Book 4: Property
Ownership, possession, usufruct, superficies, servitudes, right of habitation, mortgage.
Sections 1298 to 1434 · 137 sections in the official text
Last reviewed: 12 October 2026
Start here: Buying and holding property
Amendments recorded for this Book
Other amending instruments
- Act Amending the Civil and Commercial Code (No. 14) B.E. 2548 (2005). Sections: 1302, 1323, 1324, 1328
Source: footnotes in the consolidated text published by the Office of the Council of State (version in force 25 March 2025). Each instrument is listed with the sections whose current wording it gave; amendments later replaced by another instrument are not shown. English names are our translation, not yet reviewed by the firm.
Annotated sections in this Book
Title 1: General Provisions
- §1298Limited number of real rightsLimited number of real rights.
- §1299Registration of real rights in immovablesSubject to other provisions of this Code or other laws, an acquisition by juristic act of immovable property, or of a real right in it,…
- §1300Cancelling a registration that prejudices an earlier rightA person who was already in a position to have his own right registered may call for the cancellation of a registered transfer of immovable…
- §1301Modification and extinction of real rights in immovables Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmThe provisions of the two preceding sections also apply, with the necessary adaptations, to the modification, extinction and revival of real rights relating to immovable… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1302Application to vessels, floating houses and beasts of burden Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmThe provisions of the three preceding sections also apply, with the necessary adaptations, to vessels of five tons and over, to floating houses and to… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1303Competing claims to movable property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmWhere several people claim the same movable property under different titles, the person in possession has the better right, provided they acquired it for value… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1304Public domain of the State Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmThe public domain of the State comprises property held for public use or the common benefit, including waste land, roads, rivers, and dedicated public property.…
- §1305Public domain cannot be transferred Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmProperty that forms part of the State's public domain cannot be transferred from one person to another, except by virtue of a specific law or… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1306No prescription against the public domain Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmPrescription (the passage of time) may not be raised as a defence against the State in respect of any property that forms part of the… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1307No seizure of State property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmThe seizure of any property of the State is prohibited. The prohibition applies whether the property forms part of the State's public domain or does… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
Title 2: Ownership
Chapter 1: Acquisition of Ownership
- §1308Alluvion on the bank of land Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmLand formed naturally by alluvion (gradual deposit of soil by water) at the bank of a riparian owner's land becomes part of that owner's land…
- §1309Islands and dried-up water-way beds Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIslands that form in a lake, a water-way or the territorial waters of the country, and the beds of water-ways that have silted up and… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1310Building in good faith on another's land Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmThe landowner owns a structure built in good faith on the land by another, but must pay the builder the increase in the land's value.… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1311Building in bad faith on another's land Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA person who builds in bad faith on another's land must restore the land to its former condition and return it, unless the owner chooses… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1312Building encroaching on neighbouring land Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA person who in good faith builds a structure encroaching on another's land owns it, but must pay the landowner for use of the land… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1313Conditional owner's building and undue enrichment Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf a conditional owner of land builds on it and the land later passes to another person by effect of the condition, the Code's provisions… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1314Extension to fixed works, trees and crops Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmSections 1310, 1311 and 1313 apply, with the necessary changes, to any work fixed to land and to planting of trees or crops. For crops… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1315Building on own land with another's materials Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA person who builds a structure or other work fixed to land, or plants trees or crops, on their own land using another person's materials… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1316Joining movables of different owners Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf movables of several people are joined so as to become component parts or cannot be separated, the owners become co-owners in proportion to the… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1317Making a new thing from another's materials Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf someone uses another person's materials to make a new thing, the owner of the materials owns it, whether or not the materials can return… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1318Acquiring ownerless movables by occupation Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA person may acquire ownership of an ownerless movable by taking possession of it (occupation), unless the occupation is forbidden by law or violates another… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1319Abandonment of movables Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA movable becomes ownerless if its owner gives up possession of it with the intention of renouncing ownership of it. The section requires both the… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1320Wild animals and ownerless animals Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmSubject to special laws, wild animals are ownerless while free, but animals in zoos and fish in ponds or enclosed waters are not. A captured… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1321Ownership of caught wild animals Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmSubject to special laws, a person who catches a wild animal on waste land or in public waters, or on private land or waters where… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1322Wounded wild animal pursued by the first person Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf one person wounds a wild animal and pursues it, and another person catches it or it dies on another person's land, the first person… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1323Duties of a finder of lost property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA finder of lost property must either deliver it to the loser, owner or person entitled, inform that person without delay, or deliver it to… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1324Finder's reward for lost property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA finder may claim a reward of ten percent of the property's value up to thirty thousand baht, plus five percent of the excess. Delivery… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1325Ownership of unclaimed lost property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf the finder has complied with section 1323 and nobody entitled claims the property within one year of the find, ownership passes to the finder.… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1326Property lost at sea or washed ashore Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmThe finding of property that has been lost or thrown into the sea or a water-way, or washed ashore, is governed by the specific laws… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1327Property connected with an offence Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmSubject to criminal law, things used in, obtained by or connected with an offence and held by a government department pass to the State if… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1328Hidden or buried valuables with no claimant Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf a valuable movable that was hidden or buried is found in circumstances where nobody can claim to be its owner, ownership passes to the… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1329Good-faith acquirers and voidable transfers Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmThe right of a person who acquired property for value and in good faith is not lost, even if the transferor acquired it by a… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1330Good-faith purchasers at judicial sales Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA person who in good faith purchases property at a court-ordered auction or official receiver's sale acquires unassailable title even if the property did not…
- §1331Good-faith acquisition of money Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmThe right of a person who acquired money in good faith is not lost, even if it is later proved that the money did not… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1332Purchase in good faith at auction or open market Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA person who buys property in good faith at a public auction, in an open market or from a trader dealing in such goods need… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1333Acquiring ownership by prescription Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmOwnership can be acquired through prescription, that is, by the passage of time, under the rules laid down in Title III of this Book. The… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1334Acquiring waste and reverted land under land law Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmWaste land, and land that has been surrendered, abandoned or has otherwise reverted to the State under the land law, may be acquired by individuals… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
Chapter 2: Extent and Exercise of Ownership
- §1335Extent of ownership of land Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmSubject to the provisions of this Code or other laws, the ownership of a piece of land extends to the space above the surface as… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1336Right of owner to recover property and to prevent unlawful interferenceAn owner can use, dispose of, and take the income from their property, and can demand its return from anyone holding it without right. This…
- §1337Remedy against excessive injury to immovable property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf a person's exercise of their right causes the owner of immovable property damage or inconvenience beyond what could naturally and reasonably be expected, given… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1338Statutory restrictions on owners' rights Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmRestrictions that the law places on the rights of an owner of immovable property need not be registered. They cannot be removed or relaxed by… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1339Natural flow of water between lands Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA landowner must accept water that flows naturally onto their land from higher land. Where naturally flowing water is necessary for the lower land, the… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1340Lower land and drainage from higher land Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmAn owner must accept water drained onto their land from higher land if the water already flowed there naturally before the drainage. If damage results,… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1341Roofs causing rainwater to fall on neighbouring property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmAn owner of immovable property is not permitted to build a roof or any other structure that causes rainwater to fall onto the adjoining property,… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1342Digging near the boundary line Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmWells, ponds, cesspools and pits for manure or refuse may not be dug within two metres of the boundary. Ditches or trenches for underground pipes… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1343Excavation or loading endangering adjoining land Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmLand may not be excavated or loaded excessively in a way that may endanger the stability of adjoining land, unless adequate measures are taken to… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1344Presumed common ownership of boundary markers Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmFences, walls, hedges and ditches that mark a land boundary are presumed to be owned in common by the owners of the land on both… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1345Removing a jointly owned hedge or ditch Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmWhere a hedge, or a ditch not used as a drain, is owned jointly by the owners of both sides, either owner may cut the… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1346Trees standing on the boundary line Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA tree on a boundary is presumed jointly owned by both landowners, with fruit and felled timber shared equally. Either may require its removal, at… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1347Cutting roots and overhanging branches Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA landowner may cut off and keep tree roots that intrude from adjoining land. Overhanging branches may be cut off too, but only after the… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1348Fruit falling on adjoining land Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmFruit that falls naturally from a tree onto adjoining land is presumed, unless shown otherwise, to be fruit of the particular plot of land on… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1349Way of necessity over surrounding landIf your land has no road access because other land surrounds it, you may cross neighbouring land to reach the public road, but you must…
- §1350Right of way after partition of land Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmWhere a partition or partial transfer leaves a plot without access to a public way, its owner may claim a right of way under the… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1351Using adjoining land to build or repair Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmAfter reasonable notice, an owner may use adjoining land as far as necessary to build or repair a fence, wall or building at or near… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1352Pipes and cables across another's land Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmFor reasonable compensation, an owner must allow pipes, drains, electric wires or similar installations to cross their land for the benefit of adjoining land, where… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1353Passage of livestock over unenclosed land Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA person may lead livestock through or onto another's unenclosed land to graze, and may take water from a well or pond there. This does… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1354Gathering forest produce on another's land Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmWhere local custom allows and the owner does not forbid it, a person may enter another's forest, woodland or pasture to collect firewood, wild fruit,… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1355Limits on drawing water from a watercourse Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmAn owner of land beside or crossed by a watercourse may not draw more water than reasonably needed for their own benefit if this harms… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
Chapter 3: Co-Ownership
- §1356Application of the rules to co-owned property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmWhere property belongs to several persons together as co-owners, the provisions of this chapter govern it, unless another law provides otherwise. The chapter therefore supplies… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1357Presumption of equal shares among co-owners Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmPersons who own property together are presumed, unless shown otherwise, to hold equal shares in that property. The section therefore sets equal shares as the… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1358Management of co-owned property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmCo-owners are presumed to share the right to manage the property. Ordinary management is decided by majority, though any co-owner may act unless the majority… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1359Co-owner's rights against third parties Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmEach co-owner may exercise the rights arising from ownership over the whole property against third parties. A claim to recover the property is, however, subject… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1360Co-owner's right to use, and to the fruitsEach co-owner may use the property, provided the use does not conflict with the rights of the other co-owners. Each co-owner is presumed to be… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1361Disposal of a share and of the whole property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmEach co-owner may freely dispose of, mortgage, or encumber their own share, but the property as a whole may be disposed of, pledged, mortgaged or…
- §1362Co-owners' share of expenses Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmEach co-owner must contribute to the other co-owners in proportion to their own share towards the costs of management, taxes and maintenance, and the costs… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1363Right of a co-owner to demand partition Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA co-owner may demand partition unless a juristic act prevents it, or the purpose of the co-ownership is permanent. A juristic act may bar partition… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1364Methods of partitioning co-owned property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmPartition is effected by actually dividing the property, or by selling it and dividing the proceeds of sale, between the co-owners. If the co-owners cannot…
- §1365Priority of debts on partition Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf the co-owners are jointly liable to a third person for an obligation in respect of the common property, or for another obligation incurred for…
- §1366Co-owners' liability as sellers after partition Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmEach co-owner is liable, in proportion to their own share, in the same way as a seller for the property that the other co-owners received… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
Title 3: Possession
- §1367Possession, definitionA person who holds a thing with intention to hold it for themselves acquires possession of it.
- §1368Acquiring possession through another Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA person may acquire the right of possession over property through another person, where that other person holds the property for them. The holder need… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1369Presumption that a holder holds for themselves Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmWhere a person holds property, the law presumes, unless shown otherwise, that the person holds it for themselves and not on behalf of anyone else. Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1370Presumption of good faith in possession Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA person who possesses property is presumed, unless shown otherwise, to possess it in good faith, peacefully and openly. The section sets these three qualities… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1371Presumption of continuous possession Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf it is proved that a person possessed the same property at two different times, the person is presumed to have possessed it continuously throughout… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1372Presumption that a possessor's rights are lawful Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA right that a possessor exercises over the property in their possession is presumed to be a right they hold in accordance with the law. Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1373Presumption of possession for registered holders Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmWhere the property is immovable property recorded in the land register, the person whose name appears in the register is presumed, unless shown otherwise, to… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1374Possessor's remedy against disturbance Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA possessor unlawfully disturbed may require the disturbance to be removed and, if further disturbance is feared, may ask the court for an injunction. An… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1375Recovery of possession after unlawful dispossession Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA possessor unlawfully deprived of possession may reclaim it within one year of dispossession, unless the other party holds a better right; after one year,…
- §1376Returning property to the person entitledWhere property must be returned to the person entitled to recover it, sections 412 to 418 of the Code on undue enrichment apply by analogy. Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1377Termination of possession Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmPossession ends when the possessor gives up the intention to possess or stops holding the property. It does not end if a temporary obstacle prevents… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1378Transfer of possession by delivery Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmTransfer of possession is effected by delivery of the property possessed. Transfer without physical delivery, by declaration of intention, is governed by Sections 1379 and…
- §1379Transfer of possession by declaration of intention Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmWhere the transferee or their representative already holds the property, possession may be transferred simply by a declaration of intention, without any further physical delivery… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1380Transfer of possession while transferor keeps holding Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmPossession is effectively transferred even though the transferor still holds the property, if the transferor declares that they will hold it on behalf of the… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1381Change in character of possession by a representative possessorA person who holds property as a representative of the possessor can change the character of their holding only by notifying the true possessor that…
- §1382Adverse possession, ten years (immovable) / five years (movable)If you possess someone else's land peacefully, openly, and as if you owned it for ten unbroken years (five for movables), you become the legal…
- §1383Acquisition by prescription of property obtained by an offence Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmAn offender, or a transferee in bad faith, can acquire ownership of property obtained through an offence by prescription only once the criminal limitation period… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1384Involuntary loss of holding and continuity of possession Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmPossession is not treated as interrupted if the possessor involuntarily ceases to hold the property but recovers it within one year of the loss, or… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1385Adding the transferor's period of possession Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmWhere possession is transferred, the transferee may add the transferor's earlier period of possession to their own. If they do so, any defect in the… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1386Application of prescription rules to acquisitive prescription Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmThe Code's general provisions on prescription apply by analogy to prescription for acquiring rights, that is, the acquisition of rights described in this Title of… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
Title 4: Servitudes
- §1387Servitude, definitionA servitude is a real right by which one piece of land (the servient land) is subjected to a charge for the benefit of another…
- §1388Dominant owner may not increase the burden Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmThe owner of the dominant property may not make any change, whether on the servient property or on the dominant property, that increases the burden… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1389Changed needs do not justify a heavier burden Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf the needs of the dominant owner change, that change does not entitle them to impose an additional burden on the servient property, which cannot… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1390Servient owner's duty not to reduce the servitude's utility Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmThe servient landowner must not perform any act that reduces the utility of the servitude or makes it less convenient for the dominant owner to…
- §1391Dominant owner's right to preserve and use the servitudeThe dominant owner may do everything necessary to preserve and use the servitude, at their own expense, causing as little damage to the servient property… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1392Relocating a servitude within the servient property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf a servitude affects only part of the servient property, the servient owner may require it to be moved to another part, provided they show… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1393Servitude follows the dominant property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmUnless the act creating the servitude provides otherwise, a servitude passes with the dominant property when that property is disposed of or becomes subject to… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1394Division of the servient property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf the servient property is divided, the servitude continues over every part. However, if it is not used and by its nature cannot be used… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1395Division of the dominant property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf the dominant property is divided, the servitude continues for the benefit of every part. But if it is not used and by its nature… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1396Servitude acquired or used by one co-owner Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA servitude acquired or exercised by one co-owner of the dominant property is treated as having been acquired or exercised by all of the co-owners… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1397Extinction by total destruction of the property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA servitude is extinguished when the property burdened by it (the servient property) or the property that benefits from it (the dominant property) is totally… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1398Servient and dominant properties held by one owner Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf the servient and dominant properties come to belong to the same owner, that owner may have the registration of the servitude cancelled. Until it… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1399Extinction of a servitude by non-use Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA servitude is extinguished if it is not exercised for ten years.
- §1400Extinction and revival of a servitude Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA servitude ends if it ceases to benefit the dominant property, but revives if it can be used again, provided the period in the preceding… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1401Acquisition of a servitude by prescription Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA servitude may be acquired by ten years' continuous, open, adverse use of the servient land, the adverse possession rules of section 1382 apply by…
Title 5: Habitation
- §1402Right of habitation, definitionA person granted the right of habitation may live, free of rent, in a dwelling on another's land, for a term that may extend to…
- §1403Habitation, duration and renewalA right of habitation may be granted for a fixed period or for the life of the holder. If no period is fixed, it may…
- §1404Right of habitation is not transferable, even by inheritanceA right of habitation is strictly personal to the grantee. It cannot be sold, assigned or otherwise transferred, and it does not pass to the…
- §1405Right of habitation and the grantee's household Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmUnless the right of habitation is expressly limited to benefit the grantee personally, members of the grantee's family and household may live there with them. Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1406Grantee may take natural fruits for household needsUnless the grantor has expressly forbidden it, a person holding a right of habitation may take the natural fruits or products of the land, but…
- §1407No duty to repair, and no reimbursement for improvementsTwo rules, both favouring the grantor. The grantor is not bound to keep the property in a good state of repair, so a person holding…
- §1408Return of property when habitation ends Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmWhen a right of habitation comes to an end, the person who held the right must return the property to the grantor, that is, the… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1409Duties of a habitation holder, applying the hire rulesThe Code's rules on the duties and liability of a hirer, set out in sections 552 to 555, 558, 562 and 563, apply by analogy… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
Title 6: Superficies
- §1410Superficies, definitionSuperficies is the registered right to own buildings, structures, or plantations on another's land, separately from the land itself.
- §1411Superficies is transferable and inheritableUnless the act creating the right of superficies provides otherwise, the right can be transferred to another person and also passes to the holder's heirs… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1412Superficies may be granted for a fixed term or for lifeA right of superficies may be created either for a period of time, or for the life of the landowner, or for the life of…
- §1413Terminating a superficies with no fixed periodIf a right of superficies has no fixed period, either party may end it at any time by giving the other reasonable notice. Where rent… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1414Termination for breach of conditions or two years' unpaid rentThe other party may terminate a right of superficies on either of two grounds: the superficiary neglects to comply with an essential condition of the…
- §1415Superficies survives destruction of the buildingsA right of superficies does not come to an end merely because the buildings, structures or plantations on the land are destroyed, even if the… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1416Removal of buildings on extinction, and the owner's right to buyWhen a right of superficies is extinguished, the superficiary may take away his buildings, structures and plantations, provided he restores the land to its former…
Title 7: Usufruct
- §1417Usufruct, definitionA usufruct gives a person the right to possess, use and take the fruits and income of another person's immovable property, and the right to…
- §1418Usufruct: duration, and termination on deathA usufruct may be created for a fixed period or for the life of the usufructuary. If no period is fixed, it is presumed to…
- §1419Usufruct, usufructuary's obligationsIf the property is destroyed with no compensation, the owner need not restore it, but the usufruct revives to the extent the owner does. If… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1420Return of the property and liability when usufruct endsWhen a usufruct ends the usufructuary must return the property to the owner. He is liable if it has been destroyed or has fallen in…
- §1421The usufructuary's duty of careIn exercising his rights the usufructuary must take as much care of the property as a person of ordinary prudence would take of his own.…
- §1422Transferring the exercise of a usufruct to a third personUnless the act creating the usufruct provides otherwise, the usufructuary may transfer the exercise of the right to a third person. That is what allows…
- §1423Owner's objection, security, and appointment of a receiverThe owner may object to any unlawful or unreasonable use of the property, and if he proves his rights are in peril he may require…
- §1424Ordinary maintenance by the usufructuary, major repairs by the ownerThe usufructuary must keep the substance of the property unaltered and is responsible for ordinary maintenance and petty repairs. Where important repairs or measures are…
- §1425Extraordinary expenses fall on the ownerAll extraordinary expenses must be borne by the owner. To meet them, or the cost of major repairs under Section 1424, the owner may realise…
- §1426Usufructuary bears management costs, taxes and interestFor as long as the usufruct lasts, the usufructuary bears the expenses of managing the property, pays the taxes and duties on it, and is…
- §1427Insurance of the property at the usufructuary's expenseIf the owner requires it, the usufructuary must insure the property against loss for the owner's benefit, and where it is already insured he must…
- §1428Usufruct, extinguishmentActions about a usufruct between the owner and the usufructuary or the transferee may not be brought more than one year after the usufruct ends.… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
Title 8: Charges on Immovable Property
- §1429Right of charge, definitionRight of charge, definition.
- §1430Duration of a charge on immovable property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmA charge on immovable property may be created for a fixed period or for the life of the beneficiary. If no period is fixed, it… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1431Non-transferability of a charge on immovable property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmUnless the act creating the charge provides otherwise, a charge on immovable property cannot be transferred to another person, and this is so even by… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1432Termination of the beneficiary of a chargeIf the beneficiary neglects an essential condition stated in the act that created the charge, the other party may terminate the beneficiary's right under the… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1433Remedies where the owner fails to perform a charge Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmIf the owner does not perform the charge, the beneficiary may, besides ordinary remedies, ask the court to appoint a receiver to manage the property… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
- §1434Servitude rules applied to a charge on immovable property Draft heading, not yet reviewed by the firmSections 1388 to 1395 and 1397 to 1400, which deal with servitudes, apply by analogy to a charge on immovable property, so those rules govern… Draft, not yet reviewed by the firm
Headings marked "draft" and short descriptions marked "draft" were prepared from the statutory text and have not yet been reviewed by the firm.