Book 2 — Obligations

Annotated sections in this Book

• §194 Creditor's right to claim performance Creditor's right to claim performance.
• §195 Obligation specified only by kind Obligation specified only by kind.
• §196
• §197
• §198
• §199
• §200
• §201
• §202
• §203 Time of performance — no time fixed Time of performance — no time fixed.
• §204 Default and demand for performance Where no time for performance is fixed, the debtor is in default only after the creditor issues a demand. Where a time is fixed, default…
• §205 Damages for delay in performance Damages for delay in performance.
• §206 Demand for performance — formal notice Demand for performance — formal notice.
• §207
• §208
• §209
• §210
• §211
• §212
• §213 Specific performance and execution Specific performance and execution.
• §214
• §215 Damages from non-performance Damages from non-performance.
• §216
• §217
• §218 Impossibility caused by the debtor If performance becomes impossible due to a cause the debtor is responsible for, the debtor pays damages to the creditor.
• §219 Impossibility without fault Impossibility without fault.
• §220
• §221
• §222 Scope of damages — foreseeability rule Damages cover the loss caused by non-performance, including loss of profit, but only insofar as the damage was foreseeable at the time of contracting.
• §223
• §224 Interest on damages Interest on damages.
• §224/1 Inserted by Emergency Decree B.E. 2564 (in force 11 April 2021), this new provision restricts default interest on instalment debts: interest may only be calculated…
• §225
• §226 Subrogation of creditor Subrogation of creditor.
• §227
• §228
• §229
• §230
• §231
• §232
• §233
• §234
• §235
• §236
• §237 Fraudulent conveyance — creditor's action to set aside A creditor may petition the court to set aside any juristic act done by the debtor in knowledge that it would harm the creditor —…
• §238
• §239
• §240
• §241
• §242
• §243
• §244
• §245
• §246
• §247
• §248
• §249
• §250
• §251
• §252
• §253
• §254
• §255
• §256
• §257
• §258
• §259
• §260
• §261
• §262
• §263
• §264
• §265
• §266
• §267
• §268
• §269
• §270
• §271
• §272
• §273
• §274
• §275
• §276
• §277
• §278
• §279
• §280
• §281
• §282
• §283
• §284
• §285
• §286
• §287
• §288
• §289
• §290
• §291 Joint and several obligations Joint and several obligations.
• §292
• §293
• §294
• §295
• §296
• §297
• §298
• §299
• §300
• §301
• §302
• §303
• §304
• §305
• §306 Assignment of claim — written form Assignment of claim — written form.
• §307
• §308
• §309
• §310
• §311
• §312
• §313
• §314 Tender of performance to creditor Tender of performance to creditor.
• §315
• §316
• §317
• §318
• §319
• §320
• §321 Discharge by substituted performance (datio in solutum) An obligation is extinguished when the creditor accepts a different performance in place of the agreed one. A new obligation assumed merely to satisfy the…
• §322
• §323
• §324
• §325
• §326 Receipt for payment Receipt for payment.
• §327
• §328
• §329
• §330
• §331
• §332
• §333
• §334
• §335
• §336
• §337
• §338
• §339
• §340
• §341
• §342
• §343
• §344
• §345
• §346
• §347
• §348
• §349 Novation by substitution Novation by substitution.
• §350
• §351
• §352
• §353
• §354
• §355
• §356
• §357
• §358
• §359
• §360
• §361
• §362
• §363
• §364
• §365
• §366
• §367
• §368 Contract interpretation: good faith and ordinary usage Contracts must be interpreted according to good faith and with regard to ordinary commercial usage. Courts look to the genuine intention of the parties rather…
• §369 Right to withhold performance in reciprocal contracts In a reciprocal contract, either party may decline to perform until the other party performs or tenders performance. This right does not apply if the…
• §370
• §371
• §372
• §373
• §374 Contract in favour of a third party Contract in favour of a third party.
• §375
• §376
• §377 Earnest money — function and forfeiture Earnest money — function and forfeiture.
• §378
• §379 Penalty clause: forfeiture on default or non-performance Where the debtor has promised a penalty sum for failure to perform, the penalty is forfeited upon default. Where the performance consists of a forbearance,…
• §380
• §381
• §382
• §383 Judicial reduction of disproportionate penalty If a forfeited penalty is disproportionately high, the court may reduce it to a reasonable amount, taking into account all legitimate interests of the creditor.…
• §384
• §385
• §386 Rescission of bilateral contract Rescission of bilateral contract.
• §387 Rescission after notice to perform: reasonable period Where one party fails to perform, the other may fix a reasonable period for performance and give notice. If performance is not made within that…
• §388
• §389
• §390
• §391 Restitution after rescission of contract When a contract is rescinded, each party must restore the other to the position they were in before the contract — return money, return property,…
• §392
• §393
• §394
• §395
• §396
• §397
• §398
• §399
• §400
• §401
• §402
• §403
• §404
• §405
• §406
• §407
• §408
• §409
• §410
• §411
• §412
• §413
• §414
• §415
• §416
• §417
• §418
• §419
• §420 General principle of tort liability Anyone who intentionally or negligently causes unlawful harm to another's life, body, health, liberty, property, or any other right must pay compensation. This is the…
• §421 Abuse of right — bad-faith use A right may not be exercised solely to harm another person. The pure-malice exercise of an otherwise valid right is itself wrongful.
• §422
• §423
• §424
• §425 Employer joint liability for employee tort An employer is jointly liable with the employee for any wrongful act the employee commits in the course of employment.
• §426
• §427
• §428 Liability of contractor and principal Liability of contractor and principal.
• §429
• §430
• §431
• §432 Joint and several tort liability Where several persons jointly cause a tort, or each contributes to a single damage, all are jointly and severally liable to the injured party.
• §433 Liability for animals Liability for animals.
• §434 Liability for buildings and structures Liability for buildings and structures.
• §435
• §436
• §437 Liability for vehicles and dangerous things Liability for vehicles and dangerous things.
• §438 Form of compensation — restitutio in integrum Compensation should restore the injured party to the position they would have been in but for the wrongful act — usually money damages, but in-kind…
• §439
• §440
• §441
• §442
• §443 Damages in case of death Damages in case of death.
• §444 Damages for bodily injury Damages for bodily injury.
• §445
• §446 Damages for non-pecuniary loss Damages for non-pecuniary loss.
• §447 Damages for defamation Damages for defamation.
• §448 Prescription period for tort claims Tort claims must be brought within one year of discovering both the harm and the wrongdoer's identity, and in any event within ten years of…
• §449 Tort against state officials — limit Tort against state officials — limit.
• §450 Self-defence and necessity Self-defence and necessity.
• §451
• §452