Treaty of Amity in Thailand: A Comprehensive Guide for American Expats in Thailand

Treaty of Amity in Thailand: How Americans Own 100% of a Thai Company (2026)

Reviewed by Wichuda Atthamethakon, LL.M., Thai Bar Licence 3149/2556, for ThaiLawOnline, a Thai law firm acting for foreigners since 2006.

Edited by Sebastien H. Brousseau, LL.B., B.Sc. Last updated 2 November 2026.
Update log
  • 2 November 2026: Added the statute box with Thai, English and French text and checked the page against the official text

Updated 2 September 2026. The US-Thailand Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations is the single biggest advantage an American investor has in Thailand. Signed on 29 May 1966 and in force since 8 June 1968, it lets US citizens and US-majority-owned companies own up to 100% of a Thai company and be treated, for most business purposes, as if they were Thai. Four separate DBD rule changes landed between January and August 2026, and every one of them makes the ordinary 49/51 structure harder to build. This guide covers what the treaty gives you, who does not qualify, how registration works now, and what quietly voids your certificate later.

Last reviewed: 2 September 2026, against the Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations itself (United Nations Treaty Series No. 9345, official English text, and the Thai Department of Trade Negotiations copy), the Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542 in Thai, the Ministerial Regulation on Minimum Capital B.E. 2562 and the Fees Regulation B.E. 2544, Central Registrar Order No. 2/2569 from the primary PDF, the Land Code, the Civil and Commercial Code, the Accounting Act B.E. 2543 and the three Supreme Court decisions cited below. The full list, and what was not verified, is at the foot of the page.

The Treaty route is one of several structures compared in our guide to

business setup in Thailand

.

What changed in 2026, and why it matters to Americans

On 1 August 2026 the Department of Business Development brought Central Partnership and Company Registrar Order No. 2/2569 into force. If a foreign national holds under 50% of a Thai company, or holds no shares but signs as an authorised director, the registrar now asks for three documents, and

two of them are new

. Three months of bank statements from each Thai shareholder covering the period before they paid for their shares were already required. What the order adds is bank statements from the director’s account that received the money, and a prescribed

Investment Explanation Letter

tracing every transfer. A filing whose statements do not line up with the declared subscription gets turned away, though that is registry practice rather than the order speaking: clauses 1 to 6 prescribe documents and attach no consequence of their own to a mismatch. Note also what the order covers: not just incorporations, but amendments to

existing

partnerships and companies where a foreign national is introduced as a minority investor or an authorised signatory. On an amendment, clause 4 calls for an Investment

Confirmation

Letter, a different document from the Explanation Letter required on establishment, and clause 5 adds that a company filing such an amendment within a year of its own incorporation must also show a bank statement proving it received the full subscribed capital. An established Thai company that later appoints a foreign director is inside this regime. That order sits on top of three earlier moves in the same year. Order No. 2/2568 started the bank-statement requirement on 1 January. On 1 April the DBD added in-person verification for amendments involving foreign participation. On 1 July it closed the walk-in counter for new private limited company incorporations and pushed them all through DBD Biz Regist. The DBD has prosecuted 852 companies, put THB 15.1 billion of economic damage on the record, and estimates that roughly 94,000 Thai companies carry nominee shareholders. Every one of those measures targets the 49/51 structure. An Amity company does not use one. You hold 100% of the shares in your own name, so the Thai shareholder requirement disappears and so does the paperwork trail the DBD built to test it. Nobody at the Ministry of Commerce has to satisfy themselves that your Thai partner funded their shares, because you have no Thai partner.

What the treaty actually gives you

Under the

Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542 (1999)

, a company is foreign if 50% or more of its shares are held by non-Thais, and foreign majority ownership of most service and trading businesses is restricted. The Treaty of Amity overrides that for Americans. A qualifying US company receives national treatment: it may be up to 100% American-owned and may operate in most sectors without a Foreign Business Licence. That right has an address. It is

Article IV paragraph 1

of the Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations of 1966, which accords nationals and companies of either country national treatment in establishing, and in acquiring interests in, enterprises of all types for commercial, industrial, financial and other business activities.

Article IV paragraph 5

adds the right to control and manage what you have established, which is the provision that makes an American-controlled board lawful in a country whose default rule is a Thai majority. Sections 10 and 11 of the Act carve out the treaty route. A foreigner operating under a treaty to which Thailand is a party notifies the Director-General under the prescribed ministerial regulation and receives a Foreign Business Certificate. Section 11 gives the Director-General 30 days from the date of the written notification to issue it. The word “certificate” carries more weight than most guides admit. A Foreign Business Licence under section 17 is a discretionary approval: a committee weighs your application, considers whether Thai nationals are ready to compete in your sector, and can say no. A certificate under section 11 records a right the treaty already conferred. The registrar checks that you qualify, then issues. Clients get ahead of themselves here. The treaty covers ownership of a business. It does not touch land, work permits, visas, or tax. Your corporate tax bill matches a Thai company’s. Anyone selling Amity as a shortcut past all four is selling you something the treaty never contained.

The law behind this page

English

Section 10 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Full text

Sections 5, 8, 15, 17 and 18 do not apply to an alien who carries on a business listed in the annexes to this Act with special temporary permission from the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand. An alien who carries on a business listed in the annexes to this Act under a treaty to which Thailand is a party or has an obligation shall be exempt from the application of the sections specified in the first paragraph, and shall be subject to the provisions and conditions of that treaty, which may include granting Thai persons and Thai enterprises reciprocal rights to carry on business in the alien's country of nationality.

ThaiLawOnline translation

Section 11 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Full text

An alien under section 10 who wishes to carry on a business listed in the annexes to this Act shall notify the Director-General in accordance with the rules and procedures prescribed by ministerial regulation to request a certificate. The Director-General shall issue the certificate to the alien promptly, and in any case within not more than 30 days from the date of receipt of the alien's notification. If, however, the Director-General considers that the notification does not comply with the rules and procedures prescribed by ministerial regulation, or that the case does not fall under section 10, the Director-General shall inform the alien promptly, and in any case within not more than 30 days from the date of receipt of the alien's notification. The certificate shall also state the conditions set by the Government or prescribed in the treaty.

ThaiLawOnline translation

Section 4 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Full text

In this Act: "alien" means: (1) a natural person who does not have Thai nationality; (2) a juristic person not registered in Thailand; (3) a juristic person registered in Thailand and having the following characteristics: (a) a juristic person in which shares representing half or more of its capital are held by persons under (1) or (2), or a juristic person in which persons under (1) or (2) have invested a value of half or more of its total capital; (b) a limited partnership or registered ordinary partnership whose managing partner or manager is a person under (1); (4) a juristic person registered in Thailand in which shares representing half or more of its capital are held by persons under (1), (2) or (3), or in which persons under (1), (2) or (3) have invested a value of half or more of its total capital. For the purposes of this definition, shares of a limited company for which bearer share certificates are issued are deemed to be shares of an alien, unless otherwise prescribed in a Ministerial Regulation. "capital" means the registered capital of a limited company, the paid-up capital of a public limited company, or the money contributed as shares by partners or members to a partnership or juristic person; "minimum capital" means the capital of an alien where the alien is a juristic person registered in Thailand, and, where the alien is a juristic person not registered in Thailand or a natural person, the foreign currency the alien brings in for use on commencing business in Thailand; "business" means engaging in agriculture, industry, handicraft, commerce, services or other activities, for trade; "licence" means a licence to operate a business; "licensee" means an alien who has received a licence; "certificate" means a certificate to operate a business; "certificate holder" means an alien who has received a certificate; "Committee" means the Foreign Business Committee; "competent official" means a person appointed by the Minister to act under this Act; "Registrar" means a person appointed by the Minister as Registrar of Foreign Business Operations; "Director General" means the Director General of the Department of Business Development; "Minister" means the Minister in charge of this Act.

ThaiLawOnline translation

Section 14 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Full text

The minimum capital used by an alien to commence a business in Thailand shall be not less than the amount prescribed by ministerial regulation, and in any case not less than 2,000,000 baht. Where the alien's business under the first paragraph requires a permission under the annexes to this Act, the minimum capital prescribed by ministerial regulation for each business shall be not less than 3,000,000 baht. A ministerial regulation issued under this section may also prescribe the period within which the minimum capital must be brought or remitted into Thailand. This section does not apply where an alien uses money or assets derived from income from an existing business already commenced in Thailand to commence another business, or to subscribe for shares or invest in another undertaking or juristic person.

ThaiLawOnline translation

Section 36 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Full text

A person of Thai nationality or a juristic person that is not an alien under this Act who assists or supports, or joins in operating, a business of an alien that is a business specified in the Lists annexed to this Act, where that alien has not been permitted to operate that business, or who joins in operating a business of an alien while representing it as being their business alone, or who holds shares on behalf of an alien in a partnership, limited company or any juristic person so that the alien may operate a business by evading or violating the provisions of this Act, and likewise an alien who consents to a person of Thai nationality or a juristic person that is not an alien under this Act doing such an act, shall be liable to imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, or a fine from 100,000 baht to 1,000,000 baht, or both, and the court shall order the assistance or support to cease, or the joint operation of the business to cease, or the shareholding or partnership to cease, as the case may be. A person who fails to comply with the court's order shall be liable to a fine of 10,000 baht to 50,000 baht per day for as long as the violation continues.

ThaiLawOnline translation

Section 37 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Full text

An alien who carries on a business in violation of section 6, 7 or 8 shall be punished with imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, or a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht, or both, and the court shall order the cessation of the business, the dissolution of the undertaking, or the termination of the shareholding or partnership, as the case may be. A person who fails to comply with the court's order shall be punished with a fine of 10,000 to 50,000 baht per day for as long as the violation continues.

ThaiLawOnline translation

Section 86 Limitation of Aliens Right in Land

Full text

An alien may acquire land only by virtue of the provisions of a treaty that provides for ownership of immovable property and also subject to the provisions of this Code. Subject to Section 84, such alien may acquire land for residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, cemeterial, public charity or religious purposes only in accordance with the conditions and procedure prescribed by the ministerial regulations and permission therefor must be obtained from the Minister.

Unofficial translation by the Office of the Council of State

Section 97 Limitation of Rights in Land of Some Categories of Juristic Persons

Full text

The following juristic persons shall have right to land as if they were an alien: (1)67 A limited company or public limited company whose shares constituting its registered capital are held by aliens by more than forty-nine per cent of its registered capital, or whose alien shareholders are more than one-half of the total number of its shareholders, as the case may be; For the purposes of this Chapter, if any limited company issues bearer share certificates, such a share certificate shall be deemed to be held by an alien. (2)68 A limited partnership or registered ordinary partnership whose contributions by aliens are more than forty-nine per cent of its total capital or whose alien partners are more than one-half of the total number of its partners, as the case may be. (3) An association including co-operative whose alien members are more than one-half of its total number of members or which operates exclusively or substantially for the benefit of aliens; (4) A foundation whose objectives are exclusively or substantially for the benefit of aliens. (5)69 (Repealed)

Unofficial translation by the Office of the Council of State

ไทย

มาตรา 10 พระราชบัญญัติการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว พ.ศ. 2542

ข้อความเต็ม

บทบัญญัติมาตรา ๕ มาตรา ๘ มาตรา ๑๕ มาตรา ๑๗ และมาตรา ๑๘ ไม่ใช้บังคับแก่คนต่างด้าวที่ประกอบธุรกิจตามบัญชีท้ายพระราชบัญญัตินี้โดยได้รับอนุญาตจากรัฐบาลแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทยเป็นการเฉพาะกาล คนต่างด้าวที่ประกอบธุรกิจตามบัญชีท้ายพระราชบัญญัตินี้โดยสนธิสัญญาที่ประเทศไทยเป็นภาคีหรือมีความผูกพันตามพันธกรณี ให้ได้รับยกเว้นจากการบังคับใช้บทบัญญัติแห่งมาตราต่าง ๆ ตามที่กำหนดไว้ในวรรคหนึ่ง และให้เป็นไปตามบทบัญญัติและเงื่อนไขของสนธิสัญญานั้น ซึ่งอาจรวมถึงการให้สิทธิคนไทยและวิสาหกิจของคนไทยเข้าไปประกอบธุรกิจในประเทศสัญชาติของคนต่างด้าวนั้นเป็นการต่างตอบแทนด้วย

ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

มาตรา 11 พระราชบัญญัติการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว พ.ศ. 2542

ข้อความเต็ม

คนต่างด้าวตามมาตรา ๑๐ หากประสงค์จะประกอบธุรกิจตามบัญชีท้ายพระราชบัญญัตินี้ ให้แจ้งต่ออธิบดีตามหลักเกณฑ์และวิธีการที่กำหนดในกฎกระทรวงเพื่อขอหนังสือรับรองและให้อธิบดีออกหนังสือรับรองให้คนต่างด้าวนั้นโดยเร็ว แต่ต้องไม่เกินสามสิบวันนับแต่วันที่ได้รับหนังสือแจ้งจากคนต่างด้าว เว้นแต่อธิบดีเห็นว่าการแจ้งมิได้เป็นไปตามหลักเกณฑ์และวิธีการที่กำหนดในกฎกระทรวง หรือกรณีไม่เป็นไปตามมาตรา ๑๐ ให้อธิบดีแจ้งแก่คนต่างด้าวนั้นทราบโดยเร็ว แต่ต้องไม่เกินสามสิบวันนับแต่วันที่ได้รับหนังสือแจ้งจากคนต่างด้าว หนังสือรับรองต้องระบุเงื่อนไขตามที่รัฐบาลกำหนดหรือตามที่กำหนดในสนธิสัญญาด้วย

ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

มาตรา 4 พระราชบัญญัติการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว พ.ศ. 2542

ข้อความเต็ม

ในพระราชบัญญัตินี้ “คนต่างด้าว” หมายความว่า (๑) บุคคลธรรมดาซึ่งไม่มีสัญชาติไทย (๒) นิติบุคคลซึ่งไม่ได้จดทะเบียนในประเทศไทย (๓) นิติบุคคลซึ่งจดทะเบียนในประเทศไทย และมีลักษณะดังต่อไปนี้ (ก) นิติบุคคลซึ่งมีหุ้นอันเป็นทุนตั้งแต่กึ่งหนึ่งของนิติบุคคลนั้นถือโดยบุคคลตาม (๑) หรือ (๒) หรือนิติบุคคลซึ่งมีบุคคลตาม (๑) หรือ (๒) ลงทุนมีมูลค่าตั้งแต่กึ่งหนึ่งของทุนทั้งหมดในนิติบุคคลนั้น (ข) ห้างหุ้นส่วนจำกัดหรือห้างหุ้นส่วนสามัญที่จดทะเบียน ซึ่งหุ้นส่วนผู้จัดการหรือผู้จัดการเป็นบุคคลตาม (๑) (๔) นิติบุคคลซึ่งจดทะเบียนในประเทศไทย ซึ่งมีหุ้นอันเป็นทุนตั้งแต่กึ่งหนึ่งของนิติบุคคลนั้นถือโดยบุคคลตาม (๑) (๒) หรือ (๓) หรือนิติบุคคลซึ่งมีบุคคลตาม (๑) (๒) หรือ (๓) ลงทุน มีมูลค่าตั้งแต่กึ่งหนึ่งของทุนทั้งหมดในนิติบุคคลนั้น เพื่อประโยชน์แห่งคำนิยามนี้ให้ถือว่าหุ้นของบริษัทจำกัดที่มีใบหุ้นชนิดออกให้แก่ผู้ถือเป็นหุ้นของคนต่างด้าว เว้นแต่จะได้มีกฎกระทรวงกำหนดไว้เป็นอย่างอื่น “ทุน” หมายความว่า ทุนจดทะเบียนของบริษัทจำกัด หรือทุนชำระแล้วของบริษัทมหาชนจำกัด หรือเงินที่ผู้เป็นหุ้นส่วนหรือสมาชิกนำมาลงหุ้นในห้างหุ้นส่วนหรือนิติบุคคลนั้น “ทุนขั้นต่ำ” หมายความว่า ทุนของคนต่างด้าวในกรณีที่คนต่างด้าวเป็นนิติบุคคลซึ่งจดทะเบียนในประเทศไทย และในกรณีที่คนต่างด้าวเป็นนิติบุคคลซึ่งไม่ได้จดทะเบียนในประเทศไทยหรือเป็นบุคคลธรรมดาให้หมายถึงเงินตราต่างประเทศที่คนต่างด้าวนำมาใช้เมื่อเริ่มต้นประกอบธุรกิจในประเทศไทย “ธุรกิจ” หมายความว่า การประกอบกิจการในทางเกษตรกรรม อุตสาหกรรม หัตถกรรม พาณิชยกรรม การบริการ หรือกิจการอย่างอื่น อันเป็นการค้า “ใบอนุญาต” หมายความว่า ใบอนุญาตประกอบธุรกิจ “ผู้รับใบอนุญาต” หมายความว่า คนต่างด้าวที่ได้รับใบอนุญาต “หนังสือรับรอง” หมายความว่า หนังสือรับรองการประกอบธุรกิจ “ผู้รับหนังสือรับรอง” หมายความว่า คนต่างด้าวที่ได้รับหนังสือรับรอง “คณะกรรมการ” หมายความว่า คณะกรรมการการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว “พนักงานเจ้าหน้าที่” หมายความว่า ผู้ซึ่งรัฐมนตรีแต่งตั้งให้ปฏิบัติการตามพระราชบัญญัตินี้ “นายทะเบียน” หมายความว่า ผู้ซึ่งรัฐมนตรีแต่งตั้งให้เป็นนายทะเบียนการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว “อธิบดี” หมายความว่า อธิบดีกรมพัฒนาธุรกิจการค้า* “รัฐมนตรี” หมายความว่า รัฐมนตรีผู้รักษาการตามพระราชบัญญัตินี้

ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

มาตรา 14 พระราชบัญญัติการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว พ.ศ. 2542

ข้อความเต็ม

ทุนขั้นต่ำที่คนต่างด้าวใช้ในการเริ่มต้นประกอบธุรกิจในประเทศไทย ต้องมีจำนวนไม่น้อยกว่าที่กำหนดในกฎกระทรวงแต่ต้องไม่น้อยกว่าสองล้านบาท ในกรณีการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าวในวรรคแรกเป็นธุรกิจที่ต้องได้รับอนุญาตตามบัญชีท้ายพระราชบัญญัตินี้ ทุนขั้นต่ำที่กำหนดในกฎกระทรวงสำหรับแต่ละธุรกิจต้องไม่น้อยกว่าสามล้านบาท กฎกระทรวงที่ออกตามบทบัญญัติมาตรานี้ อาจกำหนดระยะเวลาทุนขั้นต่ำที่ต้องนำหรือส่งเข้ามาในประเทศไทยไว้ด้วยก็ได้ ความในมาตรานี้ไม่ใช้บังคับกับกรณีที่คนต่างด้าวนำเงินหรือทรัพย์สินอันเกิดจากรายได้ที่ได้มาจากการประกอบธุรกิจเดิมที่เริ่มดำเนินการมาก่อนแล้วในประเทศไทยไปเริ่มประกอบธุรกิจรายอื่นหรือนำไปลงหุ้นหรือลงทุนในกิจการหรือในนิติบุคคลอื่น

ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

มาตรา 36 พระราชบัญญัติการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว พ.ศ. 2542

ข้อความเต็ม

ผู้มีสัญชาติไทยหรือนิติบุคคลที่มิใช่คนต่างด้าวตามพระราชบัญญัตินี้ ให้ความช่วยเหลือหรือสนับสนุนหรือร่วมประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว อันเป็นธุรกิจที่กำหนดไว้ในบัญชีท้ายพระราชบัญญัตินี้ โดยคนต่างด้าวนั้นมิได้รับอนุญาตให้ประกอบธุรกิจดังกล่าว หรือร่วมประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าวโดยแสดงออกว่าเป็นธุรกิจของตนแต่ผู้เดียวหรือถือหุ้นแทนคนต่างด้าวในห้างหุ้นส่วนหรือบริษัทจำกัด หรือนิติบุคคลใด ๆ เพื่อให้คนต่างด้าวประกอบธุรกิจโดยหลีกเลี่ยงหรือฝ่าฝืนบทบัญญัติแห่งพระราชบัญญัตินี้ รวมทั้งคนต่างด้าวซึ่งยินยอมให้ผู้มีสัญชาติไทยหรือนิติบุคคลที่มิใช่คนต่างด้าวตามพระราชบัญญัตินี้กระทำการดังกล่าว ต้องระวางโทษจำคุกไม่เกินสามปี หรือปรับตั้งแต่หนึ่งแสนบาทถึงหนึ่งล้านบาท หรือทั้งจำทั้งปรับ และให้ศาลสั่งให้เลิกการให้ความช่วยเหลือหรือสนับสนุน หรือสั่งให้เลิกการร่วมประกอบธุรกิจ หรือสั่งให้เลิกการถือหุ้น หรือการเป็นหุ้นส่วนนั้นเสีย แล้วแต่กรณี หากฝ่าฝืนไม่ปฏิบัติตามคำสั่งศาลต้องระวางโทษปรับวันละหนึ่งหมื่นบาทถึงห้าหมื่นบาทตลอดเวลาที่ยังฝ่าฝืนอยู่

ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

มาตรา 37 พระราชบัญญัติการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว พ.ศ. 2542

ข้อความเต็ม

คนต่างด้าวผู้ใดประกอบธุรกิจโดยฝ่าฝืนมาตรา ๖ มาตรา ๗ หรือมาตรา ๘ ต้องระวางโทษจำคุกไม่เกินสามปี หรือปรับตั้งแต่หนึ่งแสนบาทถึงหนึ่งล้านบาท หรือทั้งจำทั้งปรับ และให้ศาลสั่งเลิกการประกอบธุรกิจ หรือเลิกกิจการ หรือสั่งเลิกการเป็นผู้ถือหุ้น หรือเป็นหุ้นส่วน แล้วแต่กรณี หากฝ่าฝืนไม่ปฏิบัติตามคำสั่งศาลต้องระวางโทษปรับวันละหนึ่งหมื่นบาทถึงห้าหมื่นบาทตลอดเวลาที่ยังฝ่าฝืนอยู่

ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

มาตรา 86

ข้อความเต็ม

คนต่างด้าวจะได้มาซึ่งที่ดินก็โดยอาศัยบทสนธิสัญญาซึ่งบัญญัติให้มีกรรมสิทธิ์ในอสังหาริมทรัพย์ได้ และอยู่ในบังคับบทบัญญัติแห่งประมวลกฎหมายนี้ด้วย ภายใต้บังคับมาตรา ๘๔ คนต่างด้าวดังกล่าวจะได้มาซึ่งที่ดินเพื่อใช้เป็นที่อยู่อาศัย ประกอบกิจการในทางพาณิชยกรรม อุตสาหกรรม เกษตรกรรม การสุสาน การกุศลสาธารณะ หรือการศาสนา ต้องเป็นไปตามเงื่อนไขและวิธีการซึ่งกำหนดโดยกฎกระทรวง และต้องได้รับอนุญาตจากรัฐมนตรี

ข้อความจากฐานข้อมูลประมวลกฎหมายของเรา โปรดตรวจสอบกับข้อความทางการ (Thai text from our annotated code. Check it against the official text.)

มาตรา 97

ข้อความเต็ม

นิติบุคคลดังต่อไปนี้ให้มีสิทธิในที่ดินได้เสมือนกับคนต่างด้าว (๑) ๑ บริษัทจำกัดหรือบริษัทมหาชนจำกัดที่มีหุ้นอันเป็นทุนจดทะเบียน ถือโดยคนต่างด้าวเกินกว่าร้อยละสี่สิบเก้าของทุนจดทะเบียน หรือผู้ถือหุ้นเป็นคนต่างด้าวเกินกว่ากึ่งจำนวนผู้ถือหุ้น แล้วแต่กรณี เพื่อประโยชน์แห่งหมวดนี้บริษัทจำกัดใดออกใบหุ้นชนิดออกให้แก่ผู้ถือ ให้ถือว่าใบหุ้นนั้นคนต่างด้าวเป็นผู้ถือ (๒) ๒ ห้างหุ้นส่วนจำกัด หรือห้างหุ้นส่วนสามัญที่จดทะเบียนแล้ว ที่มีคนต่างด้าวลงหุ้นมีมูลค่าเกินกว่าร้อยละสี่สิบเก้าของทุนทั้งหมด หรือผู้เป็นหุ้นส่วนเป็นคนต่างด้าวเกินกว่ากึ่งจำนวนของผู้เป็นหุ้นส่วน แล้วแต่กรณี (๓) สมาคมรวมทั้งสหกรณ์ที่มีสมาชิกเป็นคนต่างด้าวเกินกว่ากึ่งจำนวน หรือดำเนินกิจการเพื่อประโยชน์คนต่างด้าวโดยเฉพาะ หรือเป็นส่วนใหญ่ (๔) มูลนิธิที่มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อประโยชน์คนต่างด้าวโดยเฉพาะ หรือเป็นส่วนใหญ่ (๕) ๓ (ยกเลิก)

ข้อความจากฐานข้อมูลประมวลกฎหมายของเรา โปรดตรวจสอบกับข้อความทางการ (Thai text from our annotated code. Check it against the official text.)

Français

Article 10 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Les articles 5, 8, 15, 17 et 18 ne s'appliquent pas à l'étranger autorisé spécialement à titre temporaire par le gouvernement, ni à celui opérant sous un traité auquel la Thaïlande est liée, lequel s'applique alors et peut prévoir la réciprocité.

résumé non officiel

Article 11 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

L'étranger visé à l'article 10 notifie le Directeur général, qui délivre un certificat, mentionnant les conditions du gouvernement ou du traité, ou l'informe de tout défaut, sous 30 jours au plus.

résumé non officiel

Article 4 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Est étrangère la personne physique sans nationalité thaïlandaise, la personne morale non enregistrée en Thaïlande, ou celle enregistrée dont des étrangers détiennent au moins la moitié du capital ou, pour une société de personnes, dont le gérant est une personne physique étrangère. L'article définit notamment capital et activité commerciale.

résumé non officiel

Article 14 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Le capital minimum de l'étranger est d'au moins 2 millions de bahts, 3 millions pour une activité soumise à autorisation; un délai d'apport peut être fixé. Exception: réinvestissement de revenus d'une activité existante en Thaïlande.

résumé non officiel

Article 36 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Le Thaïlandais ou la personne morale non étrangère, prête-nom ou aidant un étranger non autorisé pour une activité des listes, et l'étranger consentant, encourent jusqu'à 3 ans de prison et/ou 100 000 à 1 000 000 bahts. Cessation ordonnée, sous peine de 10 000 à 50 000 bahts par jour.

résumé non officiel

Article 37 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Un étranger exerçant en violation des articles 6, 7 ou 8 encourt jusqu'à 3 ans de prison, ou 100 000 à 1 000 000 de bahts d'amende, ou les deux; le tribunal ordonne la cessation ou la fin de la participation. Inexécution: 10 000 à 50 000 bahts par jour.

résumé non officiel

Article 86

L'étranger ne peut acquérir un terrain qu'en vertu d'un traité accordant la propriété immobilière, sous réserve du présent code. Sous réserve de l'article 84, l'acquisition pour habitation, commerce, industrie, agriculture, sépulture, bienfaisance publique ou religion suit les conditions et procédures d'un règlement ministériel et requiert l'autorisation du ministre.

résumé non officiel

Article 97

Ont les droits fonciers d'un étranger: sociétés dont plus de 49 % du capital ou plus de la moitié des associés sont étrangers (actions au porteur réputées étrangères), sociétés de personnes équivalentes, associations et coopératives majoritairement étrangères ou œuvrant surtout à leur profit, fondations œuvrant surtout à leur profit.

résumé non officiel

Supreme Court decisions

  • 2252/2560 (2017): Foreign Company Trading Land Loses the Right to Prosecute Its Own Directors
  • 17923/2557 (2014): Lease That Was Really a Sale: Foreign Buyers Cannot Compel Transfer to a Nominee Company
  • 5457/2560 (2017): Sham Loan Hiding a Business Bought Through Thai Nominee Shareholders: Void, and the Money Irrecoverable

Sources

Who qualifies, and who thinks they qualify but does not

The 51% rule and the ownership chain

US citizens or US-incorporated entities must hold at least 51% of the shares, and US persons must hold a majority of the directorships. A company owned through a chain of other companies can still qualify, but every layer has to trace back to US citizens or US-incorporated entities. A Delaware corporation that is 60% owned by a Japanese group fails, even though the immediate shareholder of the Thai company is unmistakably American on paper. That is not only certification practice:

Article XII paragraph 1(f)

lets either country deny the advantages of the treaty to any company in whose ownership or direction nationals of a third country hold, directly or indirectly, the controlling interest.

The majority-directors rule

You can appoint directors from other countries, but plan the signing authority around them. Many firms require a US director to co-sign wherever a third-country director signs, so that operational control stays where the treaty needs it. Our note on

appointing and removing directors

covers the mechanics.

The preferred-share voting trap

Counting share certificates is not enough. If preferred shares carry weighted voting rights that hand effective control to non-American holders, the arithmetic that satisfied you fails the substance test. Check voting rights per share class before you file, not after the registrar queries it.

Citizens, green-card holders, LLCs and corporations

The treaty runs to US citizens and to entities incorporated in the United States. A green-card holder who has not naturalised is not a US national for treaty purposes, whatever their tax filing says. Both corporations and LLCs formed in a US state qualify, though LLCs draw closer scrutiny of the membership register because ownership sits in an operating agreement rather than share certificates. Bring the operating agreement and the full membership list.

What the treaty does not cover: the Big Six

The treaty is broad but not unlimited. Six categories are excluded, and an American company gets no advantage in them:

  1. Communications
  2. Transport. The treaty reserves “transport” without narrowing it to inland or domestic carriage, so read it more widely than the shorthand lists suggest
  3. Fiduciary functions, which covers managing money or property for someone else
  4. Banking involving depository functions
  5. The exploitation of land or other natural resources
  6. Domestic trade in indigenous agricultural products, though export trade stays open

These six come from

Article IV paragraph 2

, in which each country reserved the right to prohibit or limit foreign interests in enterprises engaged in those activities. Even inside the six the treaty sets a floor: an American company must still be treated no less favourably than a company of any third country.

There is a seventh exclusion and it is not on that list. Article IV paragraph 3

provides that the national-treatment paragraph does not include the practice of professions, or callings reserved for the nationals of each country. That is why the treaty does not open law, accountancy, architecture, engineering or the other reserved professions to an American practitioner, however the company is owned. Readers who check their business against the Big Six, find it absent and conclude they are clear have skipped a step: if what you sell is a reserved profession, paragraph 3 has already excluded you before the Big Six is reached. Most American businesses in Thailand sit outside all of this. Consulting, software, marketing, manufacturing, import and export, restaurants and retail all fall inside the treaty. Test your revenue lines against the list before you file, because the registrar reads the objects clause you register, not your pitch deck.

Registering an Amity company step by step in 2026

US-Thai Treaty of Amity registration: the Thai online leg and the US paper leg, 2026
The two legs of Amity registration run on different systems. Sequence them or you wait twice.

Registration splits into two legs running on different rails. The Thai leg is online and fast. The US leg is notarised paper moving through the Embassy. Start the paper leg first, because it sets your critical path.

Step 1: Assemble and notarise the US corporate documents

A US individual applying as sole shareholder needs a notarised copy of their passport or birth certificate. A US corporate shareholder needs articles of incorporation, corporate bylaws, a shareholder list showing each holder’s nationality, and notarised copies of the passports of the US shareholders and directors. A notary public in the United States must notarise these, or a consular officer at the US Embassy in Bangkok or the Consulate in Chiang Mai. Americans living in Thailand book that through American Citizen Services.

Step 2: Certification by the US Commercial Service

Submit the notarised set to the Commercial Service at the US Embassy in Bangkok. Prepare four sets: originals in English, English photocopies, Thai translations, and Thai photocopies. The certification letter follows within three to five business days once your file is complete. Most delays here trace back to a missing notarisation or a translation that does not match the original.

Step 3: Incorporate the Thai limited company through DBD Biz Regist

Since 1 July 2026 the DBD accepts new private limited company incorporations only through Biz Regist. Reserve the name, file the memorandum of association, register the company. Promoters and authorised directors still sign certain documents, either wet-ink or electronically through DBD e-Service or ThaID. Non-Thai signatories cannot use ThaID, so budget extra days for couriered signatures. One-day incorporation works for an all-Thai signatory group and not for yours. See

registering a company in Thailand

for the general process.

Step 4: Apply to the DBD for the Foreign Business Certificate

File the Commercial Service letter and the section 11 notification with the DBD. Two fees are set by the Ministerial Regulation on Fees for the Business Operations of Aliens B.E. 2544:

THB 2,000 on application

for a certificate under section 11, and

THB 20,000 for the certificate itself

when it issues. The Director-General has 30 days to issue. Once the certificate lands, your company operates in restricted-list activities with 100% American ownership.

Realistic timeline and cost

Leg Working time What drives it
US document preparation and notarisation 1 to 3 weeks Where your shareholders live and how fast they sign
US Commercial Service certification 3 to 5 business days Completeness of the file
Thai incorporation via Biz Regist 3 to 10 days Signature logistics for non-Thai directors
DBD Foreign Business Certificate Up to 30 days by statute The section 11 deadline
Total, start to certificate 6 to 10 weeks Run the US leg in parallel to hit the short end

Government fees are fixed by regulation: THB 22,000 in total for the Foreign Business Certificate, 2,000 on application and 20,000 on issue, plus the DBD’s published 5,000 THB company registration fee. Our fixed fee to register a Thai company is 45,000 THB, and the Amity certification is quoted on top depending on the ownership chain. See our

legal fees

page.

Amity, BOI promotion, a Foreign Business Licence, or a 49% Thai company

Treaty of Amity BOI promotion Foreign Business Licence 49% Thai company
Foreign ownership 100%, Americans only Up to 100% Up to 100% 49% maximum
Decision type Certificate, right-based Discretionary Discretionary Registration only
Typical timeline 6 to 10 weeks 3 to 6 months 3 to 6 months 2 to 4 weeks
Sector limits The Big Six stay closed Only promoted activities Case by case None beyond the FBA
Tax incentives None Corporate tax holidays available None None
Land ownership No Possible for promoted projects No Possible, and the DBD is auditing exactly this
2026 nominee exposure None None None High

Americans often ask whether to use the Treaty of Amity or apply for

Board of Investment (BOI)

promotion. They are different tools. Amity is the fastest way to 100% American ownership of an ordinary service or trading business, and it gives no tax break. BOI promotion is activity-specific and slower, but it adds corporate tax holidays, easier work permits, and in some cases the right to own land for the promoted project. For a straightforward consulting, trading, or service company, Amity is usually the right call. For manufacturing or a target BOI activity, BOI often wins. Some businesses use both. Our fuller breakdown sits at

BOI vs Foreign Business Licence

.

Why Amity beats a nominee structure in 2026

Thai law punishes both sides of a nominee arrangement. Under FBA section 36 a Thai national who holds shares on a foreigner’s behalf faces up to three years in prison or a fine of THB 100,000 to THB 1,000,000, or both, and the same section catches the foreigner who allows that to be done. Section 37 is the separate offence of a foreigner operating a restricted business in violation of sections 6, 7 or 8, that is without the licence or certificate, with the same range. In both cases the Act directs the court to order the arrangement or the business to cease, and a party who ignores that order pays THB 10,000 to THB 50,000 for every day the breach continues. Read section 37 before assuming the business survives the judgment: it directs the court to order the cessation of the operation,

or the winding up of the undertaking

, or the ending of the shareholding or partnership, as the case may be. The Thai is

เลิกกิจการ

, and what to plan for is the business being closed down rather than merely restructured. Thai courts look past the share register, and the decisions can be named rather than gestured at. In

Decision 2252/2560

a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands appeared on a Thai company’s register holding

less than half

the shares, exactly as a compliant structure should look, but the evidence showed that more than half of the real capital in that company was the foreigner’s money. The court treated the two together as carrying on a land trading business, which is closed to foreigners, and the consequence landed on the foreigner: because its own business was unlawful it was not a lawful injured party, and it lost the right to prosecute the directors it had charged. In

Decision 17923/2557

a document headed a lease was read as a contract of sale, and because foreign buyers were to hold the land through a Thai juristic person the contract offended section 86 of the Land Code and was void, so their claim to have the land transferred was dismissed. In

Decision 5457/2560

a loan agreement was found to be a sham concealing the sale of a business, structured so that Thai nationals held shares in name only to evade the Foreign Business Act, and the concealed contract was void under section 150 of the Civil and Commercial Code. The buyer also lost the money: the Court held that what he had paid was performance of an unlawful purpose and could not be recovered under section 411. Your Thai partner carries criminal exposure alongside you. Clients underestimate that, and it is what makes nominee structures fragile the moment a relationship sours. Amity removes the question. Read the enforcement detail at

Thai nominee shareholders

and the case analysis at

nominee crackdowns and court cases

.

And the exposure does not stop at the company. Section 41 of the Foreign Business Act provides that where a juristic person commits an offence under section 34, 35, 36 or 37, the directors, partners or persons with authority to represent it who connive at the offence, or fail to take reasonable action to prevent it, are personally liable to up to three years in prison or a fine of THB 100,000 to THB 1,000,000, or both. That is worth reading twice next to Order 2/2569. The registrar now requires a named director to sign an Investment Explanation Letter tracing where every shareholder’s money came from, and signing it is the act that makes failing to look very hard to defend.

Capital, work permits and Thai staff

On minimum capital, the ordinary Foreign Business Act figures apply: at least THB 2 million for a business that is not otherwise restricted, and at least THB 3 million for each activity that would need a Foreign Business Licence for a non-American.

Section 14

of the Act sets those floors, and the current Ministerial Regulation on Minimum Capital and the Period for Bringing In or Remitting It,

B.E. 2562

, fills in the detail. Note what the 3 million figure actually is: clause 3 puts it at 25% of the average annual projected expenditure over three years, with 3 million as the floor for each business, so a capital-hungry plan needs more than the headline number.

The remittance timetable is where the treaty route differs, and it is a deadline, not a grace period.

Under clause 4, an individual foreigner or a company registered outside Thailand must bring the minimum capital in within three years, at least 25% of it inside the first three months, half of it inside the first year, and the rest at not less than 25% a year. A foreigner carrying on business under a treaty to which Thailand is a party is treated differently, and the difference is a fixed date:

clause 5

requires the minimum capital to be brought in in full

by 29 August 2029

, and clause 7 sets the same date for treaty operators who were already trading when the regulation came into force. So an Amity company incorporating in 2026 has until that date, not fifteen years from its own incorporation. Whichever timetable applies,

clause 6

requires evidence of each remittance to be filed with the DBD, converted at the reference rate of the day,

within fifteen days

of the money arriving. That filing is the step operators forget, and it is the one that leaves a documentary hole when the certificate is later questioned. Guidance that gives treaty companies fifteen years is reading a regulation that no longer exists. The B.E. 2545 regulation and its clauses 3/1 and 3/2 said that, and it was repealed along with its 2547 and 2552 amendments by the B.E. 2562 regulation published in the Royal Gazette on 28 August 2019 (volume 136, part 93 Kor, page 1). Work from the 2029 date. Work permits follow separate arithmetic that the treaty does not change. You need THB 2 million of registered and fully paid-up capital per foreign work permit, capped at ten, and Immigration expects four Thai employees per foreigner for the one-year extension of stay that goes with each permit. Below THB 3 million paid-up, work permits get difficult whatever your certificate says. Plan capital around the headcount you want. See

Non-B business visas

for the visa side and

corporate tax in Thailand

for the tax side.

Your Amity company still cannot own land

This is the hard limit that catches people out. Section 86 of the Land Code lets an alien acquire land only by virtue of a treaty that provides for ownership of immovable property, and the Treaty of Amity is not such a treaty: Article IV paragraph 2 reserves the exploitation of land to each country. Section 97 then gives a company whose shares are more than 49% foreign-held, or more than half of whose shareholders are foreign, rights in land as if it were an alien, which is where an Amity company sits by design. An Amity company can own the building on the land, but not the land itself. What works instead:

  • A registered lease of up to 30 years, which is the standard commercial solution
  • A condominium unit within the 49% foreign quota of the building
  • A usufruct or superficies where the structure suits your use of the land

Anyone proposing that your Amity company hold land through Thai shareholders is proposing the exact arrangement the DBD spent 2026 dismantling.

Keeping the certificate: what voids Amity protection

Amity status is not a one-time approval. The certificate reflects a structure and dies with it. Watch four events:

  • US shareholding drops below 51%. The certificate becomes void and the FBA restrictions snap back.
  • US directors stop holding the board majority. Same result.
  • A share transfer moves control to non-Americans, including through the ownership chain above your immediate shareholder.
  • A preferred-share reorganisation shifts voting rights to non-American holders while the certificate count still looks compliant.

Before you issue new shares, admit an investor, or restructure a US parent, run the Amity test. Notify the DBD when shareholding or directorship changes materially, and refresh the Embassy certification when your shareholder composition moves. Checking beforehand costs a conversation; discovering it afterwards costs the certificate.

Ongoing compliance calendar

  • Within 4 months of fiscal year end: hold the annual general meeting and adopt the audited financial statements. Section 1197 of the Civil and Commercial Code requires the auditor-examined balance sheet to reach a general meeting within four months of its date.
  • Within 1 month of the AGM: file the approved financial statements and the meeting minutes with the DBD, electronically through the e-filing system. Two provisions sit behind that date and they are worth keeping apart: section 1199 of the Civil and Commercial Code makes it the directors’ duty to send a copy of every balance sheet to the Registrar not later than one month after the general meeting adopted it, and section 11 of the Accounting Act B.E. 2543 imposes the filing duty itself. The Accounting Act splits the deadline by entity: a Thai limited company files within one month of the AGM approval, while a registered partnership, a branch of a foreign company or a joint venture files within five months of the closing date, with no AGM in the calculation. If you chose a branch rather than an Amity company, that is your date.
  • Within 14 days of the AGM: file the updated list of shareholders. Section 1139 of the Civil and Commercial Code makes it the directors’ duty to send the Registrar a copy of that list not later than the fourteenth day after the ordinary meeting.
  • Monthly and annually: corporate income tax, withholding tax and VAT filings on the ordinary Thai schedule.

How ThaiLawOnline can help

We handle the whole Amity process: forming the Thai company, preparing the ownership evidence, obtaining the US Commercial Service certification, and filing for the Foreign Business Certificate at the DBD. We also advise on the sensible structure where an American holds the business and land needs are met through a lease or usufruct rather than ownership. Our fixed fee to register a Thai company is 45,000 THB; the Amity certification is quoted on top depending on the ownership chain. One practical warning from experience: the treaty protects genuine American ownership, not an American name on paper over a non-American business. If the real capital and control are not US, the certification will not hold up, and the exposure is the same as any other misrepresentation to the DBD. If you are American, use the treaty properly and it is one of the best deals in Thai corporate law.

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Frequently asked questions

Can an American own 100% of a company in Thailand?

Yes, through the Treaty of Amity, provided the business sits outside the six reserved sectors and you hold the Foreign Business Certificate. The route itself is not unique: section 10 of the Foreign Business Act is drafted for any treaty Thailand is party to, and Australians obtain a Foreign Business Certificate the same way under TAFTA. What no other nationality gets is national treatment this broad. TAFTA gives Australians 100 percent ownership in only a couple of sectors and caps most of the rest, while Amity reaches almost everything outside the six reserved sectors.

Is the Treaty of Amity still in force in 2026?

Yes. It entered into force on 8 June 1968, and under Article XIV it ran for an initial ten years and continues in force after that until one country gives the other a year’s written notice to terminate. The 2026 US tariff round runs on a separate track.

How long does Treaty of Amity registration take?

Six to ten weeks from starting the US document preparation to holding the certificate. The Commercial Service takes three to five business days once your file is complete, and section 11 gives the DBD Director-General 30 days to issue.

How much does it cost?

The Foreign Business Certificate carries two government fees under the Fees Regulation B.E. 2544: THB 2,000 on application and THB 20,000 when the certificate issues. Company incorporation is charged separately by the DBD. Our fixed fee to register the Thai company is 45,000 THB, with the Amity certification quoted separately depending on the ownership chain.

Can a Treaty of Amity company own land in Thailand?

No. Section 86 of the Land Code allows an alien to acquire land only under a treaty that provides for ownership of immovable property, and the Treaty of Amity is not one: Article IV paragraph 2 reserves the exploitation of land. Section 97 puts a foreign-majority Thai company on the same side of that line. Use a registered lease of up to 30 years, a condominium unit within the foreign quota, or a usufruct.

Do I still need a work permit?

Yes. Amity covers ownership, not immigration. You need THB 2 million of paid-up capital per work permit, and Immigration expects four Thai employees per foreigner for the one-year extension of stay.

What happens if I sell shares to a non-American?

If US ownership falls below 51% or US directors lose the board majority, the Foreign Business Certificate becomes void and the FBA restrictions apply again. Test any transfer before you execute it.

Does a green-card holder qualify?

No. The treaty runs to US nationals. Permanent residence is not nationality for this purpose.

Treaty of Amity or BOI promotion?

BOI wins where you qualify for a tax holiday and can wait three to six months. Amity wins on speed and certainty for service businesses, and it carries no tax incentive at all.

Can an Amity company run e-commerce, consulting or a restaurant?

Yes. All three sit outside the six reserved sectors. Match your registered objects to what you actually sell before filing.

What the 2 September 2026 review read. The Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations of 29 May 1966, official English text, from the United Nations Treaty Series (No. 9345, volume 652) and from the Thai Department of Trade Negotiations, with Articles IV, XII and XIV read in full. The Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542 in Thai, sections 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 34 to 37 and 41. The Ministerial Regulation on Minimum Capital and the Period for Bringing In or Remitting It B.E. 2562, Royal Gazette volume 136, part 93 Kor, page 1, 28 August 2019, together with the B.E. 2545 regulation and its 2547 and 2552 amendments that it repealed. The Ministerial Regulation on Fees for the Business Operations of Aliens B.E. 2544. Central Partnership and Company Registrar Order No. 2/2569, from the Department of Business Development’s own PDF. Land Code sections 86, 94, 96 and 97. Civil and Commercial Code sections 1096, 1139, 1197 and 1199. Accounting Act B.E. 2543 section 11. Supreme Court Decisions 2252/2560, 17923/2557 and 5457/2560, each read in Thai to its disposition.

What this review did not verify. The DBD enforcement figures quoted above are the department’s own published numbers and were not checked against a departmental primary. The closure of walk-in incorporation on 1 July 2026 is DBD operational policy announced by the department, not a statutory instrument. The work permit figures have since been traced to their sources: THB 2 million of paid-up capital per permit to the Department of Employment regulation of B.E. 2547, and four Thai employees per foreigner to item 2.1 ก(5) of the criteria annexed to Immigration Bureau Order 12/2568. Neither appears in any provision of the Foreign Business Act. The US Commercial Service document list and its three to five day turnaround come from the Embassy’s own published guidance. Corporate tax and VAT deadlines are Revenue Code matters and were not read here. Re-checked on 6 October 2026: Foreign Business Act sections 10 to 12, 14, 36 and 37 re-read in Thai, and the nominee penalties, the daily fine for ignoring a cessation order and the winding-up wording all match; nothing changed.

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