Article 213: Liability of members and leaders for the gang's offence
Statutory text (Thai original)
ถ้าสมาชิกอั้งยี่หรือพรรคพวกซ่องโจรคนหนึ่งคนใดได้กระทำความผิดตามความมุ่งหมายของอั้งยี่หรือซ่องโจรนั้น สมาชิกอั้งยี่หรือพรรคพวกซ่องโจรที่อยู่ด้วยในขณะกระทำความผิด หรืออยู่ด้วยในที่ประชุมแต่ไม่ได้คัดค้านในการตกลงให้กระทำความผิดนั้น และบรรดาหัวหน้า ผู้จัดการ หรือผู้มีตำแหน่งหน้าที่ในอั้งยี่หรือซ่องโจรนั้น ต้องระวางโทษตามที่บัญญัติไว้สำหรับความผิดนั้นทุกคน
English translation
If any member of a secret society or of a robber gang commits an offence in accordance with the purpose of that secret society or robber gang, then the members of the secret society or of the robber gang who are present at the commission of the offence, or who are present at the meeting but do not object to the agreement to commit that offence, and all the leaders, managers, or persons holding office in that secret society or robber gang, shall every one of them be liable to the punishment prescribed for that offence.
ThaiLawOnline translation, written from the Thai original and verified
Firm annotation
This is the collective liability provision. Where a member commits an offence in line with the group's purpose, three categories of person are punished as principals: members who are present at the commission of the offence; members who are present at the meeting but do not object to the agreement to commit it; and all the leaders, managers, or persons holding office in that secret society or robber gang. Silence at the meeting is therefore treated as participation. The third category is the section's sharpest feature, because it is not confined to a single head and does not depend on presence: every leader, manager or office-holder is liable whether present at the commission or at the meeting or not. It should be distinguished from section 211, which punishes mere attendance at a meeting of a secret society or robber gang, and from section 212, which punishes providing a meeting place or lodging, recruiting members, supporting the group with property, and helping to dispose of property obtained.
Why this matters in practice
What decides these cases is status and presence, because liability under this section does not require the accused to have committed the offence personally. For a member who was at the meeting the section leaves one way out, objecting to the agreement to commit the offence, so evidence of that objection carries a great deal of weight. A leader, manager or office-holder has no such way out: liability attaches to the position and does not depend on being at the scene or at the meeting at all. The most direct defence is therefore to displace membership, or the holding of office, at the outset, rather than to deny taking part in the act. It is also worth checking whether the facts fall instead under section 211 or section 212, whose elements and penalties are different.
Cited in 14 Supreme Court decisions (1973 to 2025)
Décisions de citation sélectionnées
- Decision 2273/2556 (2013)
- Decision 4548/2540 (1997)
- Decision 2495/2516 (1973)
- Decision 2614/2568 (2025)
- Decision 3812/2568 (2025)
- Decision 2857/2564 (2021)
- Decision 11107-11108/2554 (2011)
- Décision 3313/2537 (1994)
Cette liste est sélectionnée automatiquement, en privilégiant les jugements qui reposent sur cet article plutôt que sur ceux qui se contentent de le citer lors du prononcé de la peine. Elle n'a pas encore été examinée par le cabinet.
Le plus souvent cité aux côtés de
- Article 83 14
- Article 91 13
- Article 210 13
- Article 90 13
- Article 78 12
- Article 209 10
Sections qui apparaissent le plus souvent dans les mêmes jugements que celui-ci. Le chiffre correspond au nombre de décisions.
Calculé sur l'ensemble du corpus de 83 652 décisions de la Cour suprême du cabinet, de 1921 à 2026. Le décompte est exhaustif ; la plage d'années indiquée élimine les valeurs aberrantes rares afin de refléter la répartition réelle des citations. Ces chiffres sont calculés par nos soins et ne constituent pas des statistiques officielles de la Cour. Comment nous les comptons et ce que nous avons mesuré
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Citation simple
Penal Code, s. 213 (Thailand) -
Citation académique
Penal Code (Thailand), s. 213. ThaiLawOnline, https://www.thailawonline.com/fr/thai-penal-code/section-213/ (accessed 30 août 2026). -
Citation thaïlandaise
ป.อ. มาตรา 213 -
Lien permanent
https://www.thailawonline.com/fr/thai-penal-code/section-213/ -
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<blockquote cite="https://www.thailawonline.com/fr/thai-penal-code/section-213/"><p>If any member of a secret society or of a robber gang commits an offence in accordance with the purpose of that secret society or robber gang, then the members of the secret society or of the robber gang who are present at the commission…</p><footer>Penal Code, s. 213 (Thailand): <a href="https://www.thailawonline.com/fr/thai-penal-code/section-213/">ThaiLawOnline</a></footer></blockquote>
The Thai text is authoritative. The English is an unofficial translation by ThaiLawOnline, free to reuse with attribution.