Reviewed by Wichuda Atthamethakon, LL.M., Thai Bar Licence 3149/2556, for ThaiLawOnline, a Thai law firm acting for foreigners since 2006.
Update log
- 4 November 2026: Added the statute box with Thai, English and French text and checked the page against the official text
Social media has transformed defamation risk in Thailand. What was once limited to newspapers and television now extends to every Facebook post, LINE message, Instagram story, TikTok video, and Google review. A single online statement can trigger multiple criminal charges under different statutes. Criminal defamation by publication alone carries up to two years in prison and a fine of up to 200,000 Baht.
Table of Contents

This guide explains how Thailandâs defamation laws apply to digital content. It covers the Computer Crime Act, platform-specific risks, the charge stacking problem, and practical steps to protect yourself online.
Two convictions do not always mean two sentences, and the difference is worth understanding before you panic. In Decision 4403/2566 the Supreme Court punished the Section 328 defamation and the Computer Crime Act offence (there the obscenity offence in Section 14(4), because the post was a sex video) cumulatively under Penal Code Section 91, because the two provisions protect different interests. In Decision 736/2569, a Facebook Marketplace listing for goods the seller did not have, the defendant was convicted under Penal Code Section 343 and Section 14(1) of this Act, but the Court treated it as one act offending several provisions and imposed a single penalty under Penal Code Section 90, the two carrying equal maximums. Whether your exposure adds up or collapses into one sentence turns on whether the court finds one act or several. 736/2569 is consistent with the 2017 narrowing of Section 14(1) toward fraud: a fake sale listing was pleaded and accepted under it, though the Court did not discuss the amendment. Read the full analysis in our case note on Dika 736/2569.
1. The Digital Amplification of Defamation Risk
Section 328 of the Thai Criminal Code defines defamation by âpublicationâ broadly. Thai courts have confirmed that social media posts qualify as publication under this section. In Decision No. 4403/2566 the Supreme Court applied Section 328 to material posted on a social network, treating it as defamation by publication rather than simple defamation under Section 326, and held that the offence under Section 14(4) of the Computer Crime Act B.E. 2550 was a separate offence to be punished cumulatively under Section 91, because the two provisions protect different interests. Section 328 carries up to two yearsâ imprisonment and a fine of up to 200,000 baht, against one year or 20,000 baht, or both, under Section 326.
The reach and permanence of social media posts create particular challenges. Screenshots serve as evidence years later, and deleted content often remains recoverable through digital forensics.
Sharing someone elseâs post is a real risk, but not for the reason usually given. Forwarding a defamatory statement can make you a publisher of it in your own right, and the exposure is under Sections 326 and 328 of the Criminal Code, the same provisions that apply to the original poster. What it is not is an offence under the Computer Crime Act. Section 14(5) punishes disseminating or forwarding computer data only where the data falls under Section 14(1) to (4), and the 2017 amendment rewrote Section 14(1) to apply only to distorted, forged or false data entered dishonestly or deceitfully, expressly adding the words âwhich is not an offence of defamation under the Criminal Codeâ. Defamation was deliberately carved out.
The practical consequence is worth being precise about, because the two routes carry very different penalties and very different procedure. A defamation charge under Section 328 is compoundable and settles; a Computer Crime Act charge is a different animal. Anyone told that a share automatically triggers the Computer Crime Act is being misinformed. Where the material is also obscene, false in a way that damages the public, or touches national security, Section 14 can apply on its own terms, and then a share is caught by Section 14(5).
A single post can reach thousands or even millions of people. This greatly increases the exposure to defamation claims compared to a private conversation. The legal consequences are proportionally more severe.
The law behind this page
English
Section 328
When defamation is committed through publication (documents, images, film, broadcasting or any other means of spreading it widely), the penalty is heavier: up to two years in prison and a fine of up to 200,000 baht. This is the section commonly used for online and media defamation.
Full text
Where the offence of defamation is committed by publication through a document, a drawing, a painting, a cinematograph film, a picture or letters made visible by any means, a record, a sound recording, an image recording or a character recording, by sound broadcast or image broadcast, or by any other means of propagation, the offender shall be liable to imprisonment not exceeding two years and a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand baht.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 14 Computer Crime Act B.E. 2550
Full text
Any person who commits any of the following offences shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years or a fine not exceeding 100,000 baht, or both: (1) dishonestly or by deception entering into a computer system computer data that is distorted or forged, wholly or in part, or computer data that is false, in a manner likely to cause damage to the public, not being an offence of defamation under the Criminal Code; (2) entering into a computer system false computer data in a manner likely to cause damage to the maintenance of national security, public safety, national economic security or the country's public infrastructure, or to cause panic among the public; (3) entering into a computer system any computer data that constitutes an offence relating to the security of the Kingdom or an offence relating to terrorism under the Criminal Code; (4) entering into a computer system any computer data that is obscene, where that computer data is accessible to the general public; (5) disseminating or forwarding computer data knowing it to be computer data under (1), (2), (3) or (4). If an offence under paragraph one (1) is committed not against the public but against a particular person, the offender, or the person who disseminates or forwards that computer data, shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 years or a fine not exceeding 60,000 baht, or both, and the offence shall be compoundable.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 16 Computer Crime Act B.E. 2550
Full text
Whoever imports into a computer system accessible to the general public computer data appearing as an image of another person, where such image has been created, edited, supplemented or adapted by electronic means or by any other means, in a manner likely to cause such other person to be defamed, insulted, hated or humiliated, shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years and a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand baht. If the act under paragraph one is committed against an image of a deceased person and the act is likely to cause the father, mother, spouse or child of the deceased person to be defamed, insulted or hated, or humiliated, the offender shall be liable to the penalty provided in paragraph one. If the act under paragraph one or paragraph two is an import into a computer system in good faith by way of fair comment on any person or thing, as is customarily done by the public, the offender commits no offence. The offences under paragraph one and paragraph two are compoundable offences. If the injured person in an offence under paragraph one or paragraph two dies before lodging a complaint, the father, mother, spouse or child of the injured person may lodge the complaint and shall be deemed to be the injured person.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 326
Defamation is making a statement about another person to a third party that is likely to damage that person's reputation or expose them to insult or hatred. The penalty is up to one year in prison, a fine of up to 20,000 baht, or both.
Full text
Whoever imputes anything to another person before a third person in a manner likely to cause that other person to lose reputation, to be insulted or to be hated, commits the offence of defamation and shall be liable to imprisonment not exceeding one year, or a fine not exceeding twenty thousand baht, or both.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 330
A person charged with defamation is not punished if they prove the imputation was true. But proof of truth is not allowed where the matter is purely personal and proving it would not benefit the public.
Full text
In a case of defamation, where the person accused proves that the imputation alleged to be defamatory is true, that person is not punished. But proof is not admitted where the imputation alleged to be defamatory concerns a personal matter and the proof would not benefit the public.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 329
A person who expresses an opinion or statement in good faith is not guilty of defamation in four situations: self-justification or protecting a legitimate interest, acting as an official on duty, fair comment on a matter open to public criticism, or fairly reporting open court or meeting proceedings.
Full text
Whoever, in good faith, expresses an opinion or a statement: (1) by way of self-justification or self-defence, or to protect a legitimate interest of his own according to righteousness; (2) in the capacity of an official in the performance of his duties; (3) by way of fair comment on a person or a thing which is open to public criticism; or (4) by way of fair report of proceedings openly conducted in a court or at a meeting, is not guilty of defamation.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 15 Computer Crime Act B.E. 2550
Full text
Any service provider who cooperates in, consents to, or connives at the commission of an offence under section 14 within a computer system under his control shall be liable to the same penalty as the offender under section 14. The Minister shall issue a notification prescribing the procedures for giving notice, for suppressing the dissemination of computer data, and for removing such computer data from a computer system. If the service provider proves that he has complied with the notification of the Minister issued under paragraph two, such person shall not be liable to punishment.
ThaiLawOnline translation
Section 333
This section states that all the defamation offences in this chapter, namely Sections 326 to 328, are compoundable, meaning they are private offences that require a complaint and can be settled or withdrawn to end the case. Section 331 is not one of those offences: it grants an immunity to a party or a party's lawyer, so there is no offence under it to compound. The section also provides that where the injured person dies before making a complaint, the father, mother, spouse or child may complain and is deemed to be the injured person.
Full text
The offences in this Chapter are compoundable offences. Where the injured person in an offence of defamation dies before making a complaint, the father, mother, spouse or child of the injured person may make the complaint and is deemed to be the injured person.
ThaiLawOnline translation
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āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 16 āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļ§āđāļēāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāļāļāļĄāļāļīāļ§āđāļāļāļĢāđ āļ.āļĻ. 2550
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āļāļđāđāđāļāļāļģāđāļāđāļēāļŠāļđāđāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļĄāļāļīāļ§āđāļāļāļĢāđāļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļāļāļāļąāđāļ§āđāļāļāļēāļāđāļāđāļēāļāļķāļāđāļāđāļāļķāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļāļĄāļāļīāļ§āđāļāļāļĢāđāļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāđāļāđāļāļ āļēāļāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāļ·āđāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļ āļēāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļāļ āļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļķāđāļ āļāļąāļāļāđāļ āđāļāļīāļĄ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļąāļāđāļāļĨāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļāļāļīāđāļĨāđāļāļāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļŠāđāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļ·āđāļāđāļ āđāļāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļāļ°āļāļģāđāļŦāđāļāļđāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļ·āđāļāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļ āļāļđāļāļāļđāļŦāļĄāļīāđāļāļāļđāļāđāļāļĨāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĒ āļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļēāļāđāļāļĐāļāļģāļāļļāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāļīāļāļŠāļēāļĄāļāļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļąāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāļīāļāļŠāļāļāđāļŠāļāļāļēāļ āļāđāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļēāļĄāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāđāļāļ āļēāļāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāļēāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļąāđāļāļāđāļēāļāļ°āļāļģāđāļŦāđāļāļīāļāļē āļĄāļēāļĢāļāļē āļāļđāđāļŠāļĄāļĢāļŠ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļļāļāļĢāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāļēāļĒāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļ·āđāļāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļ āļāļđāļāļāļđāļŦāļĄāļīāđāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļđāļāđāļāļĨāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĒāļāļđāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļēāļāđāļāļĐāļāļąāļāļāļĩāđāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāđāļ§āđāđāļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļ āļāđāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļēāļĄāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļŠāļāļ āđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāđāļāđāļēāļŠāļđāđāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļĄāļāļīāļ§āđāļāļāļĢāđāđāļāļĒāļŠāļļāļāļĢāļīāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļĄāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļāļķāđāļāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļŠāļīāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļ§āļīāļŠāļąāļĒāļāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļāļāļĒāđāļāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģ āļāļđāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāđāļĄāđāļĄāļĩāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļ āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļŠāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļąāļāļĒāļāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđ āļāđāļēāļāļđāđāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĒāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļāļĢāđāļāļāļāļļāļāļāđ āđāļŦāđāļāļīāļāļē āļĄāļēāļĢāļāļē āļāļđāđāļŠāļĄāļĢāļŠ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļļāļāļĢāļāļāļāļāļđāđāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāļĢāđāļāļāļāļļāļāļāđāđāļāđ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļāļ·āļāļ§āđāļēāđāļāđāļāļāļđāđāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
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āļāļđāđāđāļāđāļŠāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļđāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļĩāđāļŠāļēāļĄ āđāļāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļāļ°āļāļģāđāļŦāđāļāļđāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļ·āđāļāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļ āļāļđāļāļāļđāļŦāļĄāļīāđāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļđāļāđāļāļĨāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāļ āļāļđāđāļāļąāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļŦāļĄāļīāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ āļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļēāļāđāļāļĐāļāļģāļāļļāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāļīāļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļāļĩ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĢāļąāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāļīāļāļŠāļāļāļŦāļĄāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļąāđāļāļāļģāļāļąāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
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āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļŦāļĄāļīāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ āļāđāļēāļāļđāđāļāļđāļāļŦāļēāļ§āđāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļ āļāļīāļŠāļđāļāļāđāđāļāđāļ§āđāļēāļāđāļāļāļĩāđāļŦāļēāļ§āđāļēāđāļāđāļāļŦāļĄāļīāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļīāļ āļāļđāđāļāļąāđāļāđāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļāđāļāļĐ āđāļāđāļŦāđāļēāļĄāđāļĄāđāđāļŦāđāļāļīāļŠāļđāļāļāđ āļāđāļēāļāđāļāļāļĩāđāļŦāļēāļ§āđāļēāđāļāđāļāļŦāļĄāļīāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļŠāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļŠāđāļ§āļāļāļąāļ§ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļŠāļđāļāļāđāļāļ°āđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĒāļāļāđāđāļāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļāļ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļēāļāļĢāđāļāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļāļāđāļĢāļēāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢ
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 329
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āļāļđāđāđāļāđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāđāļŦāđāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļāļĒāļŠāļļāļāļĢāļīāļ (āđ) āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļŠāđāļ§āļāđāļāđāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ (āđ) āđāļāļāļēāļāļ°āđāļāđāļāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĄāļŦāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđ (āđ) āļāļīāļāļĄāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļāļķāđāļāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļŠāļīāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļ§āļīāļŠāļąāļĒāļāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļāļāļĒāđāļāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ (āđ) āđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāđāļēāļ§āļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāđāļāļīāļāđāļāļĒāđāļāļĻāļēāļĨāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĄ āļāļđāđāļāļąāđāļāđāļĄāđāļĄāļĩāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļŦāļĄāļīāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļēāļāļĢāđāļāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļāļāđāļĢāļēāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢ
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 15 āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļ§āđāļēāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāļāļāļĄāļāļīāļ§āđāļāļāļĢāđ āļ.āļĻ. 2550
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āļāļđāđāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļđāđāđāļāđāļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ āļĒāļīāļāļĒāļāļĄ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļĢāļđāđāđāļŦāđāļāđāļāđāļāđāļāđāļŦāđāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđāđ āđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļĄāļāļīāļ§āđāļāļāļĢāđāļāļĩāđāļāļĒāļđāđāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļāļāļāļ āļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļēāļāđāļāļĐāđāļāđāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāļāļđāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē āđāđ āđāļŦāđāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāļāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļāļģāļŦāļāļāļāļąāđāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāđāļāļ·āļāļ āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāđāļŦāđāđāļāļĢāđāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļāļĄāļāļīāļ§āđāļāļāļĢāđ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļāļĄāļāļīāļ§āđāļāļāļĢāđāļāļąāđāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļĄāļāļīāļ§āđāļāļāļĢāđ āļāđāļēāļāļđāđāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļŠāļđāļāļāđāđāļāđāļ§āđāļēāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļāļāļāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĩāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļŠāļāļ āļāļđāđāļāļąāđāļāđāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļāđāļāļĐ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļē 333
āļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄ
āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāđāļāļŦāļĄāļ§āļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļąāļāļĒāļāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđ āļāđāļēāļāļđāđāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļŦāļĄāļīāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļāļēāļĒāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļāļĢāđāļāļāļāļļāļāļāđ āđāļŦāđāļāļīāļāļē āļĄāļēāļĢāļāļē āļāļđāđāļŠāļĄāļĢāļŠ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļļāļāļĢāļāļāļāļāļđāđāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāļĢāđāļāļāļāļļāļāļāđāđāļāđ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļāļ·āļāļ§āđāļēāđāļāđāļāļāļđāđāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒ
āļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļļāđāļāļāļĐāļē / āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩāļāļē (Verbatim from the Royal Gazette / Office of the Council of State)
āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļēāļāļĢāđāļāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļāļāđāļĢāļēāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢ
Français
Article 328
La diffamation commise par publication (ÃĐcrit, dessin, peinture, film, image ou texte rendu visible, disque, enregistrement sonore, visuel ou ÃĐcrit), par radiodiffusion, tÃĐlÃĐdiffusion ou autre proclamation publique est punie de deux ans d'emprisonnement au plus et de 200 000 bahts d'amende au plus.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 14 Computer Crime Act B.E. 2550
Introduire des donnÃĐes fausses, frauduleusement et nuisibles au public (hors diffamation), ou menaçant la sÃĐcuritÃĐ nationale ou semant la panique; donnÃĐes terroristes, de sÃŧretÃĐ ou obscÃĻnes publiques; ou les diffuser sciemment: 5 ans et/ou 100 000 bahts au plus; (1) visant un particulier: 3 ans et/ou 60 000 bahts, transigeable.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 16 Computer Crime Act B.E. 2550
Diffuser dans un systÃĻme informatique accessible au public l'image d'autrui crÃĐÃĐe, montÃĐe, complÃĐtÃĐe ou modifiÃĐe, de nature à le diffamer, l'insulter, l'exposer à la haine ou l'humilier: emprisonnement jusqu'à 3 ans et amende jusqu'à 200 000 bahts. MÊme peine pour l'image d'un dÃĐfunt nuisant à ses pÃĻre, mÃĻre, conjoint ou enfant. Critique loyale de bonne foi non punissable. Infractions transigeables; ces proches peuvent porter plainte si la victime dÃĐcÃĻde avant.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 326
Quiconque impute un fait à autrui devant un tiers, d'une maniÃĻre susceptible de nuire à sa rÃĐputation ou de l'exposer au mÃĐpris ou à la haine, commet une diffamation, punie d'un emprisonnement d'un an au plus, d'une amende de 20 000 bahts au plus, ou des deux.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 330
En matiÃĻre de diffamation, le prÃĐvenu qui prouve la vÃĐritÃĐ des faits imputÃĐs n'est pas puni. Cette preuve est toutefois interdite si l'imputation porte sur la vie privÃĐe et que sa preuve ne prÃĐsente aucun intÃĐrÊt pour le public.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 329
Ne commet pas de diffamation quiconque s'exprime de bonne foi: (1) pour se justifier ou dÃĐfendre ses intÃĐrÊts lÃĐgitimes; (2) comme agent public dans ses fonctions; (3) en critiquant loyalement ce que tout citoyen peut critiquer; (4) en rendant compte loyalement d'audiences publiques ou de rÃĐunions.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 15 Computer Crime Act B.E. 2550
Le fournisseur de services qui coopÃĻre, consent ou se rend complice d'une infraction à l'article 14 commise dans un systÃĻme informatique sous son contrÃīle encourt la mÊme peine que l'auteur. Le ministre fixe par avis la procÃĐdure de notification, de suspension de la diffusion et de retrait des donnÃĐes. Le fournisseur qui prouve avoir respectÃĐ cet avis n'est pas puni.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Article 333
Les infractions du prÃĐsent chapitre sont susceptibles de transaction. Si la victime d'une diffamation dÃĐcÃĻde avant d'avoir portÃĐ plainte, son pÃĻre, sa mÃĻre, son conjoint ou son enfant peut porter plainte et est rÃĐputÃĐ victime.
rÃĐsumÃĐ non officiel
Sources
- Penal Code, Office of the Council of State, retrieved 31 October 2026
- Computer Crime Act B.E. 2550, retrieved 2 November 2026
2. The Computer Crime Act: Sections 14 and 16
The Original Act: B.E. 2550 (2007)
The Computer Crime Act B.E. 2550 was enacted in 2007 to address cybercrime. However, it was quickly adopted as an additional tool for prosecuting online defamation. The Act creates criminal liability that runs parallel to the Criminal Code defamation provisions.
Section 14(1): False Computer Data
Section 14(1) criminalises the dishonest or deceitful entry of false or forged data into a computer system in a manner likely to cause damage to the public, where the act is not a defamation offence under the Criminal Code. The penalty is imprisonment of up to five years and/or a fine of up to 100,000 Baht. Where the act harms one particular person rather than the public, the second paragraph of Section 14 lowers the maximum to three years and/or a fine of up to 60,000 Baht and makes the offence compoundable, so it can end in a settlement with the complainant.
Section 14(2): False Data Affecting National Security
Section 14(2) deals with false data that harms national security, public safety, economic security, or public infrastructure. It carries the same penalty as the rest of Section 14: up to five yearsâ imprisonment or a fine of up to 100,000 Baht, or both. Since 2017 it also covers false data likely to cause public panic.
Section 16: Defamation by Image
Section 16 targets the uploading of a personâs image into a computer system where the image was created, edited, or manipulated in a way that causes defamation. The penalty, as substituted by the Computer Crime Act (No. 2) B.E. 2560, is imprisonment of up to three years and a fine of up to 200,000 Baht, both imposed rather than in the alternative. This covers doctored photos, memes, and manipulated visual content.
The 2017 Amendment: Act (No. 2) B.E. 2560
The Computer Crime Act underwent major revisions in 2017. The amendments broadened the scope of the original Act and strengthened enforcement powers. They also raised the penalties for attacks on computer systems that serve national security, public safety or public infrastructure, to fixed ranges reaching twenty years where a death results (Section 12). Those provisions concern hacking, not what you post. The amendment was adopted on 16 December 2016, published in the Royal Gazette on 24 January 2017, and became effective on 24 May 2017.
Section 14(1) requires the false data to be entered dishonestly or deceitfully. This offers some protection. However, prosecutors often argue that sharing false information demonstrates the required intent.
3. The Charge Stacking Problem
One of the most concerning features of Thai online defamation law is charge stacking. Prosecutors can bring multiple charges under different statutes for a single online post. A person who posts a defamatory comment on Facebook could face:
- Criminal Code Section 328: defamation by publication (up to 2 years)
- Computer Crime Act Section 16: defamation by image, if a doctored or manipulated image of the person is involved (up to 3 years and a fine of up to 200,000 Baht)
Section 14(1) of the Computer Crime Act is not on that list. The 2017 amendment expressly excludes Criminal Code defamation from it, so an ordinary defamatory post does not attract a further five-year charge merely because it was made online. Each additional charge needs its own elements and evidence, and adding the maximum penalties of several provisions together is not a reliable statement of exposure for one post. Even so, the threat of more than one charge creates real pressure on defendants, and it is frequently used to push towards settlements or guilty pleas.
Before the 2017 amendment, the Computer Crime Act was already used to compound penalties alongside criminal law charges. The 2017 amendment cut both ways: it took ordinary defamation out of Section 14(1), but it also toughened Section 16, whose fine rose from 60,000 to 200,000 Baht and is now imposed together with imprisonment rather than as an alternative.
4. Platform-Specific Risks in Thailand
Facebook is the platform behind most online defamation complaints in Thailand. Public posts, comments on othersâ posts, and content shared within groups have all led to criminal charges. The Supreme Court treats posting on a social network as publication under Section 328 (in Decision 4403/2566 the post was on Twitter).
LINE
LINE is Thailandâs most popular messaging platform. Many users assume that private messages on LINE are safe. This is incorrect. Private conversations can be shared with others by recipients. Shared screenshots of LINE messages are routinely admitted as evidence in court. Group chats with multiple participants clearly constitute communication âbefore a third personâ under Section 326.
Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube
Visual platforms carry additional risk under Computer Crime Act Section 16. Manipulated images, video commentary about identifiable individuals, and even captions accompanying photos can all trigger defamation and CCA charges. Content creators with large followings face heightened scrutiny because the potential reputational damage is greater.
Google Reviews and TripAdvisor
Negative business reviews are a growing source of defamation complaints. Even factual complaints can constitute defamation if they damage a businessâs reputation. Review platforms do not provide immunity under Thai law.
5. The 24-Hour Takedown Obligation
The Ministry of Digital Economy and Society Announcement on notification, suppression and removal of computer data B.E. 2565, made under Section 15, sets the deadlines a platform must meet to keep its protection from liability. After a complaint from a user, the platform must remove the content within 24 hours. After an order from an official, the deadline depends on the kind of content: seven days for false data under Section 14(1), 24 hours for national security and public panic data under Section 14(2) and (3), and three days for obscene data under Section 14(4) (24 hours for child sexual abuse material). The Announcement concerns content that is unlawful under Section 14, so an ordinary defamatory post, which Section 14(1) now excludes, is not what it targets, although platforms often remove first and ask questions later.
The takedown regime gives authorities rapid response capabilities. It also means that content you post can be flagged and removed very quickly. However, removal does not prevent criminal prosecution. Even if the content is taken down, the original posting can still form the basis of a defamation charge.
6. Strategic Litigation and Forum Shopping
The Computer Crime Act has no special venue rule. The Criminal Procedure Code lets the police in any locality involved investigate where an offence was committed across several localities or it is uncertain where it was committed (Section 19), and complainants have treated an online post as committed wherever it is read. In practice they can often choose which police station or court to file in. This creates opportunities for âforum shopping.â
Complainants sometimes file in provinces far from the defendantâs home. This forces the defendant to travel long distances for legal proceedings. The tactic is used strategically to increase the financial and logistical burden on defendants.
In 2015 Suraphan Rujichaiwat, an anti-mining activist in Loei in the north-east, was prosecuted by a mining company for defamation and under Section 14(1) over a Facebook post, with one complaint filed in Phuket at the other end of the country. This illustrates how forum shopping can be used to harass defendants through Thailandâs legal system.
7. Intermediary Liability for Platforms and ISPs
Internet service providers and platform operators are liable under Section 15 of the Computer Crime Act where they cooperate with, consent to or connive at a Section 14 offence on a system they control, and a provider that proves it followed the Ministerâs prescribed notification and removal steps is not liable. Because the 2017 amendment expressly carved ordinary defamation out of Section 14(1), failing to remove merely defamatory content is not itself a Computer Crime Act offence. The same amendment strengthened the governmentâs powers under Section 20 to obtain a court order suppressing or deleting content. Failing to comply with a Section 20 order is a civil-penalty matter, not a crime: since 26 October 2023 Section 27 provides a civil penalty (āļāđāļēāļāļĢāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļāļīāļāļąāļĒ) of up to 200,000 Baht plus up to 5,000 Baht a day until the order is complied with, under the Act on Conversion of Fines to Civil Penalties B.E. 2565.
This means that platform operators in Thailand have strong incentives to comply with takedown requests. It also means that content may be removed without the poster receiving notice or having an opportunity to respond.
8. Digital Evidence in Defamation Cases
Digital evidence plays a central role in online defamation cases. Thai courts accept screenshots, chat logs, website archives, and digital forensics reports. Deleted content is often recoverable. Metadata including timestamps, IP addresses, and device information can be used to identify the author of anonymous posts.
The Thai government has established specialised cybercrime units that actively monitor social media. These units have technical capabilities to track online content and identify its authors. The police Technology Crime Suppression Division (TCSD) handles many digital defamation investigations.
9. Social Media Best Practices to Avoid Defamation
Expatriates and businesses operating in Thailand should adopt defensive social media practices:
- Review before posting:Â Consider the potential reputational impact on any individual or organisation mentioned. Avoid naming specific people in negative contexts.
- Restrict privacy settings:Â Limit post visibility. Remember that âprivateâ posts can become evidence if recipients share them.
- Document your sources:Â Keep records of facts and sources for any claims you make online. The burden of proof falls on defendants to demonstrate truthfulness and good faith.
- Avoid speculation:Â Do not share unverified claims. Phrases like âallegedlyâ or âin my opinionâ provide little legal protection under Thai law.
- Understand cultural context:Â Comments acceptable in Western countries may be defamatory under Thai standards. Avoid discussions of the monarchy, senior government officials, or sensitive political topics.
- Never share or retweet without caution:Â Sharing defamatory content is treated as a separate act of publication. You can be charged independently from the original author.
For a full analysis of available legal defences if you are charged, see our guide on defamation defences and Supreme Court decisions.
10. Business Reviews and Consumer Complaints
Negative online reviews are a growing source of defamation complaints in Thailand. Reviews on Google, TripAdvisor, Facebook, and dedicated review sites can all trigger charges.
If you have a legitimate complaint about a business, protect yourself by:
- Confining your statement to provable facts.
- Avoiding emotional language or personal attacks.
- Considering official complaint channels before going public.
- Keeping evidence of your experience (receipts, photos, correspondence).
Businesses should also understand how to use and defend against defamation claims. See our guide on fraud and scam laws for related protections.
Last reviewed: 27 September 2026. The Computer Crime Act sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20 and 27 were read in Thai against the original Act and the Act (No. 2) B.E. 2560, together with the Ministry of Digital Economy and Society Announcement of B.E. 2565 on takedowns, Criminal Code sections 326 and 328, Criminal Procedure Code section 19, and Supreme Court Decisions 4403/2566 and 736/2569. The Suraphan case rests on NGO reporting. Not verified: the claims about digital forensics and police practice in section 8. Re-checked on 11 October 2026: Computer Crime Act section 27 read in Thai in the consolidated text, which carries the conversion by the Act on Conversion of Fines to Civil Penalties B.E. 2565 (section 39 and Schedule 1); the Section 27 sentence now describes a civil penalty rather than a criminal fine; nothing else changed and the items above remain unverified.
11. Frequently Asked Questions
Can I be charged for a private LINE message?
It depends on who received it. Section 326 requires the sender to make the statement to a third person, so a message in a group chat, or one sent to anyone other than the person it is about, can meet that test. A message sent only to the person it concerns is not, by itself, an imputation to a third person, although its wording may amount to another offence, and a screenshot the recipient later shares can be used as evidence.
Can deleted social media posts still lead to charges?
Yes. Deleted content is often recoverable through digital forensics. Screenshots taken before deletion are routinely admitted as evidence. Removing the post does not eliminate liability.
Does the Computer Crime Act apply to foreigners?
Yes, inside Thailand in the same way as to Thais. For an offence committed outside Thailand, Section 17 allows punishment in Thailand only where the offender is Thai and the foreign government or the injured person asks for it, or where the offender is a foreigner, the injured party is the Thai government or a Thai person, and the injured party asks for punishment.
Can I be charged for liking or sharing someone elseâs post?
Sharing can make you a publisher of the statement in your own right, so the exposure is criminal defamation under Sections 326 and 328 of the Criminal Code, not the Computer Crime Act. The 2017 amendment carved defamation out of Section 14(1), and Section 14(5), the forwarding offence, only reaches data falling under Section 14(1) to (4). Liking alone is a grey area with no settled authority either way. The safest approach is still to avoid engaging with potentially defamatory content.
What should I do if I receive a defamation complaint for an online post?
Engage qualified Thai legal counsel immediately. Do not make additional public statements about the matter. Preserve all evidence. See our practical guide for foreigners for detailed emergency protocols.
Need legal help with an online defamation matter? Book a consultation with a ThaiLawOnline lawyer, or contact us directly.
Links: Ministry of Digital Economy and Society of Thailand
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