Section 89: Personal grounds versus offence-nature grounds
Statutory text (Thai original)
ถ้ามีเหตุส่วนตัวอันควรยกเว้นโทษ ลดโทษหรือเพิ่มโทษแก่ผู้กระทำความผิดคนใด จะนำเหตุนั้นไปใช้แก่ผู้กระทำความผิดคนอื่นในการกระทำความผิดนั้นด้วยไม่ได้ แต่ถ้าเหตุอันควรยกเว้นโทษ ลดโทษหรือเพิ่มโทษเป็นเหตุในลักษณะคดี จึงให้ใช้แก่ผู้กระทำความผิดในการกระทำความผิดนั้นด้วยกันทุกคน
English translation
If there is a ground personal to any offender that operates to exempt from punishment, to reduce punishment, or to increase punishment, that ground applies only to that particular offender.
If there is a ground relating to the nature of the offence that operates to exempt from punishment, to reduce punishment, or to increase punishment, that ground applies to every offender.
This English translation is provided for reference only and has not yet been firm-verified. Always rely on the Thai original.
Firm annotation
Section 89 is a general-part allocation rule in Book 1, applied constantly where several people join in one offence as principals, instigators or supporters. It draws a sharp line between two categories: a ground personal to an offender (for example that offender's own age, relationship to the victim, or personal circumstances) reaches only that offender, whereas a ground rooted in the nature of the offence (a ground in the nature of the case) reaches all co-offenders. In practice the Supreme Court treats an offence-nature ground as one it may extend even to a co-defendant who did not appeal, because it belongs to the case rather than to the individual. The section works together with the principal and supporter provisions in Sections 83 to 86 and with the specific exemption, reduction and increase provisions scattered through the Code.
Why this matters in practice
This section can change outcomes for co-defendants dramatically. If a mitigating or exempting ground belongs to the nature of the offence, it lifts liability for everyone charged in that act, so a defendant who succeeds on appeal can pull a non-appealing co-defendant up with them; a purely personal ground does not travel. When you are one of several accused, it is worth identifying early whether the favourable point is personal or attaches to the case itself, because that classification decides who it protects. A lawyer can map which grounds apply to whom; you can consult a Thai lawyer online to review a multi-defendant matter.
Supreme Court decisions interpreting this section
-
Supreme Court Judgment No. 7086/2559 (2016)
A ground in the nature of the case under Section 89 applies to all offenders in the same act, so the Supreme Court may extend an acquittal or non-punishment to a co-defendant who did not appeal.
The Supreme Court found the point in favour of the appealing defendants was a ground in the nature of the case, and under Section 89 it extended the result to the co-defendant who had not filed an appeal, so that defendant also was not punished.
-
Supreme Court Judgment No. 8701/2547 (2004)
Because grounds in the nature of the case under Section 89 apply to every offender in the same act, the court's power to correct the judgment reaches a co-defendant who did not appeal.
The issues in the case were treated as grounds in the nature of the case under Section 89, which apply to all co-offenders, so the Supreme Court exercised its power to extend the corrected judgment to the co-defendant who had not appealed.
-
Supreme Court Judgment No. 997/2544 (2001)
Where the nature of the offence and circumstances form a ground in the nature of the case under Section 89, the court may extend a favourable disposition, such as a suspended sentence, to a co-defendant who did not appeal.
Treating the nature of the offence as a ground in the nature of the case, the Supreme Court extended a suspension of the imprisonment sentence to the co-defendant who had not appealed, in line with Section 89.
Curated decisions with case numbers verified against the Supreme Court database. English renderings are the firm's editorial translation for study.
Cited in 21 Supreme Court decisions (1957 to 2016)
Selected citing decisions
- Decision 997/2544 (2001)
- Decision 6503/2541 (1998)
- Decision 5838/2541 (1998)
- Decision 5333/2538 (1995)
- Decision 3342/2534 (1991)
- Decision 346/2529 (1986)
- Decision 3324/2522 (1979)
- Decision 1604/2512 (1969)
This list is selected automatically, weighted towards judgments that turn on this section rather than ones that merely recite it when passing sentence. It has not yet been reviewed by the firm.
Most often cited alongside
- Section 83 13
- Section 78 12
- Section 90 10
- Section 91 9
- Thai CrPC s. 225 8
- Thai CrPC s. 213 7
Sections that appear in the same judgments as this one most often. The figure is the number of decisions.
Counted across the firm's corpus of 83,652 Supreme Court decisions, 1921 to 2026. The count is complete; the stated year range trims rare outliers so it describes where the citations actually sit. These figures are computed by us and are not official court statistics. How we count these, and what we measured
Frequently asked questions
What is the difference between a personal ground and an offence-nature ground?
A personal ground depends on an individual offender's own situation and helps or burdens only that person. A ground in the nature of the offence attaches to the act itself and applies to every offender involved.
Can a co-defendant who did not appeal still benefit?
Yes, if the favourable point is a ground in the nature of the offence under Section 89, the court may extend the benefit to a co-defendant who did not appeal.
Related guides on ThaiLawOnline
Cite this section
-
Plain citation
Penal Code, s. 89 (Thailand) -
Academic citation
Penal Code (Thailand), s. 89. ThaiLawOnline, https://www.thailawonline.com/thai-penal-code/section-89/ (accessed 17 August 2026). -
Thai citation
ป.อ. มาตรา 89 -
Permalink
https://www.thailawonline.com/thai-penal-code/section-89/ -
Embed on your site
<blockquote cite="https://www.thailawonline.com/thai-penal-code/section-89/"><p>If there is a ground personal to any offender that operates to exempt from punishment, to reduce punishment, or to increase punishment, that ground applies only to that particular offender. If there is a ground relating to the nature of the offence that operates to…</p><footer>Penal Code, s. 89 (Thailand) — <a href="https://www.thailawonline.com/thai-penal-code/section-89/">ThaiLawOnline</a></footer></blockquote>
The Thai text is authoritative. The English is an unofficial translation by ThaiLawOnline, free to reuse with attribution.