Section 225 — Grounds must be raised below and material
Texte légal (original thaï)
ข้อเท็จจริงหรือข้อกฎหมายที่จะยกขึ้นอ้างในการยื่นอุทธรณ์นั้นคู่ความจะต้องกล่าวไว้โดยชัดแจ้งในอุทธรณ์และต้องเป็นข้อที่ได้ยกขึ้นว่ากันมาแล้วโดยชอบในศาลชั้นต้น ทั้งจะต้องเป็นสาระแก่คดีอันควรได้รับการวินิจฉัยด้วยถ้าคู่ความฝ่ายใดมิได้ยกปัญหาข้อใดอันเกี่ยวด้วยความสงบเรียบร้อยของประชาชนขึ้นกล่าวในศาลชั้นต้นหรือคู่ความฝ่ายใดไม่สามารถยกปัญหาข้อกฎหมายใด ๆ ขึ้นกล่าวในศาลชั้นต้น เพราะพฤติการณ์ไม่เปิดช่องให้กระทำได้ หรือเพราะเหตุเป็นเรื่องที่ไม่ปฏิบัติตามบทบัญญัติว่าด้วยกระบวนพิจารณาชั้นอุทธรณ์ คู่ความที่เกี่ยวข้องย่อมมีสิทธิที่จะยกขึ้นอ้างซึ่งปัญหาเช่นว่านั้นได้
traduction anglaise
The questions of fact or law to be raised in an appeal must be clearly stated by the party in the appeal and must be matters that were properly raised and contested in the court of first instance, and must also be material to the case and worthy of adjudication.
If any party did not raise in the court of first instance a question relating to public order, or if a party was unable to raise any question of law in the court of first instance because the circumstances did not allow it, or because the matter concerns a failure to comply with the provisions governing appellate procedure, the party concerned shall have the right to raise such question.
Cette traduction anglaise est fournie à titre indicatif uniquement et n'a pas encore été vérifiée de manière définitive ; référez-vous toujours à l'original thaï.
Annotation de l'entreprise
Section 225 governs the scope of what an appeal may argue and is one of the most frequently invoked appeal-restriction rules. Paragraph one imposes three cumulative requirements: the ground must be clearly stated, it must have been properly raised and contested at first instance, and it must be material to the case. This prevents parties from ambushing the appellate court with points never tested below. Paragraph two provides the recognised exceptions, principally questions concerning public order, which the court may consider even if not raised earlier. The rule is applied not only in civil cases but, through Section 15 of the Criminal Procedure Code, is borrowed into criminal appeals as well, so much of the reported case law arises in that borrowed context.
Pourquoi cela est important en pratique
Win or lose your appeal at the pleading stage: if a point was not clearly raised and contested in the trial court, the appellate court will usually refuse to hear it, and a judge's later permission cannot cure that defect. Build the record you will need on appeal while you are still at first instance, and plead your appeal grounds precisely. The public-order exception is narrow and should not be relied on as a rescue. For help framing appellate grounds, see our guide to choosing a Thai lawyer.
Décisions de la Cour suprême interprétant cette section
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Supreme Court Judgment No. 2966/2568 (2025)
A factual assertion raised for the first time at the dika (Supreme Court) stage was not a matter properly raised and contested in the court of first instance and is barred under Section 225 paragraph one, read with Section 252.
A defendant asserted for the first time in the dika that another person had fired the weapon and that he only wrestled it away. The Supreme Court, applying Section 225 paragraph one with Section 252 (and Section 15 of the Criminal Procedure Code), held this was a new fact not properly contested at first instance and refused to consider it.
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Supreme Court Judgment No. 2107/2568 (2025)
A point that a party did not raise on appeal to the Court of Appeal becomes final and cannot be raised for the first time at the dika stage, being a matter not properly raised and contested below under Section 225 paragraph one; a trial judge's permission to appeal it does not create the right.
The defendant had appealed only for a lighter sentence and suspension, not on the self-defence point, so that issue became final. The Supreme Court held it could not be raised for the first time in the dika under Section 225 paragraph one with Section 252, and even the trial judge's permission to appeal the point did not confer the right.
Décisions sélectionnées avec numéros de dossier vérifiés dans la base de données de la Cour suprême. Les versions anglaises sont des traductions éditoriales réalisées par le cabinet à des fins d'étude.
Foire aux questions
Can you raise a new argument for the first time on appeal in Thailand?
Generally no. Under Section 225 an appeal ground must have been properly raised and contested in the court of first instance. The main exception is a question concerning public order, which may be raised even if not argued below.
What must an appeal ground satisfy under Section 225?
It must be clearly stated in the appeal, must have been properly raised and contested at first instance, and must be material to the case and worthy of adjudication. All three requirements apply together.