Recent Crackdowns on Nominees in Thailand: the Law and Court Cases

Reviewed by Wichuda Atthamethakon, LL.M., Thai Bar Licence 3149/2556, for ThaiLawOnline, a Thai law firm acting for foreigners since 2006.

Foreign Business Act offences and deportation

The 2026 deportation regulation was published on 27 August and took effect on 28 August 2026. Deportation is a separate decision from the criminal sentence. Clause 5 includes immigration offences, unlawful work and Foreign Business Act offences; its separate five-year category concerns an offence’s statutory imprisonment threshold, not a requirement for every foreign defendant to receive a five-year sentence. Prison authorities must give at least 15 days’ notice before the relevant release. Suspended sentences and fine-only outcomes are also referred for consideration. Referral does not itself mean an automatic deportation order.

A nominee arrangement therefore creates immigration exposure as well as corporate and criminal exposure. Clause 5(3) expressly covers offences under the law governing foreign business. A company filing or later restructuring does not erase an earlier offence or guarantee continued permission to stay.

Thai authorities have dramatically intensified their pursuit of business crimes, particularly targeting nominee structures used to circumvent foreign ownership restrictions. From September 2024 to May 2025, enforcement agencies handled 861 nominee business cases. These cases caused economic damages over 15.3 billion baht (which is approximately $450 million USD). The enforcement covers more than just nominee companies. It includes a wider range of business crimes. Authorities are pursuing 57,739 cases of illegal goods. They are also investigating 46,918 high-risk companies that may use nominee structures. This increase in enforcement highlights ongoing issues with recent actions against nominees in Thailand. These issues involve the law and court cases.

The crackdown has been particularly intensive in Thailand’s key tourist destinations. In Phuket, authorities arrested 231 suspects. This group includes 98 foreign nationals, mostly from Russia. They also seized assets worth over 1.5 billion baht. The investigation found a complex network. Individual foreign nationals controlled many companies using Thai nominees. One Russian woman was an executive and shareholder in nine companies. These companies had a total registered capital of 38 million baht.

This enforcement effort represents more than isolated cases, it reflects Thailand’s systematic approach to protecting its economy from illegal foreign business operations. Commerce Minister Pichai Naripthaphan has made this a national priority. He has told agencies to act quickly against what they see as a threat to Thai small and medium businesses.

Disclaimer: This article is for general information. Consult a licensed Thai lawyer for your situation.

Recent Court Decisions and Legal Precedents

Landmark Criminal Court Ruling: Case A.2812/2567

The most important recent event happened on September 11, 2024. The Criminal Court made a key decision in Case No. A.2812/2567. This case involved 23 defendants who were part of nominee arrangements in Phuket. This case, investigated by the Department of Special Investigation (DSI), involved a law and accounting firm that orchestrated nominee arrangements for approximately 60 companies.

The court gave 10-year prison sentences to all 23 defendants. However, they reduced the sentences to 5 years because of confessions and clean records. The sentences were then suspended for 2 years with 1-year probation and 200,000 baht fines for each defendant. The court ordered the companies involved to dissolve right away. They will face daily fines of 10,000 baht if they do not comply.

The Recent Crackdowns on Nominees in Thailand: the Law and Court Cases have raised significant awareness about the legal ramifications for foreign investors and the operations of nominee structures.

This important case shows that Thai courts are giving big penalties. They are also being a bit lenient with first-time offenders who help the authorities. The case involved law firms and accounting firms. They acted as middlemen, providing Thai nationals as nominee directors and shareholders. This allowed foreign nationals to run restricted businesses and own real estate.

Supreme Court Legal Doctrine

Thai Supreme Court practice looks at substance rather than form when a shareholding is challenged: who actually paid for the shares, who takes the profits and who makes the decisions. The test in the statute itself is section 36 of the Foreign Business Act, which reaches a Thai who holds shares on behalf of an alien, or who presents an alien’s business as his own, so that the alien can operate a restricted business.

An agreement whose object is to evade a statutory prohibition is void under section 150 of the Civil and Commercial Code, so a side agreement with a nominee gives the foreigner no enforceable rights. Investigators apply strict scrutiny to see if Thai shareholders have made real investments or are just helping foreign control. This legal approach makes it hard for businesses to defend nominee structures. Courts look at financial capacity, fund sources, and real business participation instead of just formal documents.

The law behind this page

English

Section 36 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Full text

A person of Thai nationality or a juristic person that is not an alien under this Act who assists or supports, or joins in operating, a business of an alien that is a business specified in the Lists annexed to this Act, where that alien has not been permitted to operate that business, or who joins in operating a business of an alien while representing it as being their business alone, or who holds shares on behalf of an alien in a partnership, limited company or any juristic person so that the alien may operate a business by evading or violating the provisions of this Act, and likewise an alien who consents to a person of Thai nationality or a juristic person that is not an alien under this Act doing such an act, shall be liable to imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, or a fine from 100,000 baht to 1,000,000 baht, or both, and the court shall order the assistance or support to cease, or the joint operation of the business to cease, or the shareholding or partnership to cease, as the case may be. A person who fails to comply with the court's order shall be liable to a fine of 10,000 baht to 50,000 baht per day for as long as the violation continues.

ThaiLawOnline translation

Official text

Section 37 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Full text

An alien who carries on a business in violation of section 6, 7 or 8 shall be punished with imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, or a fine of 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht, or both, and the court shall order the cessation of the business, the dissolution of the undertaking, or the termination of the shareholding or partnership, as the case may be. A person who fails to comply with the court's order shall be punished with a fine of 10,000 to 50,000 baht per day for as long as the violation continues.

ThaiLawOnline translation

Official text

Section 150

Any agreement, gift or other juristic act whose object is expressly prohibited by law, impossible, or against public order or good morals has no legal effect from the start.

Full text

An act the object of which is expressly prohibited by law, or is impossible, or is contrary to public order or good morals, is void.

ThaiLawOnline translation

Our annotated sectionOfficial text

Section 4 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Full text

In this Act: "alien" means: (1) a natural person who does not have Thai nationality; (2) a juristic person not registered in Thailand; (3) a juristic person registered in Thailand and having the following characteristics: (a) a juristic person in which shares representing half or more of its capital are held by persons under (1) or (2), or a juristic person in which persons under (1) or (2) have invested a value of half or more of its total capital; (b) a limited partnership or registered ordinary partnership whose managing partner or manager is a person under (1); (4) a juristic person registered in Thailand in which shares representing half or more of its capital are held by persons under (1), (2) or (3), or in which persons under (1), (2) or (3) have invested a value of half or more of its total capital. For the purposes of this definition, shares of a limited company for which bearer share certificates are issued are deemed to be shares of an alien, unless otherwise prescribed in a Ministerial Regulation. "capital" means the registered capital of a limited company, the paid-up capital of a public limited company, or the money contributed as shares by partners or members to a partnership or juristic person; "minimum capital" means the capital of an alien where the alien is a juristic person registered in Thailand, and, where the alien is a juristic person not registered in Thailand or a natural person, the foreign currency the alien brings in for use on commencing business in Thailand; "business" means engaging in agriculture, industry, handicraft, commerce, services or other activities, for trade; "licence" means a licence to operate a business; "licensee" means an alien who has received a licence; "certificate" means a certificate to operate a business; "certificate holder" means an alien who has received a certificate; "Committee" means the Foreign Business Committee; "competent official" means a person appointed by the Minister to act under this Act; "Registrar" means a person appointed by the Minister as Registrar of Foreign Business Operations; "Director General" means the Director General of the Department of Business Development; "Minister" means the Minister in charge of this Act.

ThaiLawOnline translation

Official text

Section 8 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Full text

Subject to sections 6, 7, 10 and 12: (1) An alien shall not operate a business that aliens are not permitted to carry on for special reasons, as specified in List One. (2) An alien shall not operate a business relating to the safety or security of the country, a business affecting art and culture, customs and folk handicrafts, or a business affecting natural resources or the environment, as specified in List Two, unless permitted by the Minister with the approval of the Council of Ministers. (3) An alien shall not operate a business in which Thai nationals are not yet ready to compete with aliens, as specified in List Three, unless permitted by the Director-General with the consent of the Committee.

ThaiLawOnline translation

Official text

Section 12 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Full text

Where a business of an alien that has received investment promotion under the law on investment promotion, or has received written permission to carry on industry or export trade under the law on the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand or under another law, is a business listed in List Two or List Three annexed to this Act, the alien shall notify the Director-General in order to request a certificate. Once the Director-General or a competent official assigned by the Director-General has verified the correctness of the investment promotion certificate or the permit, the Director-General shall issue the certificate promptly, but not later than 30 days from the date of receiving notification of the grant of the investment promotion certificate or the permit, as the case may be. In this case the alien is exempt from the application of this Act, except sections 21, 22, 39, 40 and 42, for the whole period during which the business has received investment promotion or permission to carry on industry or export trade, as the case may be. The issue of a certificate under paragraph 1 shall be in accordance with the rules and procedures prescribed by the Director-General.

ThaiLawOnline translation

Official text

Section 113 Penalties

Full text

Any person who acquires land as an agent of an alien or juristic person under Section 97 or Section 98 shall be liable to a fine not exceeding Baht 20,000 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, or both.

Unofficial translation by the Office of the Council of State

Our annotated sectionOfficial text

ไทย

มาตรา 36 พระราชบัญญัติการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว พ.ศ. 2542

ข้อความเต็ม

ผู้มีสัญชาติไทยหรือนิติบุคคลที่มิใช่คนต่างด้าวตามพระราชบัญญัตินี้ ให้ความช่วยเหลือหรือสนับสนุนหรือร่วมประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว อันเป็นธุรกิจที่กำหนดไว้ในบัญชีท้ายพระราชบัญญัตินี้ โดยคนต่างด้าวนั้นมิได้รับอนุญาตให้ประกอบธุรกิจดังกล่าว หรือร่วมประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าวโดยแสดงออกว่าเป็นธุรกิจของตนแต่ผู้เดียวหรือถือหุ้นแทนคนต่างด้าวในห้างหุ้นส่วนหรือบริษัทจำกัด หรือนิติบุคคลใด ๆ เพื่อให้คนต่างด้าวประกอบธุรกิจโดยหลีกเลี่ยงหรือฝ่าฝืนบทบัญญัติแห่งพระราชบัญญัตินี้ รวมทั้งคนต่างด้าวซึ่งยินยอมให้ผู้มีสัญชาติไทยหรือนิติบุคคลที่มิใช่คนต่างด้าวตามพระราชบัญญัตินี้กระทำการดังกล่าว ต้องระวางโทษจำคุกไม่เกินสามปี หรือปรับตั้งแต่หนึ่งแสนบาทถึงหนึ่งล้านบาท หรือทั้งจำทั้งปรับ และให้ศาลสั่งให้เลิกการให้ความช่วยเหลือหรือสนับสนุน หรือสั่งให้เลิกการร่วมประกอบธุรกิจ หรือสั่งให้เลิกการถือหุ้น หรือการเป็นหุ้นส่วนนั้นเสีย แล้วแต่กรณี หากฝ่าฝืนไม่ปฏิบัติตามคำสั่งศาลต้องระวางโทษปรับวันละหนึ่งหมื่นบาทถึงห้าหมื่นบาทตลอดเวลาที่ยังฝ่าฝืนอยู่

ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

ข้อความทางการ

มาตรา 37 พระราชบัญญัติการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว พ.ศ. 2542

ข้อความเต็ม

คนต่างด้าวผู้ใดประกอบธุรกิจโดยฝ่าฝืนมาตรา ๖ มาตรา ๗ หรือมาตรา ๘ ต้องระวางโทษจำคุกไม่เกินสามปี หรือปรับตั้งแต่หนึ่งแสนบาทถึงหนึ่งล้านบาท หรือทั้งจำทั้งปรับ และให้ศาลสั่งเลิกการประกอบธุรกิจ หรือเลิกกิจการ หรือสั่งเลิกการเป็นผู้ถือหุ้น หรือเป็นหุ้นส่วน แล้วแต่กรณี หากฝ่าฝืนไม่ปฏิบัติตามคำสั่งศาลต้องระวางโทษปรับวันละหนึ่งหมื่นบาทถึงห้าหมื่นบาทตลอดเวลาที่ยังฝ่าฝืนอยู่

ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

ข้อความทางการ

มาตรา 150

ข้อความเต็ม

การใดมีวัตถุประสงค์เป็นการต้องห้ามชัดแจ้งโดยกฎหมาย เป็นการพ้นวิสัย หรือเป็นการขัดต่อความสงบเรียบร้อยหรือศีลธรรมอันดีของประชาชน การนั้นเป็นโมฆะ

ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

มาตราพร้อมหมายเหตุของเราข้อความทางการ

มาตรา 4 พระราชบัญญัติการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว พ.ศ. 2542

ข้อความเต็ม

ในพระราชบัญญัตินี้ “คนต่างด้าว” หมายความว่า (๑) บุคคลธรรมดาซึ่งไม่มีสัญชาติไทย (๒) นิติบุคคลซึ่งไม่ได้จดทะเบียนในประเทศไทย (๓) นิติบุคคลซึ่งจดทะเบียนในประเทศไทย และมีลักษณะดังต่อไปนี้ (ก) นิติบุคคลซึ่งมีหุ้นอันเป็นทุนตั้งแต่กึ่งหนึ่งของนิติบุคคลนั้นถือโดยบุคคลตาม (๑) หรือ (๒) หรือนิติบุคคลซึ่งมีบุคคลตาม (๑) หรือ (๒) ลงทุนมีมูลค่าตั้งแต่กึ่งหนึ่งของทุนทั้งหมดในนิติบุคคลนั้น (ข) ห้างหุ้นส่วนจำกัดหรือห้างหุ้นส่วนสามัญที่จดทะเบียน ซึ่งหุ้นส่วนผู้จัดการหรือผู้จัดการเป็นบุคคลตาม (๑) (๔) นิติบุคคลซึ่งจดทะเบียนในประเทศไทย ซึ่งมีหุ้นอันเป็นทุนตั้งแต่กึ่งหนึ่งของนิติบุคคลนั้นถือโดยบุคคลตาม (๑) (๒) หรือ (๓) หรือนิติบุคคลซึ่งมีบุคคลตาม (๑) (๒) หรือ (๓) ลงทุน มีมูลค่าตั้งแต่กึ่งหนึ่งของทุนทั้งหมดในนิติบุคคลนั้น เพื่อประโยชน์แห่งคำนิยามนี้ให้ถือว่าหุ้นของบริษัทจำกัดที่มีใบหุ้นชนิดออกให้แก่ผู้ถือเป็นหุ้นของคนต่างด้าว เว้นแต่จะได้มีกฎกระทรวงกำหนดไว้เป็นอย่างอื่น “ทุน” หมายความว่า ทุนจดทะเบียนของบริษัทจำกัด หรือทุนชำระแล้วของบริษัทมหาชนจำกัด หรือเงินที่ผู้เป็นหุ้นส่วนหรือสมาชิกนำมาลงหุ้นในห้างหุ้นส่วนหรือนิติบุคคลนั้น “ทุนขั้นต่ำ” หมายความว่า ทุนของคนต่างด้าวในกรณีที่คนต่างด้าวเป็นนิติบุคคลซึ่งจดทะเบียนในประเทศไทย และในกรณีที่คนต่างด้าวเป็นนิติบุคคลซึ่งไม่ได้จดทะเบียนในประเทศไทยหรือเป็นบุคคลธรรมดาให้หมายถึงเงินตราต่างประเทศที่คนต่างด้าวนำมาใช้เมื่อเริ่มต้นประกอบธุรกิจในประเทศไทย “ธุรกิจ” หมายความว่า การประกอบกิจการในทางเกษตรกรรม อุตสาหกรรม หัตถกรรม พาณิชยกรรม การบริการ หรือกิจการอย่างอื่น อันเป็นการค้า “ใบอนุญาต” หมายความว่า ใบอนุญาตประกอบธุรกิจ “ผู้รับใบอนุญาต” หมายความว่า คนต่างด้าวที่ได้รับใบอนุญาต “หนังสือรับรอง” หมายความว่า หนังสือรับรองการประกอบธุรกิจ “ผู้รับหนังสือรับรอง” หมายความว่า คนต่างด้าวที่ได้รับหนังสือรับรอง “คณะกรรมการ” หมายความว่า คณะกรรมการการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว “พนักงานเจ้าหน้าที่” หมายความว่า ผู้ซึ่งรัฐมนตรีแต่งตั้งให้ปฏิบัติการตามพระราชบัญญัตินี้ “นายทะเบียน” หมายความว่า ผู้ซึ่งรัฐมนตรีแต่งตั้งให้เป็นนายทะเบียนการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว “อธิบดี” หมายความว่า อธิบดีกรมพัฒนาธุรกิจการค้า* “รัฐมนตรี” หมายความว่า รัฐมนตรีผู้รักษาการตามพระราชบัญญัตินี้

ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

ข้อความทางการ

มาตรา 8 พระราชบัญญัติการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว พ.ศ. 2542

ข้อความเต็ม

ภายใต้บังคับมาตรา ๖ มาตรา ๗ มาตรา ๑๐ และมาตรา ๑๒ (๑) ห้ามมิให้คนต่างด้าวประกอบธุรกิจที่ไม่อนุญาตให้คนต่างด้าวประกอบกิจการด้วยเหตุผลพิเศษตามที่กำหนดไว้ในบัญชีหนึ่ง (๒) ห้ามมิให้คนต่างด้าวประกอบธุรกิจที่เกี่ยวกับความปลอดภัยหรือความมั่นคงของประเทศ ธุรกิจที่มีผลกระทบต่อศิลปวัฒนธรรม จารีตประเพณี และหัตถกรรมพื้นบ้าน หรือธุรกิจที่มีผลกระทบต่อทรัพยากรธรรมชาติหรือสิ่งแวดล้อม ตามที่กำหนดไว้ในบัญชีสอง เว้นแต่จะได้รับอนุญาตจากรัฐมนตรีโดยการอนุมัติของคณะรัฐมนตรี (๓) ห้ามมิให้คนต่างด้าวประกอบธุรกิจที่คนไทยยังไม่มีความพร้อมที่จะแข่งขันในการประกอบกิจการกับคนต่างด้าว ตามที่กำหนดไว้ในบัญชีสาม เว้นแต่จะได้รับอนุญาตจากอธิบดีโดยความเห็นชอบของคณะกรรมการ

ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

ข้อความทางการ

มาตรา 12 พระราชบัญญัติการประกอบธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าว พ.ศ. 2542

ข้อความเต็ม

ในกรณีที่ธุรกิจของคนต่างด้าวซึ่งได้รับการส่งเสริมการลงทุนตามกฎหมายว่าด้วยการส่งเสริมการลงทุน หรือได้รับอนุญาตเป็นหนังสือให้ประกอบอุตสาหกรรมหรือประกอบการค้าเพื่อส่งออกตามกฎหมายว่าด้วยการนิคมอุตสาหกรรมแห่งประเทศไทยหรือตามกฎหมายอื่น เป็นธุรกิจตามบัญชีสองหรือบัญชีสามท้ายพระราชบัญญัตินี้ ให้คนต่างด้าวดังกล่าวแจ้งต่ออธิบดีเพื่อขอหนังสือรับรอง เมื่ออธิบดีหรือพนักงานเจ้าหน้าที่ที่ได้รับมอบหมายตรวจสอบความถูกต้องของบัตรส่งเสริมการลงทุนหรือหนังสืออนุญาตดังกล่าวแล้ว ให้อธิบดีออกหนังสือรับรองโดยเร็ว แต่ต้องไม่เกินสามสิบวันนับแต่วันที่ได้รับแจ้งการได้รับบัตรส่งเสริมการลงทุนหรือหนังสืออนุญาต แล้วแต่กรณี ในกรณีนี้ให้คนต่างด้าวดังกล่าวนั้น ได้รับยกเว้นจากการบังคับใช้พระราชบัญญัตินี้ เว้นแต่มาตรา ๒๑ มาตรา ๒๒ มาตรา ๓๙ มาตรา ๔๐ และมาตรา ๔๒ ตลอดระยะเวลาที่ธุรกิจนั้นได้รับการส่งเสริมการลงทุนหรือได้รับอนุญาตให้ประกอบอุตสาหกรรมหรือประกอบการค้าเพื่อส่งออก แล้วแต่กรณี การออกหนังสือรับรองตามวรรคหนึ่ง ให้เป็นไปตามหลักเกณฑ์และวิธีการที่อธิบดีกำหนด

ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

ข้อความทางการ

มาตรา 113

ข้อความเต็ม

ผู้ใดได้มาซึ่งที่ดินในฐานะเป็นตัวแทนของคนต่างด้าว หรือนิติบุคคลตามความในมาตรา ๙๗ หรือมาตรา ๙๘ มีความผิดต้องระวางโทษปรับไม่เกินสองหมื่นบาท หรือจำคุกไม่เกินสองปี หรือทั้งปรับทั้งจำ

ตรงตามข้อความในราชกิจจานุเบกษา / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)

มาตราพร้อมหมายเหตุของเราข้อความทางการ

Français

Article 36 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Le Thaïlandais ou la personne morale non étrangère, prête-nom ou aidant un étranger non autorisé pour une activité des listes, et l'étranger consentant, encourent jusqu'à 3 ans de prison et/ou 100 000 à 1 000 000 bahts. Cessation ordonnée, sous peine de 10 000 à 50 000 bahts par jour.

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Texte officiel

Article 37 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Un étranger exerçant en violation des articles 6, 7 ou 8 encourt jusqu'à 3 ans de prison, ou 100 000 à 1 000 000 de bahts d'amende, ou les deux; le tribunal ordonne la cessation ou la fin de la participation. Inexécution: 10 000 à 50 000 bahts par jour.

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Article 150

Est nul l'acte dont l'objet est expressément interdit par la loi, impossible, ou contraire à l'ordre public ou aux bonnes mœurs.

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Notre article annotéTexte officiel

Article 4 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Est étrangère la personne physique sans nationalité thaïlandaise, la personne morale non enregistrée en Thaïlande, ou celle enregistrée dont des étrangers détiennent au moins la moitié du capital ou, pour une société de personnes, dont le gérant est une personne physique étrangère. L'article définit notamment capital et activité commerciale.

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Texte officiel

Article 8 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

Sous réserve des articles 6, 7, 10 et 12, l'étranger ne peut exercer les activités de la liste un; celles de la liste deux exigent l'autorisation du ministre avec l'approbation du Conseil des ministres; celles de la liste trois, l'autorisation du directeur général avec l'accord du Comité.

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Texte officiel

Article 12 Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542

L'étranger dont l'activité des listes 2 ou 3 bénéficie d'une promotion des investissements ou d'un permis industriel ou d'exportation demande au Directeur général un certificat, délivré sous 30 jours; il est alors exempté de la loi, sauf les articles 21, 22, 39, 40 et 42, pendant cet avantage.

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Texte officiel

Article 113

Quiconque acquiert un terrain comme représentant d'un étranger ou d'une personne morale visée aux articles 97 ou 98 encourt une amende d'au plus 20 000 bahts, ou jusqu'à deux ans d'emprisonnement, ou les deux.

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Notre article annotéTexte officiel

Supreme Court decisions

• 5457/2560 (2017): Sham Loan Hiding a Business Bought Through Thai Nominee Shareholders: Void, and the Money Irrecoverable
• 2690/2538 (1995): Nominee Land for a Foreigner: Not Wholly Void, but a Good-Faith Buyer Takes Priority
• 17923/2557 (2014): Lease That Was Really a Sale: Foreign Buyers Cannot Compel Transfer to a Nominee Company
• 2252/2560 (2017): Foreign Company Trading Land Loses the Right to Prosecute Its Own Directors

Sources

• Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542, retrieved 31 October 2026
• Civil and Commercial Code, Office of the Council of State, retrieved 31 October 2026
• Land Code, Office of the Council of State, retrieved 31 October 2026
• deka.supremecourt.or.th, Supreme Court of Thailand decisions database (copy held in our library), retrieved 19 February 2026

Legal Framework and Penalties

Foreign Business Act Violations

The Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542 (1999) serves as the primary legal framework prohibiting nominee arrangements. Section 36 specifically criminalizes both Thai nationals who act as nominees and foreigners who use nominee structures. The penalties are severe:

• Imprisonment up to 3 years
• Fines ranging from 100,000 to 1,000,000 baht
• Daily fines of 10,000 to 50,000 baht for continued violations
• Court order to end the assistance or shareholding (section 36) and, under section 37, closure of the foreigner’s business
• Asset seizure under proposed Anti-Money Laundering Act amendments

Section 37 talks about foreigners who run businesses against the law. It sets penalties like jail time, large fines, and stopping business operations. The Act also includes daily penalty provisions that can result in massive accumulated fines for ongoing violations.

Enhanced Enforcement Through Anti-Money Laundering Amendments

Thai authorities have drafted changes to the Anti-Money Laundering Act B.E. 2542 (1999) that would classify nominee arrangements as predicate offenses for money laundering. The Anti-Money Laundering Office put that draft out for public comment on the government’s central legal system at law.go.th from 26 March to 24 April 2025. Its stated reason names Thai nationals who assist, support or hold shares for foreigners in breach of the Foreign Business Act, alongside beneficial ownership, court jurisdiction and penalties. The draft has not been enacted. On the sources open to us in September 2026, the consolidated Act that the Anti-Money Laundering Office itself publishes still runs only to Amendment No. 6 B.E. 2565 (2022), and its section 3 does not list Foreign Business Act offences among the predicate offences. If the draft becomes law, it would grant authorities expanded powers to:

• Seize and freeze assets of both Thai nominees and foreign beneficiaries
• Confiscate assets permanently for the state
• Investigate complex financial networks supporting nominee structures
• Impose money laundering charges carrying heavier penalties than Foreign Business Act violations alone

The amendments define acting as a nominee. This includes “helping, supporting, or engaging in business operations of foreign nationals who cannot operate such businesses.” It also includes “holding shares for foreign nationals in partnerships, limited companies, or other legal entities.” Public consultation on the draft closed on 24 April 2025; as noted above, it had not been enacted by September 2026.

Advanced Detection Systems and Enforcement Technology

Intelligence Business Analytics System (IBAS)

Thailand is using new technology to find nominee structures. This will be done through the Intelligence Business Analytics System (IBAS), a big-data screening tool which the Commerce Ministry said in 2025 was expected to be operational from August 2025 (Bangkok Post). The ministry’s committee urged fast integration of data from these agencies:

• Revenue Department (tax records and financial data)
• Customs Department (import/export activities)
• Land Department (property ownership records)
• Royal Thai Police (criminal investigation data)
• Anti-Money Laundering Office (suspicious transaction reports)

The IBAS system can find nominee structures by looking at financial problems. This includes Thai shareholders who do not get their fair share of dividend income or hidden management fees paid to foreigners. The system flags companies where individual nominees hold shares in multiple entities without demonstrable financial capacity to support such investments.

Targeted Enforcement Sectors

Two overlapping lists of high-risk sectors were published in 2025, one by the Commerce Ministry for the flagged companies and one by the Department of Business Development for its inspections. Together they cover:

1. Tourism and related businesses
2. Real estate and land trading
3. Hotels and resorts
4. Transportation and logistics
5. Construction
6. Agricultural land trading
7. E-commerce and warehousing

The Commerce Ministry’s committee flagged 46,918 potentially risky companies with foreign ownership between 0.001% and 49.99% (Bangkok Post, May 2025), and the Department of Business Development set itself 26,830 companies to inspect in 2025. That ownership range captures companies kept just below the 50% mark. Being below this mark keeps them from being classified as foreign under the Foreign Business Act.

Recent High-Profile Prosecutions and Convictions

Phuket Real Estate Network

In February 2025 Phuket police arrested two Chinese nationals accused of using Thai nominees. They operated restaurants, international schools, hotels, car rental businesses, condominiums, and luxury villa developments. The total value of these businesses was about 1 billion baht. Police seized 4.1 million baht in cash and raided accounting offices involved in document falsification.

The case, reported by The Thaiger on 26 February 2025, shows the pattern investigators look for: an accounting office producing the paperwork, and the same Thai nominee shareholders appearing across companies in unrelated business lines.

POSCO Engineering Case

In a big corporate case, the DSI sent a South Korean executive of POSCO Engineering (Thailand) Company Limited to prosecutors on 22 August 2024 (DSI announcement). The company was accused of using Thai employees as nominee shareholders. The South Korean-affiliated construction company generated over 9 billion baht in revenue while allegedly avoiding proper Thai ownership requirements through nominee arrangements.

This case shows that enforcement applies to both small businesses and large international companies. It sends a clear message that size or ties to foreign governments do not protect anyone from prosecution.

Russian Business Networks

After complaints to Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin, authorities looked into foreign nationals, especially Russians. They were buying businesses and property at very high prices in southern Thailand. The crackdown showed that 59,717 Russian nationals came to Phuket since the Russia-Ukraine conflict started. This happened along with 1,603 new business registrations that looked suspicious.

These investigations led to the arrests of foreign nationals from many countries. This includes Russians, Iranians, Australians, and Chinese. This shows that enforcement targets nominee structures, no matter the nationality of the foreigners.

Case Studies: Lessons from Real Enforcement Actions

Enforcement has spread beyond Phuket. In July 2026 more than 250 officers raided 18 locations in Chiang Mai against a suspected foreign nominee network, with assets put at about 633 million baht, as reported by The Pattaya News on 20 July 2026.

Key lesson: digital footprints, like emails and bank transfers, are now key to investigations. Always make sure your compliance documents are strong. These cases highlight the need for proactive legal audits. At ThaiLawOnline, we’ve assisted clients in restructuring similar setups into compliant joint ventures, avoiding enforcement altogether. Where the asset is land held through a 51/49 company, the available routes are set out in restructuring a Thai property company.

Legal Consequences for Different Parties

Thai Nationals Acting as Nominees

Thai citizens who serve as nominees face severe personal and financial consequences under both current law and proposed amendments:

• Criminal prosecution under Section 36 of the Foreign Business Act
• Asset seizure under proposed Anti-Money Laundering amendments
• Personal liability for company debts and obligations
• Reputational damage affecting future business opportunities
• No deportation, but other consequences: a Thai national cannot be deported, although a person who acquired Thai nationality by naturalisation can in some cases have it revoked under the Nationality Act

The government has given strong warnings to Thai citizens. They say that nominee arrangements hurt Thailand’s business reputation and help money laundering. Deputy Government Spokesman Anukul Pruksanusak stressed that many people become nominees “unknowingly or willingly,” but both circumstances result in identical legal consequences.

Foreign Investors and Business Operators

Foreign nationals using nominee structures face comprehensive penalties designed to eliminate any business advantages gained through illegal arrangements:

• Imprisonment up to 3 years under the Foreign Business Act
• Deportation and potential entry bans
• Asset forfeiture under money laundering law, but only if the draft amendment is enacted (it had not been by September 2026)
• Business dissolution with no compensation for investments
• Criminal records affecting future business activities in Thailand and other jurisdictions

The enforcement approach focuses on beneficial owners, not just nominees. This ensures that foreigners cannot avoid consequences by claiming they did not know what their Thai partners did.

Professional Service Providers

Law firms, accounting firms, and other service providers that help with nominee structures face serious penalties. They are seen as the “key enablers” of illegal business networks. Recent prosecutions have specifically targeted:

• Legal advisors who structure nominee arrangements
• Accounting firms that manage financial aspects of nominee companies
• Business registration services that provide nominee directors and shareholders
• Tax advisors who help optimize nominee structures

Professional service providers can face criminal charges. They may also suffer lasting harm to their business reputations. Additionally, they could face regulatory penalties from their professional organizations.

Defensive Strategies and Legal Compliance

Legitimate Business Structures

Foreign investors seeking to operate legally in Thailand have several alternatives to nominee arrangements:

Foreign Business Licenses (FBL): A List 3 business can be licensed by the Director-General of the Department of Business Development with the approval of the Foreign Business Committee; a List 2 business needs a licence from the Minister of Commerce with Cabinet approval. This allows majority foreign ownership with the right government approval. While the application process is complex and lengthy, it provides complete legal protection for foreign business operations.

Board of Investment (BOI) Promotion: Companies promoted by the BOI can have 100% foreign ownership. They also enjoy big tax benefits and easier work permit processes. For a List 2 or List 3 activity, promotion entitles the company to a certificate under section 12 of the Foreign Business Act, which exempts it from most of the Act only while the activity stays promoted.

Defensive Strategies? Contact our team for a compliance audit.

Genuine Joint Ventures: Partnerships with legitimate Thai investors who make actual financial contributions and participate in business management remain legal and protected. The main difference is that Thai partners should have real economic interests and the power to make decisions. They should not just be passive nominees.

Treaty Rights: Foreign investors from countries with investment treaties with Thailand may have enhanced rights to operate certain businesses. These treaty provisions can provide additional legal avenues for foreign business participation.

For expatriates navigating these changes, partnering with experienced legal professionals is crucial. Since 2006, ThaiLawOnline has helped more than probably a thousand clients set up legal structures. These include BOI-promoted companies and usufruct agreements for property. Our team has licensed Thai lawyers. We do careful checks to make sure your investments follow the changing rules. This helps reduce risks and increase opportunities in Thailand’s active market.

Due Diligence and Compliance Measures

Companies seeking to ensure compliance should implement comprehensive review procedures:

Financial Documentation: Maintain complete records demonstrating that all Thai shareholders have made actual financial contributions proportionate to their shareholding. Bank records, fund transfer documentation, and source of funds evidence are critical for defending against nominee allegations.

Operational Involvement: Ensure Thai shareholders participate meaningfully in business decisions, attend board meetings, and receive appropriate dividends. Documentary evidence of genuine participation in corporate governance provides crucial protection against nominee allegations.

Legal Structure Review: Regular legal audits of corporate structures can identify potential vulnerabilities before they result in enforcement action. Professional legal review should examine not only formal shareholding arrangements but also operational control and financial flows.

Future Enforcement Trends and Legislative Developments

Proposed Foreign Business Act Reforms

On 22 April 2025, Thailand’s Cabinet instructed the Ministry of Commerce to revise the Foreign Business Act, shifting its guiding principle from protecting domestic businesses to competitiveness. That was a policy decision, not an amendment. The first concrete change since is Ministerial Regulation (No. 5) B.E. 2569, published on 28 August 2026, which exempts eight services from the licence requirement. These reforms represent a significant shift from protecting domestic businesses to building long-term economic competitiveness.

The proposed amendments may modify the three-list system that currently governs foreign business restrictions, potentially allowing greater foreign participation in previously restricted sectors. However, legal experts caution that past amendments have often transferred restrictions to other regulatory frameworks rather than eliminating them entirely.

Enhanced Penalty Provisions

The one concrete proposal is the draft amendment to the Anti-Money Laundering Act announced in May 2025, which would make acting as a nominee a predicate offence and so allow the assets of nominee businesses to be seized. It had not been enacted by September 2026. Heavier penalties beyond that have been discussed in the press but not put in a bill we have seen.

In May 2025 Deputy Commerce Minister Napintorn Srisunpang said he was confident the amendment would allow the authorities to eradicate the use of Thai nominees within a year; by September 2026 it had not been enacted. The government’s commitment to aggressive enforcement suggests that penalties will become more severe rather than more lenient.

Technology-Driven Enforcement

The IBAS system represents just the beginning of Thailand’s technological approach to business crime detection. Our own expectation, not an announced plan, is that it will be followed by:

• Artificial intelligence analysis of complex corporate networks
• Blockchain tracking of cryptocurrency transactions used to obscure ownership
• Automated red-flag systems for new business registrations
• International data sharing with foreign tax and law enforcement agencies

Last reviewed: 30 September 2026. Legal provisions (FBA sections 36 and 37, CCC section 150) were checked by an earlier review on 27 September 2026. In this review the enforcement figures were traced to their press or agency sources: Khaosod and Bangkok Post (May 2025) for the 861 cases, 15.3 billion baht, 57,739 cases and 46,918 flagged companies; Bangkok Post, Nation and Thaiger (May 2024) for the Phuket arrests; Thaiger (26 February 2025) for the Chinese network; the DSI announcement of 22 August 2024 for POSCO. Corrected: the 0.001% to 49.99% band belongs to the 46,918 flagged companies, not the 26,830 inspections; POSCO was one executive; IBAS was expected, not confirmed, operational. Removed: an unsourced “30,000 to 50,000 baht per company” nominee fee and an unsourced list of future penalties. Figures are as reported and were not checked against government statistics.

FAQS about the nominees in Thailand

International Perspectives: How Thailand’s Crackdown Aligns with Global Trends

How Thailand’s Crackdown Aligns with Global Trends

Thailand’s nominee enforcement isn’t isolated, it’s part of a global push against illicit financial flows. Thai authorities are working to follow FATF (Financial Action Task Force) standards. This is similar to Singapore’s strict ownership registries and the EU’s AML directives. They aim to fight money laundering. For Canadian investors like me, this reminds me of Canada’s nominee crackdowns. These actions are part of the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act. Understanding these parallels can help expatriates adapt strategies, such as using treaty protections

Conclusion

Thailand is taking strong action against nominee companies and violations of the Foreign Business Act. This shows a significant change in how they enforce the law. They are moving from occasional prosecutions to a steady effort to remove illegal business structures. The combination of severe criminal penalties, advanced detection technology, and enhanced asset seizure powers creates an enforcement environment. This is where nominee arrangements face virtually certain detection and punishment.

The recent court decisions, especially Case A.2812/2567, show that Thai courts can give heavy penalties. They also allow some flexibility for defendants who cooperate. The trend of stronger enforcement shows that future cases will have tougher consequences. Authorities are gaining experience and confidence in their legal system.

For foreign investors and their advisors, the message is clear: nominee structures pose serious legal and financial risks. These risks can lead to total loss of investment, criminal charges, and permanent exclusion from business in Thailand. The best way to succeed is to use real business structures that follow Thai law. These structures may take more time, money, and effort to set up and keep running.

Thailand’s business crime enforcement has changed. It has moved from a manageable risk to a serious threat. This is especially true for businesses using nominee arrangements. The question is no longer if authorities will find and punish nominee structures. It is now about how quickly they will act and how serious the consequences will be for everyone involved.