Civil Procedure Code

Section 11 — Grounds for challenging a judge

Statutory text (Thai original)

เมื่อคดีถึงศาล ผู้พิพากษาคนหนึ่งคนใดในศาลนั้นอาจถูกคัดค้านได้ ในเหตุใดเหตุหนึ่งดังต่อไปนี้
(๑) ถ้าผู้พิพากษานั้นมีผลประโยชน์ได้เสียเกี่ยวข้องอยู่ในคดีนั้น
(๒) ถ้าเป็นญาติเกี่ยวข้องกับคู่ความฝ่ายใดฝ่ายหนึ่ง คือว่าเป็นบุพการี หรือผู้สืบสันดานไม่ว่าชั้นใด ๆ หรือเป็นพี่น้องหรือลูกพี่ลูกน้องนับได้เพียงภายในสามชั้น หรือเป็นญาติเกี่ยวพันทางแต่งงานนับได้เพียงสองชั้น
(๓) ถ้าเป็นผู้ที่ได้ถูกอ้างเป็นพยานโดยที่ได้รู้ได้เห็นเหตุการณ์ หรือโดยเป็นผู้เชี่ยวชาญมีความรู้เป็นพิเศษเกี่ยวข้องกับคดีนั้น
(๔) ถ้าได้เป็นหรือเป็นผู้แทนโดยชอบธรรมหรือผู้แทนหรือได้เป็นทนายความของคู่ความฝ่ายใดฝ่ายหนึ่งมาแล้ว
(๕) ถ้าได้เป็นผู้พิพากษานั่งพิจารณาคดีเดียวกันนั้นในศาลอื่นมาแล้ว หรือเป็นอนุญาโตตุลาการมาแล้ว
(๖) ถ้ามีคดีอีกเรื่องหนึ่งอยู่ในระหว่างพิจารณาซึ่งผู้พิพากษานั้นเอง หรือภริยา หรือญาติทางสืบสายโลหิตตรงขึ้นไป หรือตรงลงมาของผู้พิพากษานั้นฝ่ายหนึ่ง พิพาทกับคู่ความฝ่ายใดฝ่ายหนึ่ง หรือภริยา หรือญาติทางสืบสายโลหิตตรงขึ้นไปหรือตรงลงมาของคู่ความฝ่ายนั้นอีกฝ่ายหนึ่ง
(๗) ถ้าผู้พิพากษานั้นเป็นเจ้าหนี้หรือลูกหนี้ หรือเป็นนายจ้างของคู่ความฝ่ายใดฝ่ายหนึ่ง

English translation

When a case reaches a court, any one of the judges of that court may be challenged on any one of the following grounds:
(1) if that judge has an interest involved in the case;
(2) if the judge is a relative connected with either party, that is, an ascendant or descendant of whatever degree, or a sibling or cousin counted within three degrees, or a relative by marriage counted within two degrees;
(3) if the judge has been cited as a witness who knew or saw the events, or as an expert having special knowledge relating to the case;
(4) if the judge has been, or has acted as, the statutory representative or the agent, or has been the advocate, of either party;
(5) if the judge has sat in the trial of the same case in another court, or has acted as an arbitrator;
(6) if there is another case under consideration in which the judge himself, or the judge's wife, or a relative of the judge in the direct ascending or descending line, on the one side, is in dispute with either party, or with the wife, or a relative in the direct ascending or descending line of that party, on the other side;
(7) if the judge is a creditor or debtor, or is the employer, of either party.

This English translation is provided for reference only and has not yet been firm-verified — always rely on the Thai original.

Firm annotation

Section 11 opens Chapter 2 on the challenge of judges and defines an exhaustive list of grounds directed at bias or conflict of interest. The grounds are objective and specific: financial or personal interest (1) and (7), close family or marital connection (2) and (6), a role as witness or expert (3), a prior role as representative, agent or advocate (4), and prior adjudication of the same matter or service as arbitrator (5). Because the grounds are enumerated, a challenge that does not fit any of them fails at this section. Section 12 supplements this list for single-judge courts by adding other grounds of a serious nature, and sections 13 and 14 govern how a challenge is raised and decided.

Why this matters in practice

If you believe the judge in your case has a conflict, you can only succeed by pointing to one of the listed grounds; dissatisfaction with rulings or courtroom manner alone is not enough. Timing is strict under Section 13, so raise the challenge early. Assessing whether a real ground exists is a judgment call best made with a lawyer before you file, since a weak challenge can be dismissed without an inquiry and may delay your case.

Supreme Court decisions interpreting this section

  1. Supreme Court Judgment No. 817/2568 (2025)

    A motion challenging a judge that does not fall within any of the grounds in Section 11 can be dismissed without a preliminary inquiry, since there is nothing to inquire into where no listed ground is shown.

    The defendant moved to challenge the judge and the sitting panel, but the court found the motion did not fall within the grounds for challenge under Section 11 (applied through Section 15 of the Criminal Procedure Code and the Narcotics Case Procedure Act). The court held there was no need to hold an inquiry first, and that the proceedings were not irregular.

Curated decisions with case numbers verified against the Supreme Court database. English renderings are the firm's editorial translation for study.

Frequently asked questions

Can I challenge a judge just because I dislike their rulings?

No. Section 11 requires one of the listed grounds, such as a personal interest, a family tie to a party, or a prior role in the case. Disagreement with rulings alone is not a ground under this section.

Does a family relationship with a party disqualify a judge?

It can. Section 11(2) covers ascendants and descendants of any degree, siblings or cousins within three degrees, and relatives by marriage within two degrees. Section 11(6) also covers certain family disputes running in parallel.

What if the judge earlier acted as a lawyer or arbitrator in the matter?

That is a ground for challenge. Section 11(4) covers a judge who was a party's representative, agent or advocate, and Section 11(5) covers a judge who earlier sat on the same case or acted as arbitrator.

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This is educational reference, not legal advice. Consult a qualified Thai lawyer before relying on any provision.

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