outside it, so promotion is no route to a List One business. Within the Lists it does reach, this is what permits full foreign ownership in eligible activities. See our guide to the Board of Investment in Thailand.
Minimum capital, section 14
Section 14 sets the floor. The minimum capital a foreigner uses to start a business in Thailand must not be less than the amount prescribed by Ministerial Regulation, and in any case not less than two million baht. Where the business is one requiring permission under the Lists, the prescribed minimum must be not less than three million baht. The Ministerial Regulation may also fix the time within which that capital must be brought into Thailand.
There is a carve-out that is regularly missed: section 14 does not apply where the foreigner uses money or property derived as revenue from a business already operating in Thailand to start another business, subscribe for shares, or invest in another undertaking.
The 2026 registration crackdown, in the order it happened
Apart from one amendment to List Three item (13), noted below, the Act itself did not change in 2026. What changed is how hard it is to register a company that has a foreigner anywhere near it. The Department of Business Development issued six orders and two notifications, and most published summaries carry only one or two of them.
The Department’s own Legal Office summary, dated 16 December 2568, sets out the first package:
- Order 2/2568, in force 1 January 2026. Applies to formation of a partnership or limited company where a foreigner co-invests below 50 percent of registered capital, and also where no foreigner is a shareholder at all but a foreigner is a director with authority to bind the company. Each Thai partner or shareholder must file three months of bank statements showing a withdrawal or transfer matching their capital contribution.
- Order 3/2568. Applies to people connected with predicate offences or mule accounts on the Anti-Money Laundering Office list. Those partners, shareholders or directors must appear in person before the registrar before registration is accepted, with unexpired identification.
- Order 4/2568. Applies to the registered head office address where it is shared with entities already registered there. The registrar must check the address against civil registration records every time, and the applicant must produce a consent letter and proof of the right to use the premises.
- Order 5/2568. Applies where a partner, shareholder or director holds a State Welfare Card. That person must appear in person before the registrar, with the same document set.
- Two notifications fix who may witness a signature on a registration application, namely licensed auditors, accountants registered with the Federation of Accounting Professions, the head, managing partner or director of a quality accounting office, and licensed security enforcers. Those witnesses must register and verify their identity through the DBD Biz Regist digital system.
Two further orders followed in 2026:
- Order 1/2569, issued 16 March 2026, in force 1 April 2026, and repealed on 1 August 2026 by Order 2/2569. It reached amendments that admit a foreigner as a partner, or as a director with signing power. The requirement survives: clause 4 of Order 2/2569 now requires an Investment Confirmation Letter on the annexed form in those situations. A false statement to the registrar is an offence under sections 137 and 267 of the Penal Code.
- Order No. 2/2569, in force 1 August 2026. At incorporation, clauses 2 and 3 of DBD Order No. 2/2569 apply where foreign partners or shareholders hold less than 50% of capital, or where a company has no foreign shareholder but a foreign authorised signatory. The filing requires the Investment Explanation Letter, three months of the relevant Thai investorsâ payment-account statements and receiving-account evidence. Later qualifying amendments use a different form under clause 4; clause 5 adds evidence for specified first-year amendments. Clause 4 requires an Investment Confirmation Letter for the specified changes introducing foreign participation or changing previously all-Thai authorised signatories to include a foreign signatory. Clause 5 adds an Investment Explanation Letter and bank evidence of paid-up capital only where the entity was incorporated on or after 1 August 2026 and the qualifying amendment is filed within one year of incorporation. Read the order and forms.
Read together, the practical position since 1 August 2026 is that a foreigner cannot be quietly added to an existing Thai company later. That was the ordinary workaround, and it is now the transaction the Department is looking hardest at. Our page on the 2026 nominee crackdown covers the enforcement side, and regulatory reform for companies covers the wider reform programme.
Ministerial Regulation No. 5 (2026): eight service businesses no longer need a licence
The Ministerial Regulation Prescribing Service Businesses Not Requiring Permission for Foreigners to Operate Businesses (No. 5) B.E. 2569 is in force. It was published in the Royal Gazette on 28 August 2026, following the Cabinet’s approval in principle on 12 May 2026. It takes eight service businesses out of the licence requirement for "other service businesses" in List Three, so a foreigner carrying on one of them no longer needs a Foreign Business Licence or a Foreign Business Certificate for that activity. The eight fall into three groups.
Group 1: sector-regulated services (the sector licence still applies)
- Type 1 telecommunications services, meaning services provided without the operator’s own network. The NBTC licence is still required.
- Treasury centre services carried on under the Bank of Thailand’s exchange control rules.
- Securities-purchase lending, subject to the applicable securities-law conditions.
- Buying securities under a reverse repurchase agreement, subject to the applicable securities-law conditions. The regulation separately revises the existing derivatives exemption.
Group 2: intra-group services only
- Administrative, human resources and IT management services.
- Guarantees of domestic debts.
Both are exempt only when provided between juristic persons that meet the relationship test in the regulation, which turns on common shareholding or common directors. Being in the same group in a loose commercial sense is not enough, so check the test against your own shareholding chart before you rely on it.
Group 3: ancillary services
- Petroleum drilling services under a contract made directly with a petroleum concessionaire, production-sharing contractor or service contractor under petroleum law.
- Leasing space for ATMs, electronic financial service machines or vending machines for the benefit of a company’s own employees.
What has not changed
- The definition of a foreigner in section 4 and the 49 percent threshold are untouched. A company with half or more of its capital held by foreigners is still a foreigner.
- List Three item (13) was amended by Royal Decree (No. 2) B.E. 2569, published in the Royal Gazette on 28 September 2026 and in force from 29 September 2026: internal trade in indigenous agricultural products remains restricted, except trading in agricultural futures in a futures exchange centre under the Futures Contracts Act, with delivery or receipt in a warehouse designated by the centre, which no longer needs a Foreign Business Licence. Every other item in Lists One, Two and Three is unchanged, and SEC/TFEX sector licensing still applies.
- Sector licences still apply in full (NBTC, Bank of Thailand, SEC, Department of Mineral Fuels).
Not covered: hotels, restaurants, tours and language schools
After the regulation was published, posts circulating online claimed that it freed hotels, restaurants, tour operators, souvenir shops, sports services and language schools from the licence requirement. On 14 September 2026 the Director-General of the Department of Business Development, Poonpong Naiyanapakorn, denied this publicly: those businesses are not in the regulation at all. They remain restricted exactly as before, and running one through a Thai nominee is still an offence under section 36.
If your business is one of the eight, check the relationship test and the sector licence first, then decide whether a pending licence application is still needed. If it is not one of the eight, nothing has changed for you.
Sources: Baker McKenzie client alert (2 September 2026); The Nation (3 September 2026); The Thaiger, report of the Department of Business Development denial (14 September 2026).
Offences and penalties, and who actually gets charged
The penalty sections are widely misquoted, including on Thai law websites. These are the four that matter, read from the official translation.
| Section | Who commits it | Penalty |
|---|---|---|
| Section 34 | A licensed or certified foreigner who keeps operating after the licence is suspended or revoked, or after the business has been ordered to cease | Up to 3 years imprisonment, or a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht, or both, plus a further fine of 10,000 baht per day throughout the violation |
| Section 35 | A licensed foreigner who fronts for another foreigner who has no permission, or runs a business co-owned with them while holding it out as their own | Up to 3 years imprisonment, or a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht, or both, and the court orders the participation or operation to cease. Breach of that order: 10,000 to 50,000 baht per day |
| Section 36 | The nominee provision, and it catches both sides: the Thai national or Thai juristic person who assists, aids and abets, operates jointly while holding it out as their own, or holds shares as a foreigner’s nominee; and the foreigner who allows that to be done | Up to 3 years imprisonment, or a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht, or both, and the court orders the assistance, joint operation or shareholding to cease. Breach of that order: 10,000 to 50,000 baht per day throughout the violation |
| Section 37 | A foreigner who operates a business in violation of section 6, section 7 or section 8, that is, without the licence or certificate required | Up to 3 years imprisonment, or a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht, or both, and the court orders the operation, undertaking or shareholding to cease. Breach of that order: 10,000 to 50,000 baht per day |
Note what section 37 is not. It is not the nominee provision. Section 36 is. We have seen section 37 described as the provision that targets foreign principals in nominee arrangements, including in material published by law firms, and it is wrong: section 37 is the general offence of operating in violation of sections 6, 7 or 8. If you are reading advice that gets this backwards, be careful with the rest of it.
Note also what the court may order. Sections 35, 36 and 37 give the court power to order cessation, with a daily fine for defying that order. Section 37 goes further: where a foreigner is convicted of operating in breach, the court must also order the business stopped, the undertaking wound up (āđāļĨāļīāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢ) or the shareholding given up, as the case requires. Sections 35 and 36 reach only the operation, the assistance or the shareholding.
Section 41: the directors are personally liable
This is the provision that changes how a director should behave, and almost nobody puts it on the page.
Where a juristic person commits an offence under section 34, 35, 36 or 37, section 41 makes directors, partners and persons with authority to represent the juristic person personally liable if they connived at the offence or failed to take reasonable action to prevent it. The penalty is the same as the company’s: up to three years imprisonment, or a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht, or both.
“Failed to take reasonable action to prevent it” is not a high bar for a prosecutor. Put it next to Order 2/2569, which now requires a named director to sign an Investment Explanation Letter about the very shareholding that would be at issue, and the exposure is obvious. A director who signs that letter without checking where the Thai shareholders’ money actually came from is signing the evidence.
What to do about it
- Check what List your activity is actually in before you assume you need a licence, and before you assume you do not.
- Decide the route deliberately: licence, treaty certificate, or BOI. They have different timetables, different decision makers and different ongoing conditions.
- Fund the Thai shareholders properly and document it. Since 1 January 2026 the bank statements are part of the file, and since 1 August 2026 so is an explanation letter.
- Look at existing structures too. Order 2/2569 reaches later changes of shareholders and directors, so a structure that was registered without scrutiny can still meet it on the next amendment.
- If you are a director, read section 41 and satisfy yourself before you sign anything.
Frequently asked questions
Does the Foreign Business Act stop a foreigner owning 100 percent of a Thai company?
Not by itself. The Act restricts the business activities in the three annexed Lists, not ownership as such. A foreigner may own a company outright where the activity is not restricted, or where a Foreign Business Licence, a treaty certificate under sections 10 and 11, or BOI promotion covers it. Where the activity is restricted and none of those applies, section 4 means a company with 50 percent or more foreign capital is itself a foreigner and cannot lawfully carry it on.
Is section 37 the nominee provision?
No, and this is the most common error in English-language material on the Act. Section 36 is the nominee provision, and it catches both the Thai nominee and the foreigner who allows the arrangement. Section 37 is the general offence of a foreigner operating in violation of sections 6, 7 or 8, which in practice means operating without the licence or certificate required.
Can a Thai court dissolve my company under the Foreign Business Act?
On a conviction under Section 37, the court must order a foreigner operating in breach to stop the business, to wind up the undertaking (āđāļĨāļīāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢ) or to give up its shareholding. Sections 35 and 36 reach only the operation, the assistance or the shareholding. Each order is backed by a fine of 10,000 to 50,000 baht for every day the order is defied. That is severe enough in practice, because the business has to stop.
What is the minimum capital for a foreigner under the Act?
Section 14 sets a floor of not less than two million baht generally, and not less than three million baht where the business requires permission under the Lists, with the exact figure fixed by Ministerial Regulation. The floor does not apply where the money comes from revenue of a business the foreigner already operates in Thailand.
How long should a Foreign Business Licence take?
Section 17 requires the decision within sixty days of filing, extendable by up to a further sixty days only where the Cabinet faces an inevitable cause, and the licence must then be issued within fifteen days. A treaty certificate under section 11 runs on a shorter clock: the Director-General must issue it without delay and no later than thirty days from the written notification.
Which businesses no longer need a Foreign Business Licence since 2026?
Eight service businesses, under Ministerial Regulation No. 5 B.E. 2569, published in the Royal Gazette on 28 August 2026 and in force: Type 1 telecoms without an own network, treasury centres, securities-purchase lending, reverse repurchase transactions, intra-group administrative, HR and IT services and domestic guarantees between related companies, petroleum drilling under direct contracts with concessionaires, production-sharing contractors or service contractors, and space for ATMs or vending machines for a company’s own staff. Hotels, restaurants, tour operators and language schools are not covered, as the Department of Business Development confirmed on 14 September 2026. List Three item (13) was amended by Royal Decree (No. 2) B.E. 2569, published in the Royal Gazette on 28 September 2026 and in force from 29 September 2026: internal trade in indigenous agricultural products remains restricted, except trading in agricultural futures in a futures exchange centre under the Futures Contracts Act, with delivery or receipt in a warehouse designated by the centre, which no longer needs a Foreign Business Licence. Every other item in Lists One, Two and Three is unchanged, and SEC/TFEX sector licensing still applies.
I already have a Thai company. Do the 2026 orders affect me?
They can. Order 2/2569, in force since 1 August 2026, extends the checks beyond formation to changes in shareholder and director structure after registration. Introducing foreign participation or a foreign authorised signatory to an existing company now requires the Investment Confirmation Letter under clause 4. Clause 5 adds the Investment Explanation Letter and bank evidence of paid-up capital only where the entity was incorporated on or after 1 August 2026 and the amendment is filed within one year of incorporation.
Talk to a Thai lawyer before you file
Serving foreigners in Thailand since 2006, ThaiLawOnline.com advises on Foreign Business Licences, treaty certificates, BOI structures and company formation, and reviews existing structures against the 2026 registration rules. We will tell you plainly whether a structure will hold.
Schedule a consultation, or read our guides to registering a company in Thailand, setting up a company as a foreigner and company registration costs.
This article is general information, not legal advice for your situation. It states the law as read on 22 August 2026 from the official translation of the Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542 and from the Department of Business Development and Ministry of Commerce. Proposals described as approved in principle are not law and may change or lapse.
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